List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000)
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This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000) AD, such as the
heads of state A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and ...
,
heads of government The head of government is the highest or the second-highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a ...
, and the general secretaries of single-party states. These polities are generally
sovereign state A sovereign state or sovereign country, is a political entity represented by one central government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined te ...
s, including
states with limited recognition A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have ''de facto'' control of thei ...
(when recognised by at least one UN member state), but excludes ''minor'' dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 20th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies,
protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its int ...
s, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.


Africa


Africa: Central

''Angola'' *
Portuguese Angola Portuguese Angola refers to Angola during the historic period when it was a territory under Portuguese rule in southwestern Africa. In the same context, it was known until 1951 as Portuguese West Africa (officially the State of West Africa). I ...
, ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1575–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975'' :''For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe'' * Democratic People's Republic of Angola :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Holden Roberto Álvaro Holden Roberto (January 12, 1923 – August 2, 2007) was an Angolan politician who founded and led the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) from 1962 to 1999. His memoirs are unfinished. Early life Roberto, son of Garcia Diasiwa ...
, President (1975–1976) ::* Jonas Savimbi, President (1975–1976, 1979–2002) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* José Ndele, Johnny Eduardo Pinnock, joint Prime ministers (1975–1976) *
People's Republic of Angola The People's Republic of Angola () was the self-declared socialist state which governed Angola from its independence in 1975 until 25 August 1992, during the Angolan Civil War. History The regime was established in 1975, after Portuguese A ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Agostinho Neto António Agostinho da Silva Neto (17 September 1922 – 10 September 1979) was an Angolan politician and poet. He served as the first president of Angola from 1975 to 1979, having led the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ...
, President (1975–1979) ::*
Lúcio Lara Lúcio Rodrigo Leite Barreto de Lara (April 9, 1929 – February 27, 2016), also known by the pseudonym Tchiweka, was a physicist-mathematician, politician, professor, anti-colonial ideologist and one of the founding members (and president) of t ...
, Interim President (1979) ::*
José Eduardo dos Santos José Eduardo dos Santos (; 28 August 1942 – 8 July 2022) was the president of Angola from 1979 to 2017. As president, dos Santos was also the commander-in-chief of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and president of the People's Movement for ...
, President (1979–2017) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::* Lopo do Nascimento, Prime minister (1975–1978) ::*
Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem Dr. Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem (born 24 August 1934) is an Angolan political figure who was the First Vice-President of the African Union's Pan-African Parliament.Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
José Eduardo dos Santos José Eduardo dos Santos (; 28 August 1942 – 8 July 2022) was the president of Angola from 1979 to 2017. As president, dos Santos was also the commander-in-chief of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and president of the People's Movement for ...
, President (1979–2017) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::* Marcolino Moco, Prime minister (1992–1996) ::*
Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem Dr. Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem (born 24 August 1934) is an Angolan political figure who was the First Vice-President of the African Union's Pan-African Parliament.Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda (Ibinda: ''Kilansi kia cabinda''; pt, República de Cabinda) was an unrecognized state located in what is presently Angola's Cabinda Province. The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda- Exército de Cabinda ...
– :*
Henrique N'zita Tiago Henrique N'zita Tiago (14 July 1927 – 3 June 2016) was President of the Armed Forces of Cabinda, a rebel group that fights for the independence of Cabinda from Angola. He died in Paris on 3 June 2016. It was reported that Tiago was 88 years ol ...
, Provisional government leader (1975) :* Luis Ranque Franque, President (1975–1976) ''Cameroon'' *
French Cameroons French Cameroon or French Cameroons (french: link=no, Cameroun) was a French colonial empire, French League of Nations Mandate, mandate territory in Central Africa. It now forms part of the independent country of Cameroon. History Beginnings ...
, part of
French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa (french: link=no, Afrique-Équatoriale française), or the AEF, was the federation of French colonial possessions in Equatorial Africa, extending northwards from the Congo River into the Sahel, and comprising what are ...
 ( complete list) – :''United Nations trust territory, 1946–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *
British Cameroons British Cameroon or the British Cameroons was a British mandate territory in British West Africa, formed of the Northern Cameroons and Southern Cameroons. Today, the Northern Cameroons forms parts of the Borno, Adamawa and Taraba states of ...
part of British West Africa ( complete list) – :''United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *Republic of
Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the C ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::* Ahmadou Ahidjo, President (1960–1982) ::*
Paul Biya Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has served as the president of Cameroon since 6 November 1982.
, President (1982–present) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::* Ahmadou Ahidjo, Prime minister (1958–1960) ::* Charles Assalé, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::''East Cameroon'' ::* Charles Assalé, Prime minister (1961–1965) ::* Vincent de Paul Ahanda, Prime minister (1965) ::* Simon Pierre Tchoungui, Prime minister (1965–1972) ::''West Cameroon'' ::*
John Ngu Foncha John Ngu Foncha (21 June 1916 – 10 April 1999) was a Cameroonian politician, who served as 5th Prime Minister of Cameroon. Career Foncha was born in Bamenda. He founded the Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) in 1955 and became Premier of ...
, Prime minister (1961–1965) ::* Augustine Ngom Jua, Prime minister (1965–1968) ::*
Salomon Tandeng Muna Salomon Tandeng Muna (27 March 1912 – January 22, 2002) was a Cameroonian politician of the Cameroonian National Union. He served as the first Prime minister, Prime Minister of the federated state of West Cameroon from January 11, 1968 to June ...
, Prime minister (1968–1972) ::''United Cameroon'' ::*
Paul Biya Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has served as the president of Cameroon since 6 November 1982.
, Prime minister (1972–1982) ::*
Bello Bouba Maigari Bello Bouba Maigari (born 1947Profile at government website
.) ...
, Prime minister (1982–1983) ::*
Luc Ayang Luc Ayang (born 1947Official government biography
.) is a
, Prime minister (1983–1984) ::*
Sadou Hayatou Sadou Hayatou (15 February 1942 – 1 August 2019) was a Cameroonian politician. Hayatou served as the 4th Prime Minister of Cameroon from 26 April 1991 to 9 April 1992. Biography Hayatou was born in Garoua. His brother, Issa Hayatou, was for a ...
, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Simon Achidi Achu Simon Achidi Achu (5 November 1934 – 4 May 2021) was a Cameroonian politician who served as the prime minister of Cameroon from 1992 to 1996. Previously he was Minister of Justice from 1972 to 1975. A leading member of the Cameroon People's Demo ...
, Prime minister (1992–1996) ::*
Peter Mafany Musonge Peter Mafany Musonge (born 3 December 1942
, ''Afrique Express'' .) is a
Ubangi-Shari Ubangi-Shari (french: Oubangui-Chari) was a French colony in central Africa, a part of French Equatorial Africa. It was named after the Ubangi and Chari rivers along which it was colonised. It was established on 29 December 1903, from the U ...
part of
French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa (french: link=no, Afrique-Équatoriale française), or the AEF, was the federation of French colonial possessions in Equatorial Africa, extending northwards from the Congo River into the Sahel, and comprising what are ...
 ( complete list) – :''French colony, 1903–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *
Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR; ; , RCA; , or , ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of th ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
David Dacko David Dacko (; 1927 – 21 November 2003) was a Central African politician who served as the first president of the Central African Republic from 14 August 1960 to 1 January 1966, and 3rd President from 21 September 1979 to 1 September 1981. Af ...
, President (1960–1966) ::*
Jean-Bédel Bokassa Jean-Bédel Bokassa (; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I, was a Central African political and military leader who served as the second president of the Central African Republic (CAR) and as the emperor of its s ...
:::*President (1966–1976) :::*Emperor of the
Central African Empire From 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979, the Central African Republic was officially known as the Central African Empire (french: Empire centrafricain), after military dictator (and president at the time) Marshal Jean-Bédel Bokassa declared ...
(1976–1979) ::*
David Dacko David Dacko (; 1927 – 21 November 2003) was a Central African politician who served as the first president of the Central African Republic from 14 August 1960 to 1 January 1966, and 3rd President from 21 September 1979 to 1 September 1981. Af ...
, President (1979–1981) ::*
André Kolingba André-Dieudonné Kolingba (12 August 1936 – 7 February 2010) was a Central African politician, who was the fourth President of the Central African Republic (CAR), from 1 September 1981 until 1 October 1993. He took power from President Davi ...
, President (1981–1993) ::*
Ange-Félix Patassé Ange-Félix Patassé (January 25, 1937 – April 5, 2011) was a Central African politician who was President of the Central African Republic from 1993 until 2003, when he was deposed by the rebel leader François Bozizé in the 2003 coup d'ét ...
, President (1993–2003) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
David Dacko David Dacko (; 1927 – 21 November 2003) was a Central African politician who served as the first president of the Central African Republic from 14 August 1960 to 1 January 1966, and 3rd President from 21 September 1979 to 1 September 1981. Af ...
, Prime minister (1959–1960) ::* Elisabeth Domitien, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*
Ange-Félix Patassé Ange-Félix Patassé (January 25, 1937 – April 5, 2011) was a Central African politician who was President of the Central African Republic from 1993 until 2003, when he was deposed by the rebel leader François Bozizé in the 2003 coup d'ét ...
, Prime minister of the
Central African Empire From 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979, the Central African Republic was officially known as the Central African Empire (french: Empire centrafricain), after military dictator (and president at the time) Marshal Jean-Bédel Bokassa declared ...
(1976–1978) ::* Henri Maïdou, Prime minister of the
Central African Empire From 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979, the Central African Republic was officially known as the Central African Empire (french: Empire centrafricain), after military dictator (and president at the time) Marshal Jean-Bédel Bokassa declared ...
(1978–1979) ::* Bernard Ayandho, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::* Jean-Pierre Lebouder, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::* Simon Narcisse Bozanga, Prime minister (1981) ::* Édouard Frank, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::* Timothée Malendoma, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Enoch Derant Lakoué Enoch Derant Lakoué (born 5 October 1944) is a Central African politician who was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from 26 February 1993 to 25 October 1993. Early life Lakoué was born on 5 October 1944 in Fort Lamy (now N'Djamena ...
, Prime minister (1993) ::*
Jean-Luc Mandaba Jean-Luc Mandaba (15 August 1943 – 22 October 2000) was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from 25 October 1993 to 12 April 1995 under President Ange-Félix Patassé. Biography Mandaba was born on 15 August 1943 in Bangui. He receive ...
, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::* Gabriel Koyambounou, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::* Jean-Paul Ngoupandé, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*
Michel Gbezera-Bria Michel Gbezera-Bria (born 1 January 1946) is a Central African politician and diplomat. He was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from 1997 to 1999. He is currently the CAR Ambassador to France. Early life Gbezera-Bria was born in B ...
, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*
Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Anicet-Georges Dologuélé (born 17 April 1957) is a Central African politician who was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from 4 January 1999 to 1 April 2001. Subsequently, he was President of the Development Bank of Central African St ...
, Prime minister (1999–2001) ''Chad'' *
French Chad Chad was a part of the French colonial empire from 1900 to 1960. Colonial rule under the French began in 1900 when the Military Territory of Chad was established. From 1905, Chad was linked to the federation of French colonial possessions in Mi ...
, part of
French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa (french: link=no, Afrique-Équatoriale française), or the AEF, was the federation of French colonial possessions in Equatorial Africa, extending northwards from the Congo River into the Sahel, and comprising what are ...
 ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1900–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of Chad :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
François Tombalbaye François Tombalbaye ( ar, فرنسوا تومبالباي '; 15 June 1918 – 13 April 1975), also known as N'Garta Tombalbaye, was a Chadian politician who served as the first President of Chad from the country's independence in 1960 until ...
, President (1960–1975) ::* Noël Milarew Odingar, President (1975) ::* Félix Malloum, President (1975–1979) ::*
Goukouni Oueddei Goukouni Oueddei ( ar, كوكوني عويدي '; born 1944 in Zouar) is a Chadian politician who served as President of Chad from 1979 to 1982. A northerner, Goukouni commanded FROLINAT rebels with Libyan support during the first Chadian Civ ...
, President (1979) ::*
Lol Mahamat Choua Lol Mahamat Choua ( ar, لول محمد شوا; 15 June 1939 – 15 September 2019) was a Chadian politician who served as his country's head of state for four months in 1979. He was the President of the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) p ...
, President (1979) ::*
Goukouni Oueddei Goukouni Oueddei ( ar, كوكوني عويدي '; born 1944 in Zouar) is a Chadian politician who served as President of Chad from 1979 to 1982. A northerner, Goukouni commanded FROLINAT rebels with Libyan support during the first Chadian Civ ...
, President (1979–1982) ::*
Hissène Habré Hissène Habré (Arabic: ''Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī'',  Chadian Arabic: ; ; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), also spelled Hissen Habré, was a Chadian politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 5th president of Chad from 1982 u ...
, President (1982–1990) ::*
Idriss Déby Idriss Déby Itno ' (18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the president of Chad from 1990 until his death in 2021. Déby was a member of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. A high-ranki ...
, President (1990–2021) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Hissène Habré Hissène Habré (Arabic: ''Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī'',  Chadian Arabic: ; ; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), also spelled Hissen Habré, was a Chadian politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 5th president of Chad from 1982 u ...
, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::* Djidingar Dono Ngardoum, Prime minister (1982) ::*
Jean Alingué Bawoyeu Jean Alingué Bawoyeu (born August 18, 1937), known in French as the ''vieux sage'', which translates as "wise elder", is a Chadian politician who was Prime Minister of Chad from 1991 to 1992. During the 1970s, he served successively as Ambassa ...
, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::* Joseph Yodoyman, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Fidèle Moungar Fidèle Abdelkérim Moungar (born 1948) is a Chadian politician who served as Prime Minister of Chad in 1993. He is currently Secretary-General of Chadian Action for Unity and Socialism (ACTUS), a left-wing opposition party. Life Moungar is an eth ...
, Prime minister (1993) ::* Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*
Koibla Djimasta Koibla Djimasta (1950 – January 30, 2007) was a Chadian politician of Sara ethnicity from the southern Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture. An administrator, Djimasta held various cabinet positions under Presidents Hissène Habré and Idriss Déby, ...
, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::* Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*
Nagoum Yamassoum Nagoum Yamassoum (born 1954) is a Chadian politician who was Prime Minister of Chad from 1999 to 2002 and Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2005. He is from the district of Grande Sido in the region of Moyen Chari. Early life ...
, Prime minister (1999–2002) ''Congo, Democratic Republic of the'' *
Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo (french: Congo belge, ; nl, Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1964. Colo ...
( complete list) – :''Colony, 1908–1960'' :''For details see the
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
under Western Europe'' *
Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) The Republic of the Congo (french: République du Congo) was a sovereign state in Central Africa, created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960. From 1960 to 1966, the country was also known as Congo-Léopoldville (after its cap ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Joseph Kasa-Vubu Joseph Kasa-Vubu, alternatively Joseph Kasavubu, ( – 24 March 1969) was a Congolese politician who served as the first President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocra ...
, President (1960–1965) ::*
Antoine Gizenga Antoine Gizenga (5 October 1925 – 24 February 2019) was a Congolese (DRC) politician who was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He was the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumum ...
, ''Rebel'' President (1961) ::* Mobutu Sese Seko, President (1965–1971) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Patrice Lumumba Patrice Émery Lumumba (; 2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as the Republic of the Congo) from June u ...
, Prime minister (1960) ::*
Joseph Iléo Joseph Iléo (15 September 1921 – 19 September 1994), subsequently Zairianised as Sombo Amba Iléo, was a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and was prime minister for two periods. Early life Joseph Iléo was born on 15 ...
, Prime minister (1960) ::* Justin Marie Bomboko, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*
Joseph Iléo Joseph Iléo (15 September 1921 – 19 September 1994), subsequently Zairianised as Sombo Amba Iléo, was a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and was prime minister for two periods. Early life Joseph Iléo was born on 15 ...
, Prime minister (1961) ::*
Antoine Gizenga Antoine Gizenga (5 October 1925 – 24 February 2019) was a Congolese (DRC) politician who was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He was the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumum ...
, ''Rebel'', Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*
Cyrille Adoula Cyrille Adoula (13 September 1921 – 24 May 1978) was a Congolese trade unionist and politician. He was the prime minister of the Republic of the Congo, from 2 August 1961 until 30 June 1964. Early life and career Cyrille Adoula was born t ...
, Prime minister (1961–1964) ::*
Moise Tshombe Moise is a given name and surname, with differing spellings in its French and Romanian origins, both of which originate from the name Moses: Moïse is the French spelling of Moses, while Moise is the Romanian spelling. As a surname, Moisè and Mo ...
, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*
Évariste Kimba Évariste Leon Kimba Mutombo (16 July 1926 – 2 June 1966) was a Congolese journalist and politician who served as Foreign Minister of the State of Katanga from 1960 to 1963 and Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 13 Oc ...
, Prime minister (1965) ::*
Léonard Mulamba Major-General Léonard Mulamba (1928 – 12 August 1986), subsequently Zairianised as Mulamba Nyunyi wa Kadima, was a military and political leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Biography Then-Colonel Mulamba was Chief of Staff of ...
, Prime minister (1965–1966) * State of Katanga – :*
Moïse Tshombe Moïse Kapenda Tshombe (sometimes written Tshombé) (10 November 1919 – 29 June 1969) was a Congolese businessman and politician. He served as the president of the secessionist State of Katanga from 1960 to 1963 and as prime minister of the D ...
, President (1960–1963) *
South Kasai South Kasai (french: Sud-Kasaï) was an unrecognised secessionist state within the Republic of the Congo (the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) which was semi-independent between 1960 and 1962. Initially proposed as only a province, ...
– :*
Albert Kalonji Albert Kalonji Ditunga (6 June 1929 – 20 April 2015) was a Congolese politician best known as the leader of the short-lived secessionist state of South Kasai (''Sud-Kasaï'') during the Congo Crisis. Early life Little is known about Al ...
, President (1960–1961), Mulopwe (1961–1962) *
Zaire Zaire (, ), officially the Republic of Zaire (french: République du Zaïre, link=no, ), was a Congolese state from 1971 to 1997 in Central Africa that was previously and is now again known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Zaire was, ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Mobutu Sese Seko, President (1971–1997) :*Heads of government ( complete list) – ::*
Mpinga Kasenda Mpinga Kasenda (30 August 1937 – 7 May 1994) was a political figure in Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko. Kasenda was the prime minister of Zaire from 1977 to 1979 and the foreign minister from 1993 to 1994. He was killed in a plane crash near the air ...
, Prime minister (1977–1979) ::* Bo-Boliko Lokonga, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*
Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond (August 4, 1938 – July 27, 2003) was a prominent Zairian politician. Biography Early years and career in Zaire Born in Musumba, Lualaba District, a member of the Lunda tribe and a nephew of the Katangan leader, ...
, First state commissioner (1980–1981) ::* N'Singa Udjuu, First state commissioner (1981–1982) ::*
Léon Kengo Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again f ...
, First state commissioner (1982–1986) ::* Mabi Mulumba, First state commissioner (1987–1988) ::* Jules Fontaine Sambwa, First state commissioner (1988) ::*
Léon Kengo Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again f ...
, First state commissioner (1988–1990) ::* Lunda Bululu, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::* Mulumba Lukoji, Prime minister (1991) ::*
Étienne Tshisekedi Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a Congolese politician and the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), the main opposing political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC ...
, Prime minister (1991) ::* Bernardin Mungul Diaka, Prime minister (1991) ::*
Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond (August 4, 1938 – July 27, 2003) was a prominent Zairian politician. Biography Early years and career in Zaire Born in Musumba, Lualaba District, a member of the Lunda tribe and a nephew of the Katangan leader, ...
, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Étienne Tshisekedi Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a Congolese politician and the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), the main opposing political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC ...
, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Faustin Birindwa Faustin Birindwa (1943 – 29 April 1999) was a Congolese politician. A technocrat, he was an advisor to Étienne Tshisekedi and was named his Minister of Finance in October 1991, though Birindwa never took office. He became foreign minister in A ...
, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Léon Kengo Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again f ...
, First state commissioner (1994–1997) ::*
Étienne Tshisekedi Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a Congolese politician and the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), the main opposing political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC ...
, Prime minister (1997) ::*
Likulia Bolongo Norbert Likulia Bolongo (born 8 July 1939) is a Congolese former politician and general. He served as the last Prime Minister of Zaire from 9 April 1997 to 16 May 1997, before his deposition after the First Congo War. He was born in Basoko, Orien ...
, Prime minister (1997) *
Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...
( complete list) – :*
Laurent-Désiré Kabila Laurent-Désiré Kabila () (27 November 1939 – 18 January 2001) or simply Laurent Kabila ( US: ), was a Congolese revolutionary and politician who was the third President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1997 until his assassinatio ...
, President (1997–2001) ''Congo: Republic of the'' *
French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa (french: link=no, Afrique-Équatoriale française), or the AEF, was the federation of French colonial possessions in Equatorial Africa, extending northwards from the Congo River into the Sahel, and comprising what are ...
( complete list) – :''Federation of colonies, 1910–1934; Colony, 1934–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' * Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Fulbert Youlou Abbé Fulbert Youlou (29 June,In ''African Powder Keg: Revolt and Dissent in Six Emergent Nations'', author Ronald Matthews lists Youlou's date of birth as 9 June 1917. This date is also listed in ''Annuaire parlementaire des États d'Afrique noi ...
, President (1960–1963) ::*
Alphonse Massamba-Débat Alphonse Massamba-Débat (February 11, 1921 – March 25, 1977) was a political figure of the Republic of the Congo who led the country from 1963 until 1968 in a one-party system. Biography Early life He was born in the small village of Nkolo, Bo ...
, President (1963–1968) ::*
Alfred Raoul Alfred Raoul (15 December 1938 – 16 July 1999) was President of the Republic of the Congo from 5 September 1968 to 1 January 1969, and the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo from August 1968 to December 1969. He was Vice President of ...
, President (1968–1969) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Alphonse Massamba-Débat Alphonse Massamba-Débat (February 11, 1921 – March 25, 1977) was a political figure of the Republic of the Congo who led the country from 1963 until 1968 in a one-party system. Biography Early life He was born in the small village of Nkolo, Bo ...
, Prime minister (1963) ::*
Pascal Lissouba Pascal Lissouba (15 November 1931 – 24 August 2020) was a Congolese politician who was the first democratically elected President of the Republic of the Congo and served from 31 August 1992 until 25 October 1997. He was overthrown by the form ...
, Prime minister (1963–1966) ::*
Ambroise Noumazalaye Ambroise Édouard Noumazalaye (September 23, 1933Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga, ''Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique'' (1997), Karthala Editions, page 442.November 17, 2007Alfred Raoul Alfred Raoul (15 December 1938 – 16 July 1999) was President of the Republic of the Congo from 5 September 1968 to 1 January 1969, and the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo from August 1968 to December 1969. He was Vice President of ...
, Prime minister (1968–1969) *
People's Republic of the Congo The People's Republic of the Congo (french: République populaire du Congo) was a Marxist–Leninist socialist state that existed in the Republic of the Congo from 1969 to 1992. The People's Republic of the Congo was founded in December 1969 ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Marien Ngouabi Marien Ngouabi (or N'Gouabi) (December 31, 1938 – March 18, 1977) was the third President of the Republic of the Congo from January 1, 1969, to March 18, 1977. Biography Origins Marien Ngouabi was born in 1938 at the village of Ombellé, Cu ...
, President (1969–1977) ::*'' Military Committee of the Congolese Party of Labour'' (1977) ::*
Joachim Yhombi-Opango Jacques Joachim Yhombi-Opango (12 January 1939 – 30 March 2020) was a Congolese politician. He was an army officer who became Congo-Brazzaville's first general and served as Head of State of the People's Republic of the Congo from 1977 to 197 ...
, President (1977–1979) ::*
Denis Sassou Nguesso Denis Sassou Nguesso (born 23 November 1943) is a Congolese politician and former military officer. He became president of the Republic of the Congo in 1997. He served a previous term as president from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as ...
, President (1979–1992) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Henri Lopès, Prime minister (1973–1975) ::* Louis Sylvain Goma, Prime minister (1975–1984) ::* Ange Édouard Poungui, Prime minister (1984–1989) ::*
Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty (born 25 March 1941) is a Congolese politician who was Prime Minister of Congo-Brazzaville from 7 August 1989 to 3 December 1990 under President Denis Sassou Nguesso. Biography Poaty-Souchlaty was born in Kouilou Depa ...
, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*
Pierre Moussa Pierre Moussa (born 24 July 1941) is a Congolese politician who has been President of the Commission of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa since 2012. He served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Planning f ...
, Acting Prime minister (1990–1991) ::* Louis Sylvain Goma, Prime minister (1991) ::*
André Milongo André Ntsatouabantou Milongo (20 October 1935
, lechoc.info . – 23 July 2007) was a
, Prime minister (1991–1992) * Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Pascal Lissouba Pascal Lissouba (15 November 1931 – 24 August 2020) was a Congolese politician who was the first democratically elected President of the Republic of the Congo and served from 31 August 1992 until 25 October 1997. He was overthrown by the form ...
, President (1992–1997) ::*
Denis Sassou Nguesso Denis Sassou Nguesso (born 23 November 1943) is a Congolese politician and former military officer. He became president of the Republic of the Congo in 1997. He served a previous term as president from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as ...
, President (1997–present) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
André Milongo André Ntsatouabantou Milongo (20 October 1935
, lechoc.info . – 23 July 2007) was a
, Prime minister (1992) ::*
Stéphane Maurice Bongho-Nouarra Stéphane Maurice Bongho-Nouarra (June 6, 1937 – October 7, 2007) was a Congolese politician. He served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville during the late 1960s, and after a long period in exile, he returned and played an important role i ...
, Prime minister (1992) ::* Claude Antoine Dacosta, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Joachim Yhombi-Opango Jacques Joachim Yhombi-Opango (12 January 1939 – 30 March 2020) was a Congolese politician. He was an army officer who became Congo-Brazzaville's first general and served as Head of State of the People's Republic of the Congo from 1977 to 197 ...
, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::* Charles David Ganao, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::* Bernard Kolélas, Prime minister (1997) ''Guinea'' *
Spanish Guinea Spanish Guinea (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Guinea Española'') was a set of Insular Region (Equatorial Guinea), insular and Río Muni, continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in ...
( complete list) – :''Colony, 1778–1968'' :''For details see Spain in southwest Europe'' * Equatorial Guinea :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Francisco Macías Nguema Francisco Macías Nguema ( Africanised to Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong; 1 January 1924 – 29 September 1979), often mononymously referred to as Macías, was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the first President of Equatorial Guinea ...
, President (1968–1979) ::*
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (; born 5 June 1942) is an Equatoguinean politician and former military officer who has served as the second president of Equatorial Guinea since August 1979. He is the longest-serving president of any country ev ...
, President (1979–present) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Cristino Seriche Bioko, Prime minister (1982–1992) ::*
Silvestre Siale Bileka Silvestre Siale Bileka (born 1939?) is an Equato-Guinean politician. Bileka served as Prime Minister from 4 March 1992 to 1 April 1996. He is a member of the Partido Democrático de Guinea Ecuatorial ( Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea). Bil ...
, Prime minister (1992–1996) ::* Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan, Prime minister (1996–2001) ''Gabon'' *
Gabon Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the nort ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Léon M'ba Gabriel Léon M'ba (9 February 1902 – 28 November 1967) was a Gabonese politician who served as both the first Prime Minister (1959–1961) and President (1961–1967) of Gabon. A member of the Fang ethnic group, M'ba was born into a re ...
, President (1960–1967) ::*
Omar Bongo El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba (born Albert-Bernard Bongo; 30 December 1935 – 8 June 2009) was a Gabonese politician who was the second President of Gabon for 42 years, from 1967 until his death in 2009. Omar Bongo was promoted to key positions as ...
, President (1967–2009) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Léon M'ba Gabriel Léon M'ba (9 February 1902 – 28 November 1967) was a Gabonese politician who served as both the first Prime Minister (1959–1961) and President (1961–1967) of Gabon. A member of the Fang ethnic group, M'ba was born into a re ...
, Prime minister (1957–1961) ::*
Léon Mébiame Léon Mébiame (1 September 1934 – 18 December 2015) was a Gabonese politician who was the 2nd Prime Minister of Gabon. From 1975 to 1990, he served as the longest-serving Prime Minister in Gabonese history, at 15 years and 17 days.
, Prime minister (1975–1990) ::*
Casimir Oyé-Mba Casimir Marie Ange Oyé-Mba (20 April 1942 – 16 September 2021) was a Gabonese politician. After serving as Governor of the Bank of Central African States (BEAC) from 1978 to 1990, Oyé-Mba was Prime Minister of Gabon from 3 May 1990 to 2 Nov ...
, Prime minister (1990–1994) ::*
Paulin Obame-Nguema Paulin Obame-Nguema (born 28 December 1934.) is a Gabonese politician who was the Prime Minister of Gabon from 2 November 1994 to 23 January 1999. He is currently a Deputy in the National Assembly of Gabon. Prime Minister (1994–1999) Oba ...
, Prime minister (1994–1999) ::*
Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane (born 6 October 1939Samy Ghorbal"« Nous avons su garder le cap »" ''Jeune Afrique'', 20 November 2005 .) is a Gabonese politician who was Prime Minister of Gabon from 23 January 1999 to 20 January 2006. He was Ma ...
, Prime minister (1999–2006) ''São Tomé and Príncipe'' *
Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe islands were a colony of the Portuguese Empire from its discovery in 1470 until 1975, when independence was granted by Portugal. History The Portuguese explorers João de Santarém and Pêro Escobar discovered the is ...
( complete list) – :''Colony, 1470–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975'' :''For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe'' *Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Manuel Pinto da Costa Manuel Pinto da Costa (born 5 August 1937) is a Santomean economist and politician who served as the first president of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1975 to 1991. He again served as president from 2011 to 2016. Life and career Educated in Eas ...
, President (1975–1991) ::*
Miguel Trovoada Miguel dos Anjos da Cunha Lisboa Trovoada (born December 27, 1936) was the prime minister from 1975 to 1979 and second president of São Tomé and Príncipe 1991 to 2001. On 16 July 2014, he was appointed the Special Representative of the Unite ...
, President (1991–2001) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Miguel Trovoada Miguel dos Anjos da Cunha Lisboa Trovoada (born December 27, 1936) was the prime minister from 1975 to 1979 and second president of São Tomé and Príncipe 1991 to 2001. On 16 July 2014, he was appointed the Special Representative of the Unite ...
, Prime minister (1975–1979) ::*
Celestino Rocha da Costa Celestino Rocha da Costa (25 September 1938 – 23 December 2010) was a Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe, prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. He held the post from 8 January 1988 to 7 February 1991. He was the last head of ...
, Prime minister (1988–1991) ::*
Daniel Daio Daniel Lima dos Santos Daio (born 1947) is a former Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. The first person freely elected to the position, he held the post from 7 February 1991 to 16 May 1992. He is a member of the Democratic Convergence Pa ...
, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::* Norberto Costa Alegre, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*
Evaristo Carvalho Evaristo do Espírito Santo Carvalho (22 October 1941 – 28 May 2022) was a São Toméan politician who served as the fourth president of São Tomé and Príncipe from 2016 to 2021. He was previously the prime minister of the country on two o ...
, Prime minister (1994) ::*
Carlos Graça Carlos Alberto Monteiro Dias da Graça (22 December 1931 – 17 April 2013) served as the 6th Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. Biography Graça was one of the co-founders of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Prínci ...
, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Armindo Vaz d'Almeida Armindo Vaz d'Almeida (1953 – July 11, 2016) was the seventh prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. He held the post from 30 December 1995 to 19 November 1996. He was a member of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe ...
, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::* Raul Bragança Neto, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*
Guilherme Posser da Costa Guilherme Posser da Costa (born 18 May 1953) is a São Toméan who served as the ninth prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1999 to 2001. Posser da Costa served as Minister of Foreign Affairs: 1987–1988, 1990–1991, and 1994–1996. ...
, Prime minister (1999–2001)


Africa: East

''Burundi'' * Ruanda-Urundi ( complete list) – :''United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962'' :''For details see Belgium under western Europe'' *
Kingdom of Burundi The Kingdom of Burundi (french: Royaume du Burundi) or Kingdom of Urundi (''Royaume d'Urundi'') was a Bantu kingdom in the modern-day Republic of Burundi. The Ganwa monarchs (with the title of ''mwami'') ruled over both Hutus and Tutsis. Created ...
:*Kings ( complete list) – ::* Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng, King (1915–1966) ::* Ntare V, King (1966) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* André Muhirwa, Prime minister (1961–1963) ::*
Pierre Ngendandumwe Pierre Ngendandumwe (1930 – 15 January 1965) was a Burundian politician. He was a member of the Union for National Progress and was an ethnic Hutu. On 18 June 1963, about a year after Burundi gained independence and amidst efforts to bring abou ...
, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*
Albin Nyamoya Albin Nyamoya (27 July 1924 – 2001) was the Prime Minister of Burundi from 6 April 1964 — 7 January 1965 and again from 14 July 1972— 5 June 1973. Nyamoya, an ethnic Tutsi from Ngozi province, was a member of the Union for National Progress ...
, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*
Pierre Ngendandumwe Pierre Ngendandumwe (1930 – 15 January 1965) was a Burundian politician. He was a member of the Union for National Progress and was an ethnic Hutu. On 18 June 1963, about a year after Burundi gained independence and amidst efforts to bring abou ...
, Prime minister (1965) ::* Pié Masumbuko, Prime minister (1965) ::* Joseph Bamina, Prime minister (1965) ::*
Léopold Biha Léopold Bihumugani or Biha (1919–2003) was a Burundian politician who served as Prime Minister of Burundi from 13 September 1965 until 8 July 1966. A Ganwa born to a chief in Ruanda-Urundi, he became a close confidant of Mwami Mwambutsa IV i ...
, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*
Michel Micombero Michel Micombero (26 August 194016 July 1983) was a Burundian politician and army officer who ruled the country as ''de facto'' military dictator for the decade between 1966 and 1976. He was the last Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Burundi fro ...
, Prime minister (1966) *Republic of Burundi :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Michel Micombero Michel Micombero (26 August 194016 July 1983) was a Burundian politician and army officer who ruled the country as ''de facto'' military dictator for the decade between 1966 and 1976. He was the last Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Burundi fro ...
, President (1966–1976) ::*
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (29 August 19464 May 2016) was a Burundian army officer and politician who ruled Burundi as president and ''de facto'' military dictator from November 1976 to September 1987. Born into the Tutsi ethnic group in 1946, Bagaza ...
, President (1976–1987) ::*
Pierre Buyoya Pierre Buyoya (24 November 1949 – 17 December 2020) was a Burundian army officer and politician who served two terms as President of Burundi in 1987 to 1993 and 1996 to 2003. He was the second-longest serving president in Burundian history. An ...
, President (1987–1993) ::*
Melchior Ndadaye Melchior Ndadaye (28 March 1953 – 21 October 1993) was a Burundian intellectual and politician. He was the first democratically elected and first Hutu president of Burundi after winning the landmark 1993 election. Though he moved to attempt to ...
, President (1993) ::*
François Ngeze François Ngeze (born 1953) is a Burundian retired politician. He served as the acting head of state of Burundi from 21 October 1993 to 27 October 1993. He was chosen by the military Committee of Public Salvation, a group of army officers that sta ...
, President (1993) ::*
Sylvie Kinigi Sylvie Kinigi (born 24 November 1953) is a Burundian politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of Burundi from 10 July 1993 to 7 February 1994, and acting president from November 1993 to 5 February 1994, making her the second African ...
, Acting President (1993–1994) ::*
Cyprien Ntaryamira Cyprien Ntaryamira (6 March 1955 – 6 April 1994) was a Burundian politician who served as President of Burundi from 5 February 1994 until his death two months later. A Hutu born in Burundi, Ntaryamira studied there before fleeing to Rwanda ...
, President (1994) ::*
Sylvestre Ntibantunganya Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (born 8 May 1956) is a Burundian politician. He was President of the National Assembly of Burundi from 23 December 1993 to 30 September 1994, and President of Burundi from 6 April 1994 to 25 July 1996 (interim to October ...
, President (1994–1996) ::*
Pierre Buyoya Pierre Buyoya (24 November 1949 – 17 December 2020) was a Burundian army officer and politician who served two terms as President of Burundi in 1987 to 1993 and 1996 to 2003. He was the second-longest serving president in Burundian history. An ...
, President (1996–2003) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Albin Nyamoya Albin Nyamoya (27 July 1924 – 2001) was the Prime Minister of Burundi from 6 April 1964 — 7 January 1965 and again from 14 July 1972— 5 June 1973. Nyamoya, an ethnic Tutsi from Ngozi province, was a member of the Union for National Progress ...
, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::* Édouard Nzambimana, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::* Adrien Sibomana, Prime minister (1988–1993) ::*
Sylvie Kinigi Sylvie Kinigi (born 24 November 1953) is a Burundian politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of Burundi from 10 July 1993 to 7 February 1994, and acting president from November 1993 to 5 February 1994, making her the second African ...
, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Anatole Kanyenkiko Anatole Kanyenkiko (born 1952) was the Prime Minister of Burundi from 7 February 1994 to 22 February 1995. An ethnic Tutsi from Ngozi Province, Kanyenkiko was a member of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA), a political party. On 14 November ...
, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Antoine Nduwayo Antoine Nduwayo (born 1942) was the Prime Minister of Burundi from February 22, 1995, until July 31, 1996. He is an ethnic TutsiPascal-Firmin Ndimira Pascal-Firmin Ndimira (born 9 April 1956) was Prime Minister of Burundi from 31 July 1996 until 12 June 1998, when the post was abolished. Ndimira, an ethnic Hutu from Ngozi province, is a member of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) party ...
, Prime minister (1996–1998) ''Comoros'' *
French Comoros The history of the Comoros extends to about 800–1000 AD when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time. France colonised the islands in the 19th century, and they became independ ...
( complete list) – :''Overseas territory, 1946–1961'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' * Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Ahmed Abdallah Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane ( ar, أحمد عبد الله عبد الرحمن, , 12 June 1919 – 26 November 1989) was a Comorian politician. He was a member of the French Senate from 1959 to 1973, and President of the Comoros from 25 Octobe ...
, President (1975) ::* Said Mohamed Jaffar, President (1975–1976) ::*
Ali Soilih Ali Soilih M'Tsashiwa ( ar, علي صويلح; January 7, 1937 – May 29, 1978) was a Comorian socialist revolutionary and political figure who served as the 3rd President of the Comoros from 3 January 1976 to 13 May 1978. Biography Soilih ...
, President (1976–1978) ::* Mohamed Ahmed, Co-Chairman of the Directorate (1978) ::*
Ahmed Abdallah Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane ( ar, أحمد عبد الله عبد الرحمن, , 12 June 1919 – 26 November 1989) was a Comorian politician. He was a member of the French Senate from 1959 to 1973, and President of the Comoros from 25 Octobe ...
, Co-Chairman of the Directorate (1978), President (1978–1989) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Abdallah Mohamed, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::* Abdallah Mohamed, Prime minister (1978–1978) ::* Salim Ben Ali, Prime minister (1978–1982) ::*
Ali Mroudjaé Ali Mroudjae (2 August 1939 – 2 May 2019) was a prime minister and foreign minister of the Comoros. Mroudjae became foreign minister after the coup by Bob Denard brought Ahmed Abdallah to power in 1978. He continued in that position until 8 Februa ...
, Prime minister (1982–1984) *Union of the Comoros :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::* Haribon Chebani, Provisional President (1989) ::* Said Mohamed Djohar, Acting President (1989–1990), President (1990–1995) ::*
Combo Ayouba Combo Ayouba, also referred to as Ayouba Combo, (c. 1952 – June 13, 2010) was a Comorian colonel and senior member of the Military of Comoros. He was one of the highest-ranking military officers in the Comoros at the time of his assassination ...
, Coordinator of the Transitional Military Committee (1995) ::*
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim ( ar, محمد تقي عبد الكريم 20 February 1936 – 6 November 1998) was President of the Comoros from 25 March 1996 until his death on 6 November 1998. Life He was born in Mbeni, Grande Comore and issued fa ...
, Acting President (1995) ::* Caabi El-Yachroutu Mohamed, President (1995–1996) ::* Said Mohamed Djohar, President (1996) ::*
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim ( ar, محمد تقي عبد الكريم 20 February 1936 – 6 November 1998) was President of the Comoros from 25 March 1996 until his death on 6 November 1998. Life He was born in Mbeni, Grande Comore and issued fa ...
, Acting President (1996–1998) ::*
Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde ( ar, تاج الدين بن سعيد مسوندي, 1933 in Anjouan – February 29, 2004) was a Comorian politician. Biography Massounde served as Prime Minister from 27 March 1996 to 27 December 1996. After the ...
, President (1998–1999) ::*
Azali Assoumani Azali Assoumani ( ar, غزالي عثماني; born 1 January 1959) is a Comorian politician and military officer who has served as President of the Comoros since April 2019. He was also president from 2002 to 2006 and 2016 to February 2019. He ...
, President (1999–2001) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim ( ar, محمد تقي عبد الكريم 20 February 1936 – 6 November 1998) was President of the Comoros from 25 March 1996 until his death on 6 November 1998. Life He was born in Mbeni, Grande Comore and issued fa ...
, Prime minister (1992) ::*
Ibrahim Halidi Ibrahim Halidi (1954— February 23, 2020 ( ar, إبراهيم هاليدي) is a long-time politician in Comoros. Halidi was the Prime Minister of Comoros from January to May 1993. Halidi also ran for President (government title), president in May ...
, Prime minister (1993) ::* Said Ali Mohamed, Prime minister (1993) ::* Ahmed Ben Cheikh Attoumane, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::* Mohamed Abdou Madi, Prime minister (1994) ::* Halifa Houmadi, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::* Caabi El-Yachroutu Mohamed, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*
Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde ( ar, تاج الدين بن سعيد مسوندي, 1933 in Anjouan – February 29, 2004) was a Comorian politician. Biography Massounde served as Prime Minister from 27 March 1996 to 27 December 1996. After the ...
, Prime minister (1996) ::* Ahmed Abdou, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::* Nourdine Bourhane, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*
Abbas Djoussouf Abbas Djoussouf (22 March 1942 – 13 June 2010) was a politician in The Comoros. He was Prime Minister from 22 November 1998 until 30 April 1999. He was the main opposition leader when named Prime Minister by Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde in a move ...
, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*
Bianrifi Tarmidi Bianrifi Tarmidi (born 1958) is the former Prime Minister of the Comoros from 2 December 1999 until 29 November 2000.Lis ...
, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::* Hamada Madi, Prime minister (2000–2002) ''Djibouti'' * French Somaliland ( complete list) – :''Overseas territory, 1946–1967'' *
French Territory of the Afars and the Issas The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI; french: Territoire français des Afars et des Issas) was the name given to present-day Djibouti between 1967 and 1977, while it was still an overseas territory of France. The area was former ...
( complete list) – :''Overseas territory, 1967–1977'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of
Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Hassan Gouled Aptidon Hassan Gouled Aptidon ( so, Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon; ar, حسن جوليد أبتيدون) (October 15, 1916 – November 21, 2006) was the first President of Djibouti from 1977 to 1999. Biography He was born in the small village of Gerisa in t ...
, President (1977–1999) ::*
Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Ismaïl Omar Guelleh ( so, Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle ar, إسماعيل عمر جليه) (born 27 November 1947) is the current President of Djibouti. He has been in office since 1999, making him one of the longest-serving rulers in Africa. He is ...
, President (1999–present) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Hassan Gouled Aptidon Hassan Gouled Aptidon ( so, Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon; ar, حسن جوليد أبتيدون) (October 15, 1916 – November 21, 2006) was the first President of Djibouti from 1977 to 1999. Biography He was born in the small village of Gerisa in t ...
, Prime minister (1977) ::* Ahmed Dini Ahmed, Prime minister (1977–1978) ::*
Abdallah Mohamed Kamil Abdallah Mohamed Kamil (عبد الله محمد كامل) (born 1936, in Obock) is a Djiboutian politician. He served as Prime Minister of the country from 5 February 1978 to 2 October 1978. Abdallah Mohamed Kamil holds a diploma from the Fren ...
, Prime minister (1978) ::*
Barkat Gourad Hamadou Barkat Gourad Hamadou ( ar, بركات غوراد حمادو) (1 January 1930"Long-serv ...
, Prime minister (1978–2001) ''Eritrea'' * Eritrea ( complete list) – :*
Isaias Afwerki Isaias Afwerki ( ti, ኢሳይያስ ኣፍወርቂ, ; born 2 February 1946) is an Eritrean politician and partisan who has been the president of Eritrea since shortly after he led the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) to victory in ...
, President (1993–present) ''Ethiopia '' *
Ethiopian Empire The Ethiopian Empire (), also formerly known by the exonym Abyssinia, or just simply known as Ethiopia (; Amharic and Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Afar: ''Itiyoophiyaa''), was an empire that histori ...
( complete list) – :*
Haile Selassie Haile Selassie I ( gez, ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ, Qädamawi Häylä Səllasé, ; born Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (' ...
I, Emperor (1930–1974) * Derg: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia ( complete list) – :*
Aman Andom Aman Mikael Andom (; ti, ኣማን ሚካኤል ዓንዶም; 21 June 1924 – 23 November 1974) was an Eritrean general and the first post-imperial acting head of state of Ethiopia. He was appointed to this position following the coup d'éta ...
, Chairmen (1974) :*
Mengistu Haile Mariam Mengistu Haile Mariam ( am, መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማሪያም, pronunciation: ; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian politician and former army officer who was the head of state of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991 and General Secretary of the Wor ...
, Acting Chairmen (1974) :*
Tafari Benti Brigadier General Tafari Benti (; 11 October 1921 – 3 February 1977) was an Ethiopian military officer and politician who served as head of state of Ethiopia from 1974 to 1977 in his role as second chairman of the Derg, the ruling military ju ...
, Chairmen (1974–1977) :*
Mengistu Haile Mariam Mengistu Haile Mariam ( am, መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማሪያም, pronunciation: ; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian politician and former army officer who was the head of state of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991 and General Secretary of the Wor ...
, Chairmen (1977–1987) * People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia :*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Mengistu Haile Mariam Mengistu Haile Mariam ( am, መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማሪያም, pronunciation: ; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian politician and former army officer who was the head of state of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991 and General Secretary of the Wor ...
, President (1987–1991) ::*
Tesfaye Gebre Kidan Tesfaye Gebre Kidan Geletu ( am, ተስፋዬ ገብረ ኪዳን ገለቱ, Täsfaye Gäbrä Kidan Gälätu, – 4 June 2004) was an Ethiopian general who was the acting president of Ethiopia for one week in late May 1991. Biography Military ...
, Acting President (1991) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::* Fikre Selassie Wogderess, Prime minister (1987–1989) ::*
Hailu Yimenu Hailu Yimenu (died May 26, 1991) was an Ethiopian politician who was the acting prime minister of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from November 8, 1989 until May 1991. In May 1991, after hearing of Mengistu Haile Mariam's fall from ...
, Acting Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*
Tesfaye Dinka Tesfaye Dinka Yadessa (3 November 1939 – 6 December 2016) was an Ethiopian politician who was Minister of Finance (1983–1986), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1989–1991), and Prime Minister (26 April–6 June 1991) of Ethiopia. He was the hea ...
, Acting Prime minister (1991) *
Transitional Government of Ethiopia The Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE) was an era established immediately after the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) seized power from the Marxist-Leninist People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) in 1991. ...
:* Acting Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Meles Zenawi Meles Zenawi Asres (Tigrinya and ; , born Legesse Zenawi Asres; 9 May 1955 – 20 August 2012) was an Ethiopian soldier and politician who served as President of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995 and then Prime Minister of Ethiopia from 1995 until his ...
, Acting President (1991–1995) :*
Prime minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
( complete list) – ::* Tamrat Layne, Acting Prime minister (1991–1995) *Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Negasso Gidada, President (1995–2001) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::*
Meles Zenawi Meles Zenawi Asres (Tigrinya and ; , born Legesse Zenawi Asres; 9 May 1955 – 20 August 2012) was an Ethiopian soldier and politician who served as President of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995 and then Prime Minister of Ethiopia from 1995 until his ...
, Prime minister (1995–2012) ''Kenya'' *
Kenya Colony The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, commonly known as British Kenya or British East Africa, was part of the British Empire in Africa. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in ...
( complete list) – :''British colony and protectorate, 1920–1963'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *
Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...
:*
Heads of state A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and ...
( complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1963–1964) ::* Jomo Kenyatta, President (1964–1978) ::*
Daniel arap Moi Daniel Toroitich arap Moi ( ; 2 September 1924 – 4 February 2020) was a Kenyan politician who served as the second president of Kenya from 1978 to 2002. He was the country's longest-serving president. Moi previously served as the third vice ...
, President (1978–2002) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Jomo Kenyatta, Prime minister (1963–1964) ''Madagascar'' * French Madagascar ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1897–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' * Malagasy Republic :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Philibert Tsiranana Philibert Tsiranana (18 October 1912 – 16 April 1978) was a Malagasy politician and leader, who served as the first President of Madagascar from 1959 to 1972. During the twelve years of his administration, the Republic of Madagascar expe ...
, President (1959–1972) ::*
Gabriel Ramanantsoa Gabriel Ramanantsoa (13 April 1906 Antananarivo – 9 May 1979 Paris) was the President and Prime Minister of Madagascar from 1972 to 1975. Ramanantsoa was a member of the Merina ethnic group, and came from a wealthy family. He graduated from Sai ...
, President (1972–1975) ::* Richard Ratsimandrava, President (1975) ::* Gilles Andriamahazo, President (1975) ::*
Didier Ratsiraka Didier Ignace Ratsiraka (; 4 November 1936 – 28 March 2021) was a Malagasy politician and naval officer who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving President o ...
, President (1975–1993) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Philibert Tsiranana Philibert Tsiranana (18 October 1912 – 16 April 1978) was a Malagasy politician and leader, who served as the first President of Madagascar from 1959 to 1972. During the twelve years of his administration, the Republic of Madagascar expe ...
, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*
Gabriel Ramanantsoa Gabriel Ramanantsoa (13 April 1906 Antananarivo – 9 May 1979 Paris) was the President and Prime Minister of Madagascar from 1972 to 1975. Ramanantsoa was a member of the Merina ethnic group, and came from a wealthy family. He graduated from Sai ...
, Prime minister (1972–1975) *
Democratic Republic of Madagascar The Democratic Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy, french: République démocratique de Madagascar) was a socialist state that existed on the island of Madagascar from 1975 to 1992. History Establishment (1975) D ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Didier Ratsiraka Didier Ignace Ratsiraka (; 4 November 1936 – 28 March 2021) was a Malagasy politician and naval officer who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving President o ...
, President of Supreme Revolutionary Council (1975–1993) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Joel Rakotomalala, Prime minister (1976) ::* Justin Rakotoniaina, Prime minister (1976–1977) ::* Désiré Rakotoarijaona, Prime minister (1977–1988) ::* Victor Ramahatra, Prime minister (1988–1991) ::* Guy Razanamasy, Prime minister (1991–1993) *
Third Republic of Madagascar The Third Republic of Madagascar (officially called the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, french: République de Madagascar) refers to the 18-year-long period in Malagasy history after the dissolution of the socialist regime ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Didier Ratsiraka Didier Ignace Ratsiraka (; 4 November 1936 – 28 March 2021) was a Malagasy politician and naval officer who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving President o ...
, President (1975–1993) ::*
Albert Zafy Albert Zafy (1 May 1927 – 13 October 2017) was a Malagasy politician and educator who served as President of Madagascar from 27 March 1993 to 5 September 1996. In 1988, he founded the National Union for Democracy and Development (UNDD). In ...
, President (1993–1996) ::* Norbert Ratsirahonana, Acting President (1996–1997) ::*
Didier Ratsiraka Didier Ignace Ratsiraka (; 4 November 1936 – 28 March 2021) was a Malagasy politician and naval officer who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving President o ...
, President (1997–2002) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Guy Razanamasy, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::* Francisque Ravony, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::* Emmanuel Rakotovahiny, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::* Norbert Ratsirahonana, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::* Pascal Rakotomavo, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::* Tantely Andrianarivo, Prime minister (1998–2002) ''Mauritius'' *
British Mauritius Mauritius was a Crown colony off the Southeast coast of Africa. Formerly part of the French colonial empire, British rule in Mauritius was established de facto with the Invasion of Isle de France in November 1810, and de jure by the subsequen ...
( complete list) – :''Colony, 1810–1968'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' * Mauritius (Commonwealth realm) :*Queen ( complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1968–1992) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::* Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Prime minister (1968–1982) ::*
Anerood Jugnauth Sir Anerood Jugnauth, GCSK, PV, (29 March 1930 – 3 June 2021) was a Mauritian politician and barrister who served both as President and Prime Minister of Mauritius. He was Member of Parliament for Piton & Riviere Du Rempart. A central fi ...
, Prime minister (1982–1992) *Republic of
Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Veerasamy Ringadoo, President (1992) ::*
Cassam Uteem Cassam Uteem, GCSK (born in Port Louis on 22 March 1941) is a Mauritian political figure who served as the second president of Mauritius from 30 June 1992 to 15 February 2002. He is the longest served president of Mauritius, having served for nea ...
, President (1992–2002) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::*
Anerood Jugnauth Sir Anerood Jugnauth, GCSK, PV, (29 March 1930 – 3 June 2021) was a Mauritian politician and barrister who served both as President and Prime Minister of Mauritius. He was Member of Parliament for Piton & Riviere Du Rempart. A central fi ...
, Prime minister (1992–1995) ::*
Navin Ramgoolam Navinchandra Ramgoolam, GCSK, FRCP (born 14 July 1947) is a Mauritian politician who was former Prime Minister of Mauritius from 2005 to 2014 and leader of the Labour Party (Mauritius). He was Leader of the Opposition from 1991 to 1995. He ser ...
, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::*
Anerood Jugnauth Sir Anerood Jugnauth, GCSK, PV, (29 March 1930 – 3 June 2021) was a Mauritian politician and barrister who served both as President and Prime Minister of Mauritius. He was Member of Parliament for Piton & Riviere Du Rempart. A central fi ...
, Prime minister (2000–2003) ''Rwanda'' * Kingdom of Rwanda ( complete list) – :* Mutara III Rudahigwa, King (1931–1959) :*
Kigeli V Ndahindurwa Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King ('' Mwami'') of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the end of the UN-mandate with Belgian administration and the declaration of an indepe ...
, King (1959–1961) *Republic of Rwanda :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::* Dominique Mbonyumutwa, Interim President (1961) ::*
Grégoire Kayibanda Grégoire Kayibanda (1 May 192415 December 1976) was a Rwandan politician and revolutionary who was the first elected President of Rwanda from 1962 to 1973. An ethnic Hutu, he was a pioneer of the Rwandan Revolution and led Rwanda's struggle fo ...
, President (1961–1973) ::*
Juvénal Habyarimana Juvénal Habyarimana (, ; 8 March 19376 April 1994) was a Rwandan politician and military officer who served as the second president of Rwanda, from 1973 until 1994. He was nicknamed ''Kinani'', a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible". An ethn ...
, President (1973–1994) ::* Théodore Sindikubwabo, Interim President (1994) ::* Pasteur Bizimungu, President (1994–2000) ::*
Paul Kagame Paul Kagame (; born 23 October 1957) is a Rwandan politician and former military officer who is the 4th and current president of Rwanda since 2000. He previously served as a commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Uganda-based rebel ...
, President (2000–present) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Grégoire Kayibanda Grégoire Kayibanda (1 May 192415 December 1976) was a Rwandan politician and revolutionary who was the first elected President of Rwanda from 1962 to 1973. An ethnic Hutu, he was a pioneer of the Rwandan Revolution and led Rwanda's struggle fo ...
, Prime minister (1961–1962) ::* Sylvestre Nsanzimana, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::* Dismas Nsengiyaremye, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::* Agathe Uwilingiyimana, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Jean Kambanda Jean Kambanda (born October 19, 1955) is a Rwandan former politician who served as the Prime Minister of Rwanda in the caretaker government from the start of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. He is the only head of government to plead guilty to genocid ...
, Prime minister (1994) ::*
Faustin Twagiramungu Faustin Twagiramungu (born 14 August 1945) is a Rwandan politician. He was Prime Minister from 1994 until his resignation in 1995, the first head of government appointed after the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) captured Kigali. He then exiled himse ...
, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Pierre-Célestin Rwigema Pierre-Célestin Rwigema (born 27 July 1953) is a Rwandan politician previously associated with the moderate faction of the Republican Democratic Movement (MDR) party. He was Prime Minister of Rwanda from 1995 to 2000 and Education Minister fro ...
, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::* Bernard Makuza, Prime minister (2000–2011) ''Seychelles'' * Colony of Seychelles :''British colony, 1903–1976'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *Republic of
Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (french: link=no, République des Seychelles; Creole: ''La Repiblik Sesel''), is an archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::* James Mancham, President (1976–1977) ::*
France-Albert René France-Albert René (; 16 November 1934 – 27 February 2019) was a Seychellois lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the second President of Seychelles from 1977 to 2004. He also served as the country's 2nd Prime Minister from its in ...
, President (1977–2004) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
France-Albert René France-Albert René (; 16 November 1934 – 27 February 2019) was a Seychellois lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the second President of Seychelles from 1977 to 2004. He also served as the country's 2nd Prime Minister from its in ...
, Prime minister (1976–1977) ''Somalia'' * British Somaliland ( complete list) – :''Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *
Trust Territory of Somaliland The Trust Territory of Somaliland, officially the "Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration" ( it, Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia), was a United Nations Trust Territory situated in present-day Somalia. Its c ...
( complete list) – :''United Nations trust territory of Italy, 1950–1960'' :''For details see
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
under southcentral Europe'' *
State of Somaliland The State of Somaliland (, ) was a short-lived independent country in the territory of present-day unilaterally declared Republic of Somaliland. It existed on the territory of former British Somaliland for five days between 26 June 1960 and 1 ...
– :*
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ( so, Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal, ar, محمد الحاج ابراهيم عقال; August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a Somali politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 1993 to his death in 2002. H ...
, Prime minister (1960) *
Somali Republic The Somali Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed; it, Repubblica Somala; ar, الجمهورية الصومالية, Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmālīyyah) was a sovereign state composed of Somalia and Somaliland, following the unification o ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Aden Abdullah Osman Daar Aden Abdulle Osman Daar ( so, Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan Dacar, ar, آدم عبد الله عثمان دعر) (December 9, 1908 – June 8, 2007), popularly known as Aden Adde, was a Somali politician who served as the first president of the So ...
, President (1960–1967) ::*
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ( so, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ar, عبد الرشيد علي شارماركي) (8 June 1919 – 15 October 1969), also known as Abdirashid Shermarke, was Prime Minister of Somali Republic from 12 July 1960, to 14 J ...
, President (1967–1969) ::*
Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein ( so, Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen, ar, الشيخ محمد حسين مختار‎; December 9, 1912 – June 12, 2012) was the Speaker of the Parliament of Somalia, and briefly an Acting President of Som ...
, Interim President (1969) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ( so, Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal, ar, محمد الحاج ابراهيم عقال; August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a Somali politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 1993 to his death in 2002. H ...
, Prime minister (1960) ::*
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ( so, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ar, عبد الرشيد علي شارماركي) (8 June 1919 – 15 October 1969), also known as Abdirashid Shermarke, was Prime Minister of Somali Republic from 12 July 1960, to 14 J ...
, Prime minister (1960–1964) ::*
Abdirizak Haji Hussein Abdirizak Haji Hussein ( so, Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen; ar, عبد الرزاق حاجي حسين‎; 24 December 192431 January 2014) was a Somali diplomat and politician. He was the Prime Minister of Somali Republic from 14 June 1964 to 15 Ju ...
, Prime minister (1964–1967 ) ::*
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ( so, Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal, ar, محمد الحاج ابراهيم عقال; August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a Somali politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 1993 to his death in 2002. H ...
, Prime minister (1967–1969) *
Somali Democratic Republic The Somali Democratic Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya Soomaaliyeed; ar, الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية, ; it, Repubblica Democratica Somala) was the name that the socialist military government gave to Som ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Siad Barre, President (1969–1991) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Muhammad Ali Samatar, Prime minister (1987–1990) ::* Muhammad Hawadle Madar, Prime minister (1990–1991) *
Interim Government of Somalia The Interim Government of Somalia, led by Ali Mahdi Muhammad, was established immediately after the collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic. From November 1991 to 1995, Ali Mahdi Muhammad had recognition as President by several states followin ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Ali Mahdi Muhammad Ali Mahdi Muhammad ( so, Cali Mahdi Maxamed, ar, علي مهدي محمد) (1 January 1939 – 10 March 2021) was a Somali entrepreneur and politician. He served as President of Somalia from 26 January 1991 to 3 January 1997. The Cairo Agreeme ...
, President (1991–1997) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Umar Arteh Ghalib Umar Arteh Ghalib or Omer Carte Qalib ( so, Cumar Carte Qaalib, ar, عمر عرتي غالب) (1930 – 18 November 2020) was a Somali politician. He was Prime Minister of the Somali Democratic Republic from January 24, 1991 to May 1993. Previous ...
, Prime minister (1991–1997) *
Transitional National Government The Transitional National Government (TNG) was the internationally recognized central government of Somalia from 2000 to 2004. Overview The TNG was established in April–May 2000 at the Somalia National Peace Conference held in Arta, Djibouti. ...
of the Republic of Somalia :*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, President (2000–2004) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Ali Khalif Galaydh Ali Khalif Galaydh ( so, Cali Khalif Galaydh, ar, علي خليف غلير) (15 October 1941 – 8 October 2020) was a Somali politician. He was the Prime Minister of the transitional Somalia administration from 8 October 2000 to 28 October 2001. ...
, Prime minister (2000–2001) *Republic of Somaliland ( complete list) – :* Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur, President (1991–1993) :*
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ( so, Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal, ar, محمد الحاج ابراهيم عقال; August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a Somali politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 1993 to his death in 2002. H ...
, President (1993–2002) ''Tanzania'' *
Sultanate of Zanzibar The Sultanate of Zanzibar ( sw, Usultani wa Zanzibar, ar, سلطنة زنجبار , translit=Sulṭanat Zanjībār), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was a state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. The Su ...
( complete list) – :* Khalifa II, Sultan (1911–1960) :*
Abdullah Abdullah may refer to: * Abdullah (name), a list of people with the given name or surname * Abdullah, Kargı, Turkey, a village * ''Abdullah'' (film), a 1980 Bollywood film directed by Sanjay Khan * '' Abdullah: The Final Witness'', a 2015 Pakis ...
, Sultan (1960–1963) :* Jamshid, Sultan (1963–1964) * Tanganyika under Britain ( complete list) – :''United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *United Republic of
Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Julius Nyerere Julius Kambarage Nyerere (; 13 April 1922 – 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian anti-colonial activist, politician, and political theorist. He governed Tanganyika as prime minister from 1961 to 1962 and then as president from 1962 to 1964, af ...
, President (1964–1985) ::*
Ali Hassan Mwinyi Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born 8 May 1925) is a Tanzanian politician, who served as the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Previous posts include Interior Minister and Vice President. He also was chairman of the ru ...
, President (1985–1995) ::*
Benjamin Mkapa Benjamin William Mkapa (12 November 193824 July 2020) was the third president of Tanzania, in office from 1995 to 2005. He was Chairman of the Revolutionary State Political Party ( Chama Cha Mapinduzi, CCM). Early life Mkapa was born in Lupaso, ...
, President (1995–2005) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::*
Rashidi Kawawa Rashidi Mfaume Kawawa (27 May 1926 – 31 December 2009) was the Prime Minister of Tanganyika in 1962 and of Tanzania in 1972 to 1977. He was the effective ruler of the country from January to December 1962 while Julius Nyerere toured the ...
, Prime minister (1972–1977) ::* Edward Sokoine, prime minister (1977–1980) ::* Cleopa Msuya, Prime minister (1980–1983) ::* Edward Sokoine, Prime minister (1983–1984) ::*
Salim Ahmed Salim Salim Ahmed Salim ( ar, سليم احمد سليم, sw, Salim Ahmad Salim, born 23 January 1942) is a Tanzanian politician and diplomat who has worked in the international diplomatic arena since the early 1960s. Early life Salim was born in wh ...
, Prime minister (1984–1985) ::*
Joseph Warioba Joseph Sinde Warioba (born September 3, 1940) served as Prime Minister of Tanzania from 1985 to 1990. Furthermore, he served concurrently as the country's Vice President. He has also served as a judge on the East African Court of Justice, and as c ...
, Prime minister (1985–1990) ::* John Malecela, Prime minister (1990–1994) ::* Cleopa Msuya, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Frederick Sumaye Frederick Tluway Sumaye (born 29 May 1950) is a Tanzanian politician who was Prime Minister of Tanzania from 28 November 1995 to 30 December 2005. Life and career As a member of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), Sumaye was a Member o ...
, Prime minister (1995–2005) ''Uganda'' * Ankole ( complete list) – :* Gasyonga II, Omugabe (1944–1967) * Buganda ( complete list) – :* Muteesa II, Kabaka (1939–1969) *
Bunyoro Bunyoro or Bunyoro-Kitara is a Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda. It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 13th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King ('' Omukama'') of Bunyoro-Kitara. The cur ...
( complete list) – :* Winyi IV, Omukama (1925–1967) *
Uganda Protectorate The Protectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to 1962. In 1893 the Imperial British East Africa Company transferred its administration rights of territory consisting mainly of the Kingdom of Buganda to the Bri ...
( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1894–1962'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *Republic of
Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The sou ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Mutesa II Sir Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Mutesa II (modern spelling: Muteesa) (19 November 1924 – 21 November 1969) was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda in Uganda from 22 November 1939 until his death. He was the thirty- ...
, President (1963–1966) ::*
Milton Obote Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to ...
, President (1966–1971) ::*
Idi Amin Idi Amin Dada Oumee (, ; 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He ruled as a military dictator and is considered one of the most brutal despots in modern w ...
, President (1971–1979) ::*
Yusuf Lule Yusuf Kironde Lule (10 April 1912 – 21 January 1985) was a Ugandan professor and civil servant who served as the fourth president of Uganda between 13 April and 20 June 1979. Early life Yusuf Lule was born on 10 April 1912 in Kampala."Lule, ...
, Interim President (1979) ::*
Godfrey Binaisa Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa QC (30 May 1920 – 5 August 2010) was a Ugandan lawyer who was Attorney General of Uganda from 1962 to 1968 and later served as the fifth president of Uganda from June 1979 to May 1980. At his death he was Uganda's onl ...
, President (1979–1980) ::*
Paulo Muwanga Paulo Frobisher Muwanga Seddugge Muyanja (4 April 1924 – 1 April 1991) was a Ugandan politician who served briefly as ''de facto'' president, and later as prime minister, of Uganda. Career Paulo Frobisher Muwanga Seddugge Muyanja was born in ...
, President (1980) ::* Presidential Commission of Uganda (1980) ::*
Milton Obote Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to ...
, President (1980–1985) ::*
Bazilio Olara-Okello Bazilio Olara-Okello (1929 – 9 January 1990) was a Ugandan military officer and one of the commanders of the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) that together with the Tanzanian army organized the coup d'état that overthrew Idi Amin ...
, ''de facto'' Head of state (1985) ::*
Tito Okello Tito Lutwa Okello (1914 – 3 June 1996) was a Ugandan military officer and politician. He was the eighth president of Uganda from 29 July 1985 until 26 January 1986. Background Tito Okello was born into an ethnic Acholi family in circa 1914 ...
, President (1985–1986) ::*
Yoweri Museveni Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa (born 15 September 1944) is a Ugandan politician and retired senior military officer who has been the 9th and current President of Uganda since 26 January 1986. Museveni spearheaded rebellions with aid of then ...
, President (1986–present) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Benedicto Kiwanuka, Prime minister (1962) ::*
Milton Obote Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to ...
, Prime minister (1962–1966) ::* Otema Allimadi, Prime minister (1980–1985) ::*
Paulo Muwanga Paulo Frobisher Muwanga Seddugge Muyanja (4 April 1924 – 1 April 1991) was a Ugandan politician who served briefly as ''de facto'' president, and later as prime minister, of Uganda. Career Paulo Frobisher Muwanga Seddugge Muyanja was born in ...
, Prime minister (1985) ::* Abraham Waligo, Prime minister (1985–1986) ::* Samson Kisekka, Prime minister (1986–1991) ::*
George Cosmas Adyebo George Cosmas Adyebo (18 June 1947 – 19 November 2000) was a Ugandan politician and economist who was Prime Minister of Uganda from 1991 to 1994. Adyebo became Prime Minister on 22 January 1991, succeeding Samson Kisekka Samson Babi Mulu ...
, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*
Kintu Musoke Kintu Musoke, (born 5 August 1938) is a Ugandan politician, closely associated with President Yoweri Museveni. He served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 18 November 1994 to 5 April 1999. He was later appointed to head a task force on fighting ...
, Prime minister (1994–1999) ::*
Apolo Nsibambi Apolo Robin Nsibambi (25 October 1940 – 28 May 2019) was a Ugandan academic and politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of Uganda from 5 April 1999 until 24 May 2011, when Amama Mbabazi succeeded him. Early life and education Apolo Ro ...
, Prime minister (1999–2011)


Africa: Northcentral

''Libya'' * Allied administration of Libya ( UK &
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
) – :''Allied military administration, 1942–1951'' * Cyrenaica Emirate ( complete list) – :* Idris, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969) *
Kingdom of Libya The Kingdom of Libya ( ar, المملكة الليبية, lit=Libyan Kingdom, translit=Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya; it, Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa which ca ...
:*Monarch ( complete list) – ::* Idris, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Mahmud al-Muntasir, Prime minister (1951–1954) ::* Muhammad Sakizli, Prime minister (1954) ::*
Mustafa Ben Halim Mustafa Ahmed Ben Halim ( ar, مصطفى احمد بن حليم; 29 January 1921 – 7 December 2021) was a Libyan politician and businessman who served in a number of leadership positions in the Kingdom of Libya from 1953 to 1960. Ben Halim wa ...
, Prime minister (1954–1957) ::* Abdul Majid Kubar, Prime minister (1957–1960) ::* Muhammad Osman Said, Prime minister (1960–1963) ::* Mohieddin Fikini, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::* Mahmud al-Muntasir, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*
Hussein Maziq Hussein Yousef Maziq ( ar, حسين يوسف مازق) a Libyan politician (26 June 1918 – 12 May 2006) was Prime Minister of Libya from 20 March 1965 to 2 July 1967. He was one of the most important men in the Kingdom era of Libya. Family ...
, Prime minister (1965–1967) ::*
Abdul Qadir al-Badri Abdul al-Qadir El-Badri ( ar, عبد القادر البدري) (8 December 1921 – 13 February 2003) was a Libyan politician. He served as Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the le ...
, Prime minister (1967) ::*
Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush ( ar, عبد الحميد البكوش) (10 August 1933 – 4 December 2007) was Prime Minister of Libya from 25 October 1967 to 4 September 1968. After the proclamation of the Jamahiriya by Gaddafi, he went into exile to ...
, Prime minister (1967–1968) ::* Wanis al-Qaddafi, Prime minister (1968–1969) * Libyan Arab Republic / Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya :*Heads of state and Secretaries-General ( complete list) – ::* Muammar Gaddafi, :::* Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (1969–1977) :::* Secretary General of the General People's Congress (1977–1979) :::*
Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution The Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( ar, الأخ القائد ومرشد الثورة الجماهرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية ال ...
(1979–2011) ::* Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, Secretary-General (1979–1981) ::* Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab, Secretary-General (1981–1984) ::* Mifta al-Usta Umar, Secretary-General (1984–1990) ::*
Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa ( ar, عبد الرزاق الصوصاع ) (February 3, 1933 – March 10, 2016) was the General Secretary of the General People's Congress, and as such the head of state of Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), o ...
, Secretary-General (1990–1992) ::* Muhammad az-Zanati, Secretary-General (1992–2008) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi Mahmood Suleiman Maghribi ( ar, محمود سليمان المغربي) (29 November 1935 – 17 July 2009) was the Prime Minister of Libya from 8 September 1969 to 16 January 1970. Biography Maghribi, who was born and raised in Haifa before ...
, Prime minister (1969–1970) ::* Muammar Gaddafi, Prime minister (1970–1972) ::*
Abdessalam Jalloud Abdessalam Jalloud ( ar, عبد السلام جلود, ‘Abd al-Salmān Julūd) (born 15 December 1944) is the former Prime Minister of Libya. His tenure lasted from 16 July 1972 to 2 March 1977, during the government of Muammar Gaddafi. He was al ...
, Prime minister (1972–1977) ::* Abdul Ati al-Obeidi, Prime minister (1977–1979) ::* Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi, Prime minister (1979–1984) ::* Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab, Prime minister (1984–1986) ::* Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi, Prime minister (1986–1987) ::* Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir, Prime minister (1987–1990) ::* Abuzed Omar Dorda, Prime minister (1990–1994) ::*
Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud Abdul Majid al-Qaʿud ( ar, عبد المجيد القعود) (born 1943) was General Secretary of the People's Committee in Libya (prime minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of t ...
, Prime minister (1994–1997) ::* Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::* Imbarek Shamekh, Prime minister (2000–2003) ''Tunisia'' *
Beylik of Tunis The Beylik of Tunis (), also known as Kingdom of Tunis ( ar, المملكة التونسية) was a largely autonomous beylik of the Ottoman Empire located in present-day Tunisia. It was ruled by the Husainid dynasty from 1705 until the abolit ...
:*
Bey Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...
s ( complete list) – ::*
Muhammad VIII al-Amin Muhammad VIII al-Amin ( ar, محمد الثامن الأمين; 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962) commonly known as Lamine Bey ( ar, الأمين باي), was the last Bey of Tunis (15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956),Werner Ruf, ''Introduction ...
, Bey (1943–1956) :*Grand viziers ( complete list) – ::*
Mohamed Chenik Mohamed Chenik also known as M'hamed Chenik (محمد شنيق) (Tunis, May 1889 – Radès, November 20, 1976) was a Tunisian politician and businessman. He served as Prime Minister of Tunisia twice, in 1943 under Muhammad VII al-Munsif, and ag ...
, Prime minister (1950–1952) ::* Slaheddine Baccouche, Prime minister (1952–1954) ::* Mohamed Salah Mzali, Prime minister (1954) ::* Georges Dupoizat, Interim Prime minister (1954) ::* Tahar Ben Ammar, Prime minister (1954–1956) * French protectorate of Tunisia ( complete list) – :''Protectorate, 1881–1956'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *
Kingdom of Tunisia The Kingdom of Tunisia (french: Royaume de Tunisie; ar, المملكة التونسية ') was a short-lived country established as a monarchy on 20 March 1956 after Tunisian independence and the end of the French protectorate period. It appear ...
:*King ( complete list) – ::*
Muhammad VIII al-Amin Muhammad VIII al-Amin ( ar, محمد الثامن الأمين; 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962) commonly known as Lamine Bey ( ar, الأمين باي), was the last Bey of Tunis (15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956),Werner Ruf, ''Introduction ...
, King (1956–1957) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Tahar Ben Ammar, Prime minister (1956) ::* Habib Bourguiba, Prime minister (1956–1957) *Republic of
Tunisia ) , image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa , image_map2 = , capital = Tunis , largest_city = capital , ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Habib Bourguiba, President (1957–1987) ::*
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ( ar, زين العابدين بن علي, translit=Zayn al-'Ābidīn bin 'Alī; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as Ben Ali ( ar, بن علي) or Ezzine ( ar, الزين), was a Tunisian politician ...
, President (1987–2011) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Bahi Ladgham Bahi Ladgham ( ar, الباهي الأدغم; 10 January 1913 – 13 April 1998) was a Tunisian politician who served as the Secretary of Presidency from 1957 to 1969 (de facto prime minister) and the Prime Minsiter of Tunisia from 7 November 1969 ...
, Prime minister (1969–1970) ::* Hedi Amara Nouira, Prime minister (1970–1980) ::*
Mohammed Mzali Mohammed Mzali ( ar, محمد مزالي, 23 December 1925 – 23 June 2010) was a Tunisian politician who served as Prime Minister between 1980 and 1986. Early life Mzali was born in Monastir, Tunisia on 23 December 1925. His family has ancest ...
, Prime minister (1980–1986) ::* Rachid Sfar, Prime minister (1986–1987) ::*
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ( ar, زين العابدين بن علي, translit=Zayn al-'Ābidīn bin 'Alī; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as Ben Ali ( ar, بن علي) or Ezzine ( ar, الزين), was a Tunisian politician ...
, Prime minister (1987) ::* Hédi Baccouche, Prime minister (1987–1989) ::* Hamed Karoui, Prime minister (1989–1999) ::*
Mohamed Ghannouchi Mohamed Ghannouchi ( ar, محمد الغنوشي ''Muhammad Al-Ghannushi''; born 18 August 1941) is a Tunisian politician who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1999 to 2011. Regarded as a technocrat, Ghannouchi was a long-standing figure in the ...
, Prime minister (1999–2011)


Africa: Northeast

''Egypt'' *
Kingdom of Egypt The Kingdom of Egypt ( ar, المملكة المصرية, Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣreyya, The Egyptian Kingdom) was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recog ...
:*
King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
( complete list) – ::*
Farouk I Farouk I (; ar, فاروق الأول ''Fārūq al-Awwal''; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1 ...
, King (1936–1952) ::* Fuad II, King (1952–1953) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::*
Mostafa El-Nahas Mostafa el-Nahhas Pasha or Mostafa Nahas ( ar, مصطفى النحاس باشا; June 15, 1879 – August 23, 1965) was an Egyptian politician who served as the Prime Minister for five terms. Early life, education and exile He was born in ...
, Prime minister (1950–1952) ::* Aly Maher Pasha, Prime minister (1952) ::*
Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly (1 October 1891 – December 1958) was an Egyptian lawyer and educator who served as Prime Minister of Egypt twice in 1952.Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr. (2000). ''Biographical dictionary of modern Egypt.'' Lynne Rienner Publisher ...
, Prime minister (1952) ::* Hussein Serry Pasha, Prime minister (1952) ::*
Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly (1 October 1891 – December 1958) was an Egyptian lawyer and educator who served as Prime Minister of Egypt twice in 1952.Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr. (2000). ''Biographical dictionary of modern Egypt.'' Lynne Rienner Publisher ...
, Prime minister (1952) ::* Aly Maher Pasha, Prime minister (1952) ::* Mohammed Naguib, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1952–1953) *
Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) The history of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser covers the period of Egyptian history from the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, of which Gamal Abdel Nasser was one of the two principal leaders, spanning Nasser's presidency of Egypt from 1956 to his d ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Mohammed Naguib, President (1953–1954) ::* Gamal Abdel Nasser, President (1954–1970) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::* Mohammed Naguib, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1953–1954) ::* Gamal Abdel Nasser, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954) ::* Mohammed Naguib, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954) ::* Gamal Abdel Nasser, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954–1962) *
United Arab Republic The United Arab Republic (UAR; ar, الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between Eg ...
– :* Gamal Abdel Nasser, President and Prime minister (1958–1961) *Arab Republic of
Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::* Gamal Abdel Nasser, President (1954–1970) ::*
Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 ...
, President (1970–1981) ::*
Sufi Abu Taleb Sufi Abu Taleb (; January 27, 1925 – February 21, 2008) was an Egyptian politician. He served as Speaker of the People's Assembly of Egypt, People's Assembly from 1978 to 1983 and, following the assassination of Anwar Sadat on 6 October 1981, a ...
, Interim President (1981) ::*
Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak, (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in ...
, President (1981–2011) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::* Gamal Abdel Nasser, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954–1962) ::* Ali Sabri, Prime minister (1962–1965) ::*
Zakaria Mohieddin Zakaria Mohieddin (5 July 1918 – 15 May 2012) ( ar, زكريا محيي الدين, ) was an Egyptian military officer, politician, Prime Minister of Egypt and head of the first Intelligence body in Egypt, the Egyptian General Intelligenc ...
, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::* Mohamed Sedki Sulayman, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::* Gamal Abdel Nasser, Prime minister (1967–1970) ::*
Mahmoud Fawzi Mahmoud Fawzi (, ) (19 September 1900 – 12 June 1981) was an Egyptian diplomat and political figure who was Prime Minister of Egypt from 1970 to 1972 and the vice president of Egypt from 1972 to 1974. Biography Fawzi was born in a village nea ...
, Prime minister (1970–1972) ::*
Aziz Sedky Aziz Sedky ( ar, عزيز صدقي, ; 1 July 1920 – 25 January 2008) was an Egyptian politician and engineer. Sedky served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 16 January 1972 until 26 March 1973. He was nicknamed the "father of Egyptian i ...
, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*
Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 ...
, Prime minister (1973–1974) ::* Abd El Aziz Mohamed Hegazi, Prime minister (1974–1975) ::*
Mamdouh Salem Mamdouh Muhammad Salem ( ar, ممدوح سالم, ; May 7, 1918 – February 24, 1988) was the 39th Prime Minister of Egypt from April 16, 1975 to October 2, 1978. Biography Salem was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He served as governor of Asyut, ...
, Prime minister (1975–1978) ::* Mustafa Khalil, Prime minister (1978–1980) ::*
Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 ...
, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*
Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak, (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in ...
, Prime minister (1981–1982) ::*
Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin (; 11 January 1926–5 June 1984) was the List of Prime Ministers of Egypt, 42nd Prime Minister of Egypt from 2 January 1982 to 5 June 1984. He was a member of the Arab Socialist Union (Egypt), Arab Socialist Union and was par ...
, Prime minister (1982–1984) ::*
Kamal Hassan Ali General Kamal Hassan Ali (; 18 September 1921 – 27 March 1993) was an Egyptian politician and military hero. Biography Aly was born in Cairo on 18 September 1921. He attended medical school, but did not finish it and joined military academy ...
, Prime minister (1984–1985) ::*
Aly Lotfy Mahmoud Aly Lotfy Mahmoud (; 6 October 1935 – 27 May 2018) was an Egyptian politician and prime minister. He was minister responsible for finance from 1978 to 1980. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt The prime minister of Egypt () is the head ...
, Prime minister (1985–1986) ::* Atef Sedky, Prime minister (1986–1996) ::*
Kamal Ganzouri Kamal Ganzouri ( ar, كمال الجنزورى, ‎; 12 January 1933 – 31 March 2021) was an Egyptian economist who served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 7 December 2011 to 24 July 2012. He previously served as prime minister from 1996 ...
, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::* Atef Ebeid, Prime minister (1999–2004) ''Sudan'' *
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( ar, السودان الإنجليزي المصري ') was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt in the Sudans region of northern Africa between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day ...
( complete list / complete list) – :'' Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *
Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) The Republic of the Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state on 1 January 1956 upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom. Before ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Ibrahim Abboud General Ibrahim Abboud ( ar, إبراهيم عبود; 26 October 1900, in Suakin – 8 September 1983, in Khartoum) was a Sudanese political figure who served as the head of state of Sudan between 1958 and 1964 and as president of Sudan in 1964 ...
, President (1958–1964) ::*
Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa Al-Hassan ( ar, سر الختم الخليفة الحسن, 1 January 1919 – 18 February 2006) was a Sudanese politician, ambassador and an elite educator, who served as the 5th Prime Minister of Sudan. He was famous ...
, President (1964–1965) ::* Ismail al-Azhari, President (1965–1969) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Ismail al-Azhari, Prime minister (1954–1956) ::*
Abdallah Khalil Sayed Abdallah Khalil ( ar, عبد الله خليل; ) was a prominent Sudanese politician who served as the second Prime Minister of Sudan. Early life Khalil was born in Omdurman and was of Kenzi Nubian origin. In a place called balana in bet ...
, Prime minister (1956–1958) ::*
Ibrahim Abboud General Ibrahim Abboud ( ar, إبراهيم عبود; 26 October 1900, in Suakin – 8 September 1983, in Khartoum) was a Sudanese political figure who served as the head of state of Sudan between 1958 and 1964 and as president of Sudan in 1964 ...
, Prime minister (1958–1964) ::*
Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa Al-Hassan ( ar, سر الختم الخليفة الحسن, 1 January 1919 – 18 February 2006) was a Sudanese politician, ambassador and an elite educator, who served as the 5th Prime Minister of Sudan. He was famous ...
, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::* Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*
Sadiq al-Mahdi Sadiq al-Mahdi ( ar, الصادق المهدي, aṣ-Ṣādiq al-Mahdī; 25 December 193526 November 2020), also known as Sadiq as-Siddiq, was a Sudanese political and religious figure who was Prime Minister of Sudan from 1966 to 1967 and again f ...
, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::* Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub, Prime minister (1967–1969) *
Democratic Republic of the Sudan On May 25, 1969, several young officers calling themselves the Free Officers Movement (after the Egyptian officers who instigated the Egyptian revolution of 1952) seized power in Sudan and started the Nimeiri era in the history of Sudan. At ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Gaafar Nimeiry Jaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise spelled in English as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ja'far Muhammad Numayri; ar, جعفر محمد النميري; 26 April 192830 May 2009) was a Sudanese politician who served as the president of Sud ...
, President (1969–1985) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Babiker Awadalla Babiker Awadalla ( ar, بابكر عوض الله; 2 March 1917 – 17 January 2019) was a Sudanese Arab nationalist politician who was Prime Minister of Sudan from 25 May 1969 to 27 October 1969. Early life and education Awadalla was born in ...
, Prime minister (1969) ::*
Gaafar Nimeiry Jaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise spelled in English as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ja'far Muhammad Numayri; ar, جعفر محمد النميري; 26 April 192830 May 2009) was a Sudanese politician who served as the president of Sud ...
, Prime minister (1969–1976) ::* Rashid Bakr, Prime minister (1976–1977) ::*
Gaafar Nimeiry Jaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise spelled in English as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ja'far Muhammad Numayri; ar, جعفر محمد النميري; 26 April 192830 May 2009) was a Sudanese politician who served as the president of Sud ...
, Prime minister (1977–1985) ::* Al-Jazuli Daf'allah, Prime minister (1985) *Republic of the Sudan :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::* Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, President (1985–1986) ::*
Ahmed al-Mirghani Ahmad Ali Al-Mirghani ( ar, أحمد الميرغني; 16 August 1942 – 2 November 2008) was the 6th President of Sudan from May 6, 1986, to June 30, 1989, when the democratically elected government was overthrown by a military coup led by ...
, President (1986–1989) ::* Omar al-Bashir, President (1989–2019) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Al-Jazuli Daf'allah, Prime minister (1985–1986) ::*
Sadiq al-Mahdi Sadiq al-Mahdi ( ar, الصادق المهدي, aṣ-Ṣādiq al-Mahdī; 25 December 193526 November 2020), also known as Sadiq as-Siddiq, was a Sudanese political and religious figure who was Prime Minister of Sudan from 1966 to 1967 and again f ...
, Prime minister (1986–1989)


Africa: Northwest

''Algeria'' * French Algeria ( complete list) – :''French Départements, 1830–1962'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *People's Democratic Republic of
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...
:*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Abderrahmane Farès Abderrahmane Farès ( ar, عبدالرحمن فارس; ALA-LC: ''ʿAbd ar-Raḥman Fāris''; kab, ⵄⴻⴱⴷⴻⵔⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴻⵙ, 'Ɛebderaḥman Fares; January 30, 1911 – May 13, 1991) was the Chairman of the Provisional Exec ...
, President (1962) ::*
Ferhat Abbas Ferhat is a Turkish given name and the Turkish spelling of the Persian name Ferhad ( fa, فرهاد, ''farhād''). It may refer to: Given name Ferhad * Ferhad Ayaz (born 1994), Turkish-Swedish footballer * Ferhad Pasha Sokolović 16th-century Ott ...
, President (1962–1963) ::*
Ahmed Ben Bella Ahmed Ben Bella ( ar, أحمد بن بلّة '; 25 December 1916 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian politician, soldier and socialist revolutionary who served as the head of government of Algeria from 27 September 1962 to 15 September 1963 ...
, President (1963–1965) ::*
Houari Boumediene Houari is a given name and surname. It may refer to: Persons Given name *Houari Boumédiène, also transcribed Boumediene, Boumedienne etc. (1932–1978), served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 Decembe ...
:::*Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1965–1976) :::*President (1976–1978) ::* Rabah Bitat, Interim President (1978–1979) ::*
Chadli Bendjedid Chadli Bendjedid ( ar, الشاذلي بن جديد; ALA-LC: ''ash-Shādhilī bin Jadīd''; 14 April 1929 – 6 October 2012) was the third President of Algeria and an Algerian Nationalist. His presidential term of office ran from 9 February 19 ...
, President (1979–1992) ::*
Abdelmalek Benhabyles Abdelmalek Benhabylès ( ar, عبد المالك بن حبيلس, 27 April 1921 – 28 December 2018) was an Algerian politician. He was born in Chevreuil. He was a chairman of the Constitutional Council from 11 January 1992 until 14 January 19 ...
, Interim President (1992) ::*
Mohamed Boudiaf Mohamed Boudiaf (23 June 1919 – 29 June 1992, ar, محمد بوضياف; ALA-LC: ''Muḥammad Bū-Ḍiyāf''), also called Si Tayeb el Watani, was an Algerian political leader and one of the founders of the revolutionary National Liberat ...
, Chairman of the High Council (1992) ::*
Ali Kafi Ali Kafi ( ar, علي كافي; ALA-LC: ''ʿAlī Kāfī''; 7 October 1928 – 16 April 2013) was an Algerian politician who was Chairman of the High Council of State and acting President from 1992 to 1994. Early life Ali Kafi was born in ...
, President (1992–1994) ::*
Liamine Zéroual Liamine Zéroual ( ar, اليمين زروال ALA-LC: ''al-Yamīn Zarwāl''; Berber: Lyamin Ẓerwal; born 3 July 1941) is an Algerian politician who was the sixth President of Algeria from 31 January 1994 to 27 April 1999. Biography He was bor ...
, President (1994–1999) ::*
Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelaziz Bouteflika (; ar, عبد العزيز بوتفليقة, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Būtaflīqa ; 2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as President of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019 ...
, President (1999–2019) :*
Prime ministers A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is no ...
( complete list) – ::*
Ahmed Ben Bella Ahmed Ben Bella ( ar, أحمد بن بلّة '; 25 December 1916 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian politician, soldier and socialist revolutionary who served as the head of government of Algeria from 27 September 1962 to 15 September 1963 ...
, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::* Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani, Prime minister (1979–1984) ::* Abdelhamid Brahimi, Prime minister (1984–1988) ::*
Kasdi Merbah Kasdi Merbah ( ar, قاصدي مرباح, 16 April 1938 – 21 August 1993), whose real name is Abdallah Khalef, was an Algerian politician who served as Head of Government between 5 November 1988 and 9 September 1989 when he was a member of the ...
, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::* Mouloud Hamrouche, Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*
Sid Ahmed Ghozali Sid Ahmed Ghozali ( ar, سيد أحمد غزالي) (born 31 March 1937 in Maghnia, Algeria) is an Algerian politician who was the Prime Minister of Algeria from 1991 to 1992. Early life He was a member of the National Liberation Front party an ...
, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::* Belaid Abdessalam, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Redha Malek Redha Malek ( ar, رضا مالك) (21 December 1931 – 29 July 2017) was an Algerian politician who served as Prime Minister of Algeria from 21 August 1993 to April 1994. During his short term of office, which came in the early years of the Alg ...
, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::* Mokdad Sifi, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::* Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime minister (1995–1998) ::* Smail Hamdani, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::* Ahmed Benbitour, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::* Ali Benflis, Prime minister (2000–2003) ''Morocco'' *Sultanate/ Kingdom of
Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria t ...
:'' French protectorate, 1912–1956; Spanish protectorate, 1912–1956;
Tangier International Zone The Tangier International Zone ( ''Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya'', , es, Zona Internacional de Tánger) was a international zone centered on the city of Tangier, Morocco, which existed from 1924 until its reintegration into independent Moroc ...
, 1924–1956'' :*
Alaouite dynasty The Alawi dynasty ( ar, سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين, translit=sulālat al-ʿalawiyyīn al-fīlāliyyīn) – also rendered in English as Alaouite, Alawid, or Alawite – is the current Moroccan royal family and reigning ...
( complete list) – ::* Mohammed V, Sultan (1927–1953, 1955–1957), King (1957–1961) ::*
Mohammed Ben Aarafa Mohammed Ben Aarafa ( ar, محمد بن عرفة), or Ben Arafa (1886 – 17 July 1976), was a paternal first cousin once removed of Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco; he was put in Mohammed V's place by the French after they exiled Mohammed V to Madag ...
, Sultan (1953–1955) ::*
Hassan II Hassan, Hasan, Hassane, Haasana, Hassaan, Asan, Hassun, Hasun, Hassen, Hasson or Hasani may refer to: People * Hassan (given name), Arabic given name and a list of people with that given name *Hassan (surname), Arabic, Jewish, Irish, and Scotti ...
, King (1961–1999) ::*
Mohammed VI Muhammad VI may refer to: * Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI (1868–1932), sultan of the Maldives from 1893 to 1902 * Mehmed VI (1861–1926), sultan of Ottoman Empire, from 1918 to 1922 * Mohammed VI of Morocco Mohammed VI ( ar, محمد الساد ...
, King (1999–present) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Mbarek Bekkay, Prime minister (1955–1958) ::*
Ahmed Balafrej Ahmed Balafrej (Arabic: ; September 5, 1908, in Rabat – April 14, 1990, in Rabat) was the Prime Minister of Morocco between May 12, 1958, and December 2, 1958. He was a significant figure in the struggle for the independence of Morocco. Biogr ...
, Prime minister (1958) ::*
Abdallah Ibrahim Abdallah Ibrahim (; 24 August 1918, in Tameslouht– 11 September 2005, in Casablanca) was a Moroccan politician and a figure of the national movement and was the left-wing Prime Minister of Morocco between December 16, 1958, and May 20, 1960. H ...
, Prime minister (1958–1960) ::*
Ahmed Bahnini Ahmed Bahnini (Arabic: أحمد بحنيني; 1909, Fes – 10 July 1971, Rabat) was a Moroccan politician who served as the 4th Prime Ministers of Morocco from 1963 to 1965 under King Hassan II. He also served as President of the Supreme Cour ...
, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*
Mohamed Benhima Mohamed Benhima (Arabic: محمد بنهيمة; June 25, 1924 – November 23, 1992) was Prime Minister of Morocco, serving from 7 July 1967 to 6 October 1969. He was born in Safi (Asfi) to Taïbi Benhima and Rkia Benhida. He was also Minister of ...
, Prime minister (1967–1969) ::* Ahmed Laraki, Prime minister (1969–1971) ::* Mohammed Karim Lamrani, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::* Ahmed Osman, Prime minister (1972–1979) ::* Maati Bouabid, Prime minister (1979–1983) ::* Mohammed Karim Lamrani, Prime minister (1983–1986) ::* Azzeddine Laraki, Prime minister (1986–1992) ::* Mohammed Karim Lamrani, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*
Abdellatif Filali Abdellatif Filali ( ar, عبد اللطيف الفيلالي; 26 January 1928 – 20 March 2009) was a Moroccan politician and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Morocco from 25 May 1994 to 4 February 1998. He was the 11th prime minister o ...
, Prime minister (1994–1998) ::*
Abderrahmane Youssoufi Abderrahmane Youssoufi ( ; ar, عبد الرحمن اليوسفي; 8 March 1924 – 29 May 2020) was a Moroccan politician and human rights lawyer who served as the 12th Prime Minister of Morocco from 1998 to 2002, serving under kings Hassan II ...
, Prime minister (1998–2002) *
Spanish Sahara Spanish Sahara ( es, Sahara Español; ar, الصحراء الإسبانية, As-Sahrā'a Al-Isbānīyah), officially the Spanish Possessions in the Sahara from 1884 to 1958 then Province of the Sahara between 1958 and 1976, was the name used f ...
, ( complete list) – :''Overseas territory, 1884–1958; Overseas province, 1958–1975'' :''For details see Spain in southwest Europe'' *
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (; SADR; also romanized with Saharawi; ar, الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية ' es, República Árabe Saharaui Democrática), also known as Western Sahara, is a ...
, has limited recognition:
Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria t ...
claims Western Sahara :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed ; 1948 – 9 June 1976) was a Sahrawi nationalist leader, co-founder and second Secretary-General of the Polisario Front. Youth and background El-Ouali was born in 1948 in a Sahrawi nomad encampment somewhere on the ''hammada'' desert plains ...
, President (1976) ::*
Mahfoud Ali Beiba Mahfoud Ali Beiba Hammad Dueihi ( ar, محفوظ علي بيبا حماد; born 1953 – died July 2, 2010) was a Sahrawi politician and co-founder of the Polisario Front, a national liberation movement that seeks self-determination for Wes ...
, Acting President (1976) ::*
Mohamed Abdelaziz Mohamed Abdelaziz can refer to a number of people: * Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician) (1946–2016), President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–2016) *Mohamed Abdelaziz (Libyan politician) Mohamed Abdelaziz is a Libyan polit ...
, President (1976–2016) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed ( ar, محمد لامين ولد أحمد; born 1947) is a Sahrawi people, Sahrawi politician, writer and member of the Polisario Front. Since January 2012, he is the Minister of Health of the Sahrawi Republic. Born ...
, Prime minister (1976–1982) ::*
Mahfoud Ali Beiba Mahfoud Ali Beiba Hammad Dueihi ( ar, محفوظ علي بيبا حماد; born 1953 – died July 2, 2010) was a Sahrawi politician and co-founder of the Polisario Front, a national liberation movement that seeks self-determination for Wes ...
, Prime minister (1982–1985) ::*
Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed ( ar, محمد لامين ولد أحمد; born 1947) is a Sahrawi people, Sahrawi politician, writer and member of the Polisario Front. Since January 2012, he is the Minister of Health of the Sahrawi Republic. Born ...
, Prime minister (1985–1988) ::*
Mahfoud Ali Beiba Mahfoud Ali Beiba Hammad Dueihi ( ar, محفوظ علي بيبا حماد; born 1953 – died July 2, 2010) was a Sahrawi politician and co-founder of the Polisario Front, a national liberation movement that seeks self-determination for Wes ...
, Prime minister (1988–1993) ::* Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*
Mahfoud Ali Beiba Mahfoud Ali Beiba Hammad Dueihi ( ar, محفوظ علي بيبا حماد; born 1953 – died July 2, 2010) was a Sahrawi politician and co-founder of the Polisario Front, a national liberation movement that seeks self-determination for Wes ...
, Prime minister (1995–1999) ::* Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun, Prime minister (1999–2003)


Africa: South

''Botswana'' *
Bechuanaland Protectorate The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) in Southern Africa. It became the Republi ...
( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1885–1966'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Republic of
Botswana Botswana (, ), officially the Republic of Botswana ( tn, Lefatshe la Botswana, label= Setswana, ), is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory being the Kalaha ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Seretse Khama Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama, GCB, KBE (1 July 1921 – 13 July 1980) was a Motswana politician who served as the first President of Botswana, a post he held from 1966 to his death in 1980. Born into an influential royal fa ...
, President (1966–1980) ::*
Quett Masire 'Ketumile Quett Joni Masire'', GCMG (24 July 1926 – 22 June 2017) was the second and longest-serving President of Botswana, in office from 1980 to 1998. He was honored with the Knighthood of the Grand Cross of Saint Michael and Saint Ge ...
, President (1980–1998) ::*
Festus Mogae Festus Gontebanye Mogae (born 21 August 1939) is a Botswana politician and economist who served as the third President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008. He succeeded Quett Masire as President in 1998 and was re-elected in October 2004; after ten y ...
, President (1998–2008) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Seretse Khama Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama, GCB, KBE (1 July 1921 – 13 July 1980) was a Motswana politician who served as the first President of Botswana, a post he held from 1966 to his death in 1980. Born into an influential royal fa ...
, Prime minister (1965–1966) ''Eswatini/ Swaziland'' *
Protectorate of Swaziland A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its inter ...
:*Kings ( complete list) – ::*
Sobhuza II Sobhuza II, (; also known as Nkhotfotjeni, Mona; 22 July 1899 – 21 August 1982) was the Paramount Chief and later Ngwenyama of Swaziland for 82 years and 254 days, the longest verifiable reign of any monarch in recorded history. Sobhuza was ...
, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982) :*tiNdlovukati ( complete list) – ::*
Nukwase Ndwandwe Nukwase Ndwandwe (c. 1890 – 15 September 1957) was the Queen Mother of Swaziland, aunt of Sobhuza II, and the sister of Lomawa Ndwandwe. Early life King Ngwane V Ngwane V (also known as Mahlokohla, Bhunu, Hhili) (11 May 1876 – 10 D ...
, Ndlovukati (1938–1957) ::* Zihlathi Ndwandwe/Mkhatjwa, Ndlovukati (1957–1975) *Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland) :*Kings ( complete list) – ::*
Sobhuza II Sobhuza II, (; also known as Nkhotfotjeni, Mona; 22 July 1899 – 21 August 1982) was the Paramount Chief and later Ngwenyama of Swaziland for 82 years and 254 days, the longest verifiable reign of any monarch in recorded history. Sobhuza was ...
, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982) ::* Dzeliwe, Regent (1982–1983) ::* Sozisa Dlamini, Acting Regent (1983) ::* Ntfombi, Regent (1983–1986) ::*
Mswati III Mswati III (born Makhosetive; 19 April 1968) is the king ( Swazi: Ngwenyama, Ingwenyama yemaSwati) of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family. He was born in Manzini in the Protectorate of Swaziland to King Sobhuza II and one of his young ...
, King (1986–present) :*tiNdlovukati ( complete list) – ::* Zihlathi Ndwandwe/Mkhatjwa, Ndlovukati (1957–1975) ::* Seneleleni, Ndlovukati (1975–1982) ::* Dzeliwe, Queen Regent and Ndlovukati (1982–1983) ::* Ntfombi, Queen Regent (1983–1986), Ndlovukati (1983–present) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Makhosini Dlamini Prince Makhosini Jaheso Dlamini (1914 – 28 April 1978) was Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a pa ...
, Prime minister (1967–1976) ::*
Maphevu Dlamini Prince Maphevu Harry Dlamini (31 March 1922 – 25 October 1979) was Prime Minister of Swaziland from 17 March 1976 until his death on 25 October 1979.Harris M. Lentz Heads of States and Governments Since 1945' (Routledge, 2014) Biography Dla ...
, Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*
Ben Nsibandze Benjamin Mshamndane Nsibandze (17 June 1931 – 13 January 2021) was a Swazi politician and regional administrator. He served as Deputy Prime Minister, and then briefly as acting Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet i ...
, Acting Prime minister (1979) ::*
Mabandla Dlamini Prince Mabandla Ndawombili Fred Dlamini (born 11 November 1930) was Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a ...
, Prime minister (1979–1983) ::*
Bhekimpi Dlamini Prince Bhekimpi Alpheus Dlamini (26 November 1924 – 1 November 1999) was Prime Minister of Swaziland from 25 March 1983 to 6 October 1986. Dlamini was a Swazi politician known to be pro-South African and traditionalist. He was elected as P ...
, Prime minister (1983–1986) ::*
Sotsha Dlamini Prince Sotsha Ernest Dlamini (27 May 1940 – 7 February 2017) was Prime Minister of Swaziland from 6 October 1986 to 12 July 1989. He was born in Mankayane Mankayane is a town located in the Manzini region of Eswatini. This small town service ...
, Prime minister (1986–1989) ::*
Obed Dlamini Prince Obed Mfanyana Dlamini (4 April 1937, in Mhlosheni – 18 January 2017 at Milpark Hospital) was Prime Minister of Swaziland from 12 July 1989 to 25 October 1993. Career He was later a member of Liqoqo (king's advisory council), and was ...
, Prime minister (1989–1993) ::*
Andreas Fakudze Andreas Fakudze (died 2001) served as acting Prime Minister of Swaziland (now Eswatini) from 25 October 1993 to 4 November 1993. Biography In 1993, King Mswati III appointed him as a temporary prime minister from the moment of Obed Dlamini Pri ...
, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::* Jameson Mbilini Dlamini, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::* Sishayi Nxumalo, Acting Prime minister (1996) ::*
Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Prince Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini (15 May 1942 – 28 September 2018) was a Swazi politician who served as Prime Minister of Eswatini, from 1996 to 2003 and again from October 2008 to September 2018. Career Dlamini was a member of parliamen ...
, Prime minister (1996–2003) ''Lesotho'' * Basutoland ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1884–1966'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' :*Paramount Chiefs ( complete list) – ::*
'Mantšebo Mantšebo (in full: Mantšebo Amelia 'Matšaba; 1902–1964) was the ruler of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) from 1941 to 1960, as the regent for her stepson, the future Moshoeshoe II. 'Mantšebo was the first of the three wives of Seeiso, wh ...
, Regent (1941–1960) ::*
Moshoeshoe II Moshoeshoe II (2 May 1938 – 15 January 1996), previously known as Constantine Bereng Seeiso, was the Paramount Chief of Basutoland, succeeding paramount chief Seeiso from 1960 until the country gained full independence from Britain in 1966. ...
, Paramount Chief (1960–1966), King (1966–1990, 1995–1996) *Kingdom of Lesotho :*Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*
Moshoeshoe II Moshoeshoe II (2 May 1938 – 15 January 1996), previously known as Constantine Bereng Seeiso, was the Paramount Chief of Basutoland, succeeding paramount chief Seeiso from 1960 until the country gained full independence from Britain in 1966. ...
, Paramount Chief (1960–1966), King (1966–1990, 1995–1996) ::* Letsie III, King (1990–1995, 1996–present) :*Heads of government ( complete list) – ::*
Leabua Jonathan Joseph Leabua Jonathan (30 October 1914 – 5 April 1987) was the second prime minister of Lesotho. He succeeded Chief Sekhonyana Nehemia Maseribane following a by-election and held that post from 1965 to 1986. Early life and career Born in Le ...
, Prime minister (1965–1986) ::* Justin Lekhanya, Chairman of the Military Council (1986–1991) ::* Elias Phisoana Ramaema, Chairman of the Military Council (1991–1993) ::* Ntsu Mokhehle, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::* Hae Phoofolo, Interim Prime minister (1994) ::* Ntsu Mokhehle, Prime minister (1994–1998) ::* Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime minister (1998–2012) ''Malawi'' *
Nyasaland Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasala ...
( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1907–1964'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' * Malawi (Commonwealth realm) : :*
Monarch A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College DictionarMonarch Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power i ...
( complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1964–1966) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Hastings Banda Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1898 – 25 November 1997) was the prime minister and later president of Malawi from 1964 to 1994 (from 1964 to 1966, Malawi was an independent Dominion / Commonwealth realm). In 1966, the country became a republic and ...
, Prime minister (1964–1966) *Republic of
Malawi Malawi (; or aláwi Tumbuka: ''Malaŵi''), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeas ...
( complete list) – :*
Hastings Banda Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1898 – 25 November 1997) was the prime minister and later president of Malawi from 1964 to 1994 (from 1964 to 1966, Malawi was an independent Dominion / Commonwealth realm). In 1966, the country became a republic and ...
, President (1966–1994) :* Bakili Muluzi, President (1994–2004) ''Mozambique'' *
Portuguese Mozambique Portuguese Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique) or Portuguese East Africa (''África Oriental Portuguesa'') were the common terms by which Mozambique was designated during the period in which it was a Portuguese colony. Portuguese Mozambique originally ...
( complete list) – :''Colony, 1498–1972; Territory, 1972–1975'' :''For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe'' *
People's Republic of Mozambique The People's Republic of Mozambique (Portuguese: ''República Popular de Moçambique'') was a socialist state that existed in present day Mozambique from 1975 to 1990. The People's Republic of Mozambique was established when the country gained ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Samora Machel Samora Moisés Machel (29 September 1933 – 19 October 1986) was a Mozambican military commander and political leader. A socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the country's ...
, President (1975–1986) ::* Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO (1986) ::*
Joaquim Chissano Joaquim Alberto Chissano (born 22 October 1939) is a politician who served as the second President of Mozambique, from 1986 to 2005. He is credited with transforming the war-torn country of Mozambique into one of the most successful African demo ...
, President (1986–1990) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Mário da Graça Machungo Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1 December 1940 – 17 February 2020) was a Mozambican politician. He was Planning Minister from at least 1984 to 1986, when he became Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the ...
, Prime minister (1986–1990) *Republic of
Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Joaquim Chissano Joaquim Alberto Chissano (born 22 October 1939) is a politician who served as the second President of Mozambique, from 1986 to 2005. He is credited with transforming the war-torn country of Mozambique into one of the most successful African demo ...
, President (1990–2005) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Mário da Graça Machungo Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1 December 1940 – 17 February 2020) was a Mozambican politician. He was Planning Minister from at least 1984 to 1986, when he became Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the ...
, Prime minister (1990–1994) ::* Pascoal Mocumbi, Prime minister (1994–2004) ''Namibia'' *
South West Africa South West Africa ( af, Suidwes-Afrika; german: Südwestafrika; nl, Zuidwest-Afrika) was a territory under South African administration from 1915 to 1990, after which it became modern-day Namibia. It bordered Angola (Portuguese colony before 1 ...
( complete list) – :''United Nations trust territory, 1946–1990'' :''For details see the
South African Republic The South African Republic ( nl, Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, abbreviated ZAR; af, Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer Republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it ...
under southern Africa '' *
Namibia Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and ea ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Sam Nujoma Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma, (; born 12 May 1929) is a Namibian revolutionary, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served three terms as the first President of Namibia, from 1990 to 2005. Nujoma was a founding member and the first ...
, President (1990–2005) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Hage Geingob Hage Gottfried Geingob (born 3 August 1941) is a Namibian politician, serving as the third president of Namibia since 21 March 2015. Geingob was the first Prime Minister of Namibia from 1990 to 2002, and served as prime minister again from 201 ...
, Prime minister (1990–2002) ''South Africa'' *
Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Tran ...
:*
Monarchs A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College DictionarMonarch Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in ...
( complete list) – ::*
George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of I ...
, King (1936–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1952–1961) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Daniel François Malan Daniël François Malan (; 22 May 1874 – 7 February 1959) was a South African politician who served as the fourth prime minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. The National Party implemented the system of apartheid, which enforce ...
, Prime minister (1948–1954) ::* Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom, Prime minister (1954–1958) ::*
Hendrik Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (; 8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966) was a South African politician, a scholar of applied psychology and sociology, and chief editor of '' Die Transvaler'' newspaper. He is commonly regarded as the architect ...
, Prime minister (1958–1966) *Republic of South Africa :*State presidents ( complete list) – ::* Charles Robberts Swart, State President (1961–1967) ::* Jozua François Naudé, Acting State President (1967–1968) ::*
Jacobus Johannes Fouché A Jacobus is an English gold coin of the reign of James I, worth 25 shillings. The name of the coin comes from the Latin inscription surrounding the King's head on the obverse of the coin, IACOBUS D G MAG BRIT FRA ET HI REX ("James, by the grace ...
, State President (1968–1975) ::*
Johannes de Klerk Johannes "Jan" de Klerk, (22 July 1903 – 24 January 1979) was a South African politician. He was the father of F. W. de Klerk, the last apartheid State President of South Africa. As a member of the National Party, de Klerk served as int ...
, Acting State President (1975) ::*
Nico Diederichs Nicolaas Johannes "Nico" Diederichs (17 November 1903, Ladybrand – 21 August 1978) served as the third state president of South Africa from 1975 to 1978. Education and career After completing school, he attended Grey University College betwee ...
, State President (1975–1978) ::*
Marais Viljoen Marais Viljoen, (2 December 1915 – 4 January 2007) was the last ceremonial state president of South Africa from 4 June 1979 until 3 September 1984. Viljoen became the last of the ceremonial presidents of South Africa when he was succeeded in ...
, Acting State President (1978) ::*
Balthazar Johannes Vorster Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (; also known as John Vorster; 13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) was a South African apartheid politician who served as the prime minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978 and the fourth state presid ...
, State President (1978–1979) ::*
Marais Viljoen Marais Viljoen, (2 December 1915 – 4 January 2007) was the last ceremonial state president of South Africa from 4 June 1979 until 3 September 1984. Viljoen became the last of the ceremonial presidents of South Africa when he was succeeded in ...
, State President (1979–1984) ::*
P. W. Botha Pieter Willem Botha, (; 12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006), commonly known as P. W. and af, Die Groot Krokodil (The Big Crocodile), was a South African politician. He served as the last prime minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and ...
, State President (1984–1989) ::* F. W. de Klerk, State President (1989–1994) :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::* Nelson Mandela, President (1994–1999) ::*
Thabo Mbeki Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki KStJ (; born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who was the second president of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008, when he resigned at the request of his party, the African National Congress (ANC ...
, President (1999–2008) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Hendrik Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (; 8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966) was a South African politician, a scholar of applied psychology and sociology, and chief editor of '' Die Transvaler'' newspaper. He is commonly regarded as the architect ...
, Prime minister (1958–1966) ::*
Balthazar Johannes Vorster Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (; also known as John Vorster; 13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) was a South African apartheid politician who served as the prime minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978 and the fourth state presid ...
, Prime minister (1966–1978) ::*
Pieter Willem Botha Pieter Willem Botha, (; 12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006), commonly known as P. W. and af, Die Groot Krokodil (The Big Crocodile), was a South African politician. He served as the last prime minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 an ...
, Prime minister (1978–1984) *
Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana (, meaning "gathering of the Tswana people"), officially the Republic of Bophuthatswana ( tn, Riphaboliki ya Bophuthatswana; af, Republiek van Bophuthatswana), was a Bantustan (also known as "Homeland"; an area set aside for mem ...
( complete list) – :*
Lucas Mangope Kgosi Lucas Manyane Mangope (27 December 1923 – 18 January 2018) was the leader of the Bantustan (homeland) of Bophuthatswana. The territory he ruled over was distributed between the Orange Free State – what is now Free State – and North W ...
, Chief Executive officer/Councillor (1968–1972), Chief Minister (1972–1977), President (1977–1994) :* Rocky Malebane-Metsing, President (1994) * Ciskei ( complete list) – :*
Lennox Sebe Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe (26 July 1926 – 23 July 1994) was chief minister of the Xhosa bantustan of Ciskei after its self-rule in 1972, and the nominally independent country's first president from 1983. Early life Born in Belstone, near K ...
, President (1981–1990) :*
Oupa Gqozo Joshua Oupa Gqozo (; born 10 March 1952) was the military ruler of the former homeland of Ciskei in South Africa. Early life Gqozo was born in Kroonstad, Orange Free State on 10 March 1952, the son of a Christian minister. In Afrikaans, Oupa ...
, Chairman (1990–1994) *
Transkei Transkei (, meaning ''the area beyond he riverKei''), officially the Republic of Transkei ( xh, iRiphabliki yeTranskei), was an unrecognised state in the southeastern region of South Africa from 1976 to 1994. It was, along with Ciskei, a Ba ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Botha Sigcau King Botha Sigcau (died 1 December 1978) was a King in Eastern Pondoland, Transkei, South Africa (1939–1976) and later the figurehead President of Transkei from 1976 to 1978. A graduate of University of Fort Hare, Sigcau was an early supporter ...
, President (1976–1978) ::* Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla, Acting President (1978–1979) ::*
Kaiser Matanzima King Kaiser Daliwonga Mathanzima, misspelled Matanzima (15 June 1915 – 15 June 2003), was the long-term leader of Transkei. In 1950, when South Africa was offered to establish the Bantu Authorities Act, Matanzima convinced the Bunga to accep ...
, President (1979–1986) ::* Tutor Nyangelizwe Vulindlela Ndamase, President (1986–1994) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*
Kaiser Matanzima King Kaiser Daliwonga Mathanzima, misspelled Matanzima (15 June 1915 – 15 June 2003), was the long-term leader of Transkei. In 1950, when South Africa was offered to establish the Bantu Authorities Act, Matanzima convinced the Bunga to accep ...
, Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*
George Matanzima Chief George Mzimvubu Mathanzima (26 December 1918 in Qamata – 10 November 2000) was a leader of the Transkei bantustan in South Africa, a young brother of Kaiser Matanzima and a nephew of Nelson Mandela. He and his brother, Kaiser co-found ...
, Prime minister (1979–1987) ::* Dumnisani Gladstone Gwadiso, Acting Prime minister (1987) ::*
Stella Sigcau Princess Stella Sigcau (4 or 14 January 1937 in Lusikisiki – 7 May 2006 in Durban) was a Minister in the South African Government. Sigcau was also the first female Prime Minister of the bantustan of Transkei before being deposed in a milit ...
, Prime minister (1987) ::*
Bantu Holomisa Bantubonke Harrington Holomisa (born 25 July 1955) is a South African Member of Parliament and President of the United Democratic Movement. Holomisa was born in Mqanduli, Cape Province. He joined the Transkei Defence Force in 1976 and had b ...
, Head of the Military Council (1987–1994) *
Venda Venda () was a Bantustan in northern South Africa, which is fairly close to the South African border with Zimbabwe to the north, while to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, Gazankulu. It is now part of the ...
( complete list) – :*
Patrick Mphephu Chief Patrick Ramaano Mphephu ( 1924 – 17 April 1988) was the first President of the bantustan of Venda, which was granted nominal independence from South Africa on 13 September 1979. Mphephu was born in Dzanani settlement and after graduat ...
, President (1979–1988) :*
Frank Ravele Chief Frank Ndwakhulu Ravele (1926–1999) was the second President of the bantustan of Venda, which was granted nominal independence from South Africa on 13 September 1979. Ravele became president on 17 April 1988, after the death of Chief Pat ...
, Acting President (1988–1990) :*
Gabriel Ramushwana Gabriel Ramushwana (1 July 1941 – 12 January 2015) was a head of state of the Bantustan of Venda. He joined the SAP in Welkom as a Constable in 1960 and was seconded to the SADF 112 Infantry Battalion as a Warrant Officer in 1973. After being ...
, Military Chairman (1990–1994) :* Tshamano Ramabulana, Military Chairman (1994) ''Zambia'' *
Barotseland Barotseland ( Lozi: Mubuso Bulozi) is a region between Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe including half of eastern and northern provinces of Zambia and the whole of Democratic Republic of Congo's Katanga Province. It is the homeland of the ...
( complete list) – :* Mwanawina III, Mbumu wa Litunga (1948–1968) * Northern Rhodesia ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1924–1964'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' * Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ( complete list) – :''Self-governing British colony, 1953–1963'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Republic of
Zambia Zambia (), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most central point. Its neighbours are t ...
:*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*
Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021), also known as KK, was a Zambian politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from British rule. Diss ...
, President (1964–1991) ::*
Frederick Chiluba Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (30 April 1943 – 18 June 2011) was a Zambian politician who was the second president of Zambia from 1991 to 2002. Chiluba, a trade union leader, won the country's multi-party presidential election in 1991 as t ...
, President (1991–2002) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) –''Zambia'' ::*
Mainza Chona Mainza Mathias Chona (21 January 1930 – 11 December 2001) was a Zambian politician and founder of UNIP who served as the third vice-president of Zambia from 1970 to 1973 and Prime Minister on two occasions: from 25 August 1973 to 27 May ...
, Prime minister (1973–1975) ::*
Elijah Mudenda Elijah Haatuakali Kaiba Mudenda (6 June 1927
''The Times of Zambia'' (
, Prime minister (1975–1977) ::*
Mainza Chona Mainza Mathias Chona (21 January 1930 – 11 December 2001) was a Zambian politician and founder of UNIP who served as the third vice-president of Zambia from 1970 to 1973 and Prime Minister on two occasions: from 25 August 1973 to 27 May ...
, Prime minister (1977–1978) ::* Daniel Lisulo, Prime minister (1978–1981) ::*
Nalumino Mundia Nalumino Mundia (27 November 1927 – 9 November 1988) was a Zambian politician. He served as the 4th Prime Minister of the country from 18 February 1981 to 24 April 1985. He went on to serve as Zambia's ambassador to the United States, Brazi ...
, Prime minister (1981–1985) ::*
Kebby Musokotwane Kebby Sililo Kambu Musokotwane (5 May 1946 – 11 February 1996) was a politician from Zambia. He was a member of the United National Independence Party and one of the closest allies of former President Kenneth Kaunda. He was Minister of Fina ...
, Prime minister (1985–1989) ::*
Malimba Masheke Malimba Masheke (born 17 June 1941 in Senanga District, Zambia) is a Zambian politician. He served as the 6th and last Prime Minister of the country from 15 March 1989 to 31 August 1991. Masheke became Prime Minister when the previous Prime Ministe ...
, Prime minister (1989–1991) ''Zimbabwe'' *
Southern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia was a landlocked self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally kno ...
( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1924–1964'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' * Rhodesia, ''unrecognised state'' :*
Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
( complete list) – ::*
Clifford Dupont Clifford Walter Dupont, GCLM, ID (6 December 1905 – 28 June 1978) was a British-born Rhodesian politician who served in the internationally unrecognised positions of officer administrating the government (from 1965 until 1970) and president ...
, President (1970–1975) ::*
Henry Everard Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Breedon Everard GCLM ICD DSO TD (21 February 1897 – 7 August 1980) was a railway engineer and executive who briefly became the Acting President of Rhodesia during the U.D.I. period. Everard was born in Barnet an ...
, Acting President (1975–1976) ::*
John Wrathall John James Wrathall, GCLM, ID (28 August 1913 – 31 August 1978), was a Rhodesian politician. He was the last white President of Rhodesia (later holders of the post were only acting as such). He formerly worked as a chartered accountant. E ...
, President (1976–1978) ::*
Henry Everard Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Breedon Everard GCLM ICD DSO TD (21 February 1897 – 7 August 1980) was a railway engineer and executive who briefly became the Acting President of Rhodesia during the U.D.I. period. Everard was born in Barnet an ...
, Acting President (1978) ::* Jack William Pithey, Acting President (1978–1979) ::*
Henry Everard Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Breedon Everard GCLM ICD DSO TD (21 February 1897 – 7 August 1980) was a railway engineer and executive who briefly became the Acting President of Rhodesia during the U.D.I. period. Everard was born in Barnet an ...
, Acting President (1979) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Rhodesia, complete list) – ::*Ian Smith, Prime minister (1964–1979) *Zimbabwe Rhodesia :*President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, Presidents ( complete list) – ::*Josiah Zion Gumede, President (1979) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, complete list) – ::*Abel Muzorewa, Prime minister (1979) *Republic of Zimbabwe :*Presidents ( complete list) – ::*Canaan Banana, President (1980–1987) ::*Robert Mugabe, President (1987–2017) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, complete list) – ::*Robert Mugabe, Prime minister (1980–1987)


Africa: West

''Benin'' *French Dahomey, part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1904–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of Dahomey :*Presidents (List of presidents of Benin, complete list) – ::*Hubert Maga, President (1960–1963) ::*Christophe Soglo, Head of the Provisional Government (1963–1964) ::*Sourou-Migan Apithy, President (1964–1965) ::*Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, Acting President (1965) ::*Tahirou Congacou, Acting President (1965) ::*Christophe Soglo, President (1965–1967) ::*Jean-Baptiste Hachème, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee (1967) ::*Maurice Kouandété, Head of State (1967) ::*Alphonse Alley, Head of State (1967–1968) ::*Émile Derlin Zinsou, President (1968–1969) ::*Maurice Kouandété, Chief of Staff of the Army (1969) ::*Paul-Émile de Souza, Chairman of the Directory (1969–1970) ::*Hubert Maga, Chairman of the Presidential Council (1970–1972) ::*Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, Chairman of the Presidential Council (1972) ::*Mathieu Kérékou, President (1972–1975) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Benin, complete list) – ::*Hubert Maga, Prime minister (1960) ::*Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Christophe Soglo, Prime minister (1965–1967) ::*Maurice Kouandété, Prime minister (1967–1972) *People's Republic of Benin (List of presidents of Benin, complete list) – :*Mathieu Kérékou, President (1975–1990) *Republic of Benin :*Presidents (List of presidents of Benin, complete list) – ::*Mathieu Kérékou, President (1990–1991) ::*Nicéphore Soglo, President (1991–1996) ::*Mathieu Kérékou, President (1996–2006) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Benin, complete list) – ::*Nicéphore Soglo, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Adrien Houngbédji, Prime minister (1996–1998) ''Burkina Faso'' *List of rulers of Liptako, Kingdom of Koala (List of rulers of Liptako#Kings of Koala, complete list) – :*Yempaabu, King (1941–1986) *Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi Kingdom of Bilanga (List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga, complete list) – :*Banyikuba, Bilanbedo (1927–1970) *Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi Kingdom of Con (Burkina Faso), Con (List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con, complete list) – :*Yencabri, ruler (1942–1969) *Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi Kingdom of Liptako (List of rulers of the Mossi state of Liptako, complete list) – :*Abdullahi Sandu bi Faruku, Almami (1932–1956) :*Usman bi Amiru, Almami (1956–1959) *Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi Kingdom of Macakoali (List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali, complete list) – :*Yendieri, Boopo (1945–1976) *Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi Kingdom of Pama (Burkina Faso), Pama – :*Huntani, Jafuali (1938–1952) :*Yempaabu, Jafuali (1952–?) *Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi Kingdom of Tenkodogo (List of rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo, complete list) – :*Yamba Sorgo, Naaba (1933–1957) *Wogodogo Monarchy, Mossi Kingdom of Wogodogo (List of rulers of the Mossi state of Wogodogo, complete list) – :*Naaba Saaga II, Moogo-naaba (1942–1957) :*Naaba Kugri, Moogo-naaba (1957–1982) *Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi Kingdom of Yatenga Province, Yatenga (List of rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga, complete list) – :*Naaba Tigre, Yatenga naaba (1914–1954) :*Naaba Sigiri, Yatenga naaba (1954–1960) *French Upper Volta part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1919–1932, 1947–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of Upper Volta :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Burkina Faso, complete list) – ::*Maurice Yaméogo, President (1960–1966) ::*Sangoulé Lamizana, President (1966–1980) ::*Saye Zerbo, President (1980–1982) ::*Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, President (1982–1983) ::*Thomas Sankara, President (1983–1984) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Burkina Faso, complete list) – ::*Gérard Kango Ouédraogo, Prime minister (1971–1974) ::*Sangoulé Lamizana, Prime minister (1974–1978) ::*Joseph Conombo, Prime minister (1978–1980) ::*Saye Zerbo, Prime minister (1980–1982) ::*Thomas Sankara, Prime minister (1983) *Republic of Burkina Faso :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Burkina Faso, complete list) – ::*Thomas Sankara, President (1984–1987) ::*Blaise Compaoré, President (1987–2014) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Burkina Faso, complete list) – ::*Youssouf Ouédraogo, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo, Prime minister (1996–2000) ::*Paramanga Ernest Yonli, Prime minister (2000–2007) ''Cape Verde'' *Portuguese Cape Verde ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1462–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975'' :''For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe'' *Republic of Cape Verde :*Presidents (List of presidents of Cape Verde, complete list) – ::*Aristides Pereira, President (1975–1991) ::*António Mascarenhas Monteiro, President (1991–2001) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cape Verde, complete list) – ::*Pedro Pires, Prime minister (1975–1991) ::*Carlos Veiga, Prime minister (1991–2000) ::*Gualberto do Rosário, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Gambia'' *Gambia Colony and Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *The Gambia (1965–1970) :*Head of State (List of heads of state of the Gambia, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1965–1970) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of the Gambia, complete list) – ::*Dawda Jawara, Prime minister (1965–1970) *Republic of the Gambia (List of heads of state of the Gambia, complete list) – :*Dawda Jawara, President (1970–1994) :*Yahya Jammeh, Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996), President (1996–2017) ''Ghana'' *Ashanti Empire, Kingdom of Ashanti (List of rulers of Asante, complete list) – :*Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II, King (1935–1957) *Gold Coast (British colony), Gold Coast ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1821–1957'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Dominion of Ghana :*Head of State (List of heads of state of Ghana, complete list) – :*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1957–1960) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Guinea, complete list) – ::*Kwame Nkrumah, Prime minister (1957–1960) *Republic of Ghana (List of heads of state of Ghana, complete list) – :*Kwame Nkrumah, President of the First Republic (1960–1966) :*Joseph Arthur Ankrah, Military Head of State (1966–1969) :*Akwasi Afrifa, Military Head of State (1969) :*Akwasi Afrifa, President of the Second Republic (1969–1970) :*Nii Amaa Ollennu, Acting President of the Second Republic (1970) :*Edward Akufo-Addo, President of the Second Republic (1970–1972) :*Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, Military Head of State (1972–1978) :*Fred Akuffo, Military Head of State (1978–1979) :*Jerry Rawlings, Military Head of State (1979) :*Hilla Limann, President of the Third Republic (1979–1981) :*Jerry Rawlings, Military Head of State (1981–1993), President of the Fourth Republic (1993–2001) ''Guinea'' *French Guinea part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''French colony, 1894–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of Guinea :*Presidents (List of presidents of Guinea, complete list) – ::*Ahmed Sékou Touré, President (1958–1984) ::*Louis Lansana Beavogui, Acting President (1984) ::*Lansana Conté, President (1984–2008) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Guinea, complete list) – ::*Louis Lansana Beavogui, Prime minister (1972–1984) ::*Diarra Traoré, Prime minister (1984) ::*Sidya Touré, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*Lamine Sidimé, Prime minister (1999–2004) ''Guinea-Bissau'' *Portuguese Guinea ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1474–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1974'' :''For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe'' *Guinea-Bissau :*Presidents (List of presidents of Guinea-Bissau, complete list) – ::*Luís Cabral, President (1973–1980) ::*João Bernardo Vieira, President (1980–1984) ::*Carmen Pereira, Acting President (1984) ::*João Bernardo Vieira, President (1984–1999) ::*Ansumane Mané, Chairman of the Supreme Command of the Military Junta (1999) ::*Malam Bacai Sanhá, Acting President (1999–2000) ::*Kumba Ialá, President (2000–2003) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Guinea-Bissau, complete list) – ::*Francisco Mendes, Prime minister (1973–1978) ::*Constantino Teixeira, Prime minister (1978) ::*João Bernardo Vieira, Prime minister (1978–1980) ::*Victor Saúde Maria, Prime minister (1982–1984) ::*Carlos Correia, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*Manuel Saturnino da Costa, Prime minister (1994–1997) ::*Carlos Correia, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Francisco Fadul, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Caetano N'Tchama, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Ivory Coast'' *History of Ivory Coast#French colonial era, French Ivory Coast part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1893–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of Ivory Coast :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Ivory Coast, complete list) – ::*Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President (1960–1993) ::*Henri Konan Bédié, President (1993–1999) ::*Robert Guéï, President (1999–2000) ::*Laurent Gbagbo, President (2000–2011) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Ivory Coast, complete list) – ::*Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Prime minister (1960) ::*Alassane Ouattara, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*Daniel Kablan Duncan, Prime minister (1993–1999) ::*Seydou Diarra, Prime minister (2000) ::*Pascal Affi N'Guessan, Prime minister (2000–2003) ''Liberia'' *Liberia (President of Liberia#List, complete list) – :*William Tubman, President (1944–1971) :*William R. Tolbert Jr., President (1971–1980) :*Samuel Doe, Chairman of the People's Redemption Council (1980–1986), president (1986–1990) :*Amos Sawyer, President of the Interim Government of National Unity (1990–1994) :*David D. Kpormakpor, Chairman of the Council of State (1994–1995) :*Wilton G. S. Sankawulo, Chairman of the Council of State (1995–1996) :*Ruth Perry, Chairwoman of the Council of State (1996–1997) :*Charles Taylor (Liberian politician), Charles Taylor, President (1997–2003) ''Mali'' *French Sudan part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1880–1958'' *Mali Federation ( complete list) – :''French territory, united together with Senegal 1959–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of Mali :*Heads of state (List of presidents of Mali, complete list) – ::*Modibo Keïta, Head of State (1960–1965), President (1965–1968) ::*Moussa Traoré, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Liberation (1968–1969), Head of State (1969–1979), President (1979–1991) ::*Amadou Toumani Touré, Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council (1991), Chairman of the Transitional Committee (1991–1992) ::*Alpha Oumar Konaré, President (1992–2002) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Mali, complete list) – ::*Modibo Keïta, Prime minister (1960–1965) ::*Yoro Diakité, Prime minister (1968–1969) ::*Mamadou Dembelé, Prime minister (1986–1988) ::*Soumana Sacko, Acting Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Younoussi Touré, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Abdoulaye Sékou Sow, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Prime minister (1994–2000) ::*Mandé Sidibé, Prime minister (2000–2002) ''Mauritania'' *Colonial Mauritania part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''French colony, 1903–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Islamic Republic of Mauritania :*Heads of state (List of presidents of Mauritania, complete list) – ::*Moktar Ould Daddah, Acting Head of State (1960–1978), President (1960–1978) ::*Mustafa Ould Salek, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Recovery (1978–1979) ::*Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation (1979–1980) ::*Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation (1980–1984) ::*Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation (1984–1992), President (1992–2005) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Mauritania, complete list) – ::*Moktar Ould Daddah, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*Ahmed Ould Bouceif, Prime minister (1979) ::*Ahmed Salim Ould Sidi, Acting Prime minister (1979) ::*Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Sid Ahmed Ould Bneijara, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Prime minister (1981–1984) ::*Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, Prime minister (1984) ::*Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Prime minister (1984–1992) ::*Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar, Prime minister (1992–1996) ::*Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Mohamed Lemine Ould Guig, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna, Prime minister (1998–2003) ''Niger'' *Dosso Kingdom (Dosso Kingdom#Rulers chronology, complete list) – :*Zarmakoy Moumouni, King (1938–1953) :*Zarmakoy Hamani, King (1953–1962) *Colony of Niger part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''French colony, 1921–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Republic of the Niger :*Heads of state (List of heads of state of Niger, complete list) – ::*Hamani Diori, President of the Republic (1960–1974) ::*Seyni Kountché, President of the Supreme Military Council (1974–1987) ::*Ali Saibou, President of the Supreme Military Council (1987–1989), President of the Republic (1989–1993) ::*Mahamane Ousmane, President of the Republic (1993–1996) ::*Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, President of the Republic (1996–1999) ::*Daouda Malam Wanké, Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council (1999) ::*Mamadou Tandja, President of the Republic (1999–2010) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Niger, complete list) – ::*Hamani Diori, Prime minister (1958–1960) ::*Mamane Oumarou, Prime minister (1983) ::*Hamid Algabid, Prime minister (1983–1988) ::*Mamane Oumarou, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::*Aliou Mahamidou, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Amadou Cheiffou, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::*Mahamadou Issoufou, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Souley Abdoulaye, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Amadou Cissé, Prime minister (1995) ::*Hama Amadou, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Boukary Adji, Prime minister (1996) ::*Amadou Cissé, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*Hama Amadou, Prime minister (2000–2007) ''Nigeria'' *Biafra (List of heads of state of Biafra, complete list) – :*C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, President (1967–1970) :*Philip Effiong, President (1970) *Egba Ake – :*Ladapo Ademola, Ladapo Samuel Ademola II, Alake (1872–1962), in exile (1948–1950), Ruler (1920–1962) *Ilorin Emirate – :*Abdulkadir Dan Bawa, Emir (1920–1959) :*Zulkarnayni Gambari "Aiyelabowo V", Emir (1959–1992) *Suleja Emirate (Suleja Emirate#List of rulers, complete list) – :*Sulaimanu Barau, Emir (1944–1979) *Lagos Colony ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1821–1957'' *Colonial Nigeria ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1914–1960'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *Federal Republic of Nigeria (List of heads of state of Nigeria, complete list) – :*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1960–1963) :*Nnamdi Azikiwe, President of the First Nigerian Republic, First Republic (1963–1966) :*Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, Military Head of State (1966) :*Yakubu Gowon, Military Head of State (1966–1975) :*Murtala Mohammed, Military Head of State (1975–1976) :*Olusegun Obasanjo, Military Head of State (1976–1979) :*Shehu Shagari, President of the Second Nigerian Republic, Second Republic (1979–1983) :*Muhammadu Buhari, Military Head of State (1983–1985) :*Ibrahim Babangida, Military Head of State (1985–1993) :*Ernest Shonekan, Transition Head of State Third Nigerian Republic, Third Republic (1993) :*Sani Abacha, Military Head of State (1993–1998) :*Abdulsalami Abubakar, Military Head of State (1998–1999) :*Olusegun Obasanjo, President of the Fourth Nigerian Republic, Fourth Republic (1999–2007) ''Senegal'' *Kingdom of Sine (Maad a Sinig, complete list) – :*Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof, Mahecor Joof, Maad a Sinig (1924–c.1960)Sheridan, Michael J. et Nyamweru, Celia, ''African sacred groves: ecological dynamics & social change'', James Currey, 2008, p. 141 *Saloum (Maad Saloum, complete list) – :*Fode N'Gouye Joof, Maad Saloum (1935–c.1960)Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914'', Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV *French West Africa ( complete list) – :''Federation of colonies, 1895–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *History of Senegal#French period, French Senegal part of French West Africa ( complete list) – :''French colony, 1848–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Senegambia Confederation :*Abdou Diouf, President (1982–1989) *Republic of Senegal :*Presidents (President of Senegal, complete list) – ::*Léopold Sédar Senghor, President (1960–1980) ::*Abdou Diouf, President (1981–2000) ::*Abdoulaye Wade, President (2000–2012) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Senegal, complete list) – ::*Mamadou Dia, Prime minister (1960–1962) ::*Abdou Diouf, Prime minister (1970–1980) ::*Habib Thiam, Prime minister (1981–1983) ::*Moustapha Niasse, Acting Prime minister (1983) ::*Habib Thiam, Prime minister (1991–1998) ::*Mamadou Lamine Loum, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Moustapha Niasse, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Sierra Leone'' *Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *Sierra Leone (1961–1971), Sierra Leone (Commonwealth realm) :*Queen of Sierra Leone, Monarch (List of heads of state of Sierra Leone, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1961–1971) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Sierra Leone, complete list) – ::*Milton Margai, Prime minister (1961–1964) ::*Albert Margai, Prime minister (1964–1967) ::*Siaka Stevens, Prime minister (1967) ::*David Lansana, Prime minister (1967) ::*Ambrose Patrick Genda, Prime minister (1967) ::*Andrew Juxon Smith, Prime minister (1967–1968) ::*Patrick Conteh, Prime minister (1968–1968) ::*Siaka Stevens, Prime minister (1968–1971) *Republic of Sierra Leone :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Sierra Leone, complete list) – ::''First Republic'' ::*Christopher Okoro Cole, Acting President (1971) ::*Siaka Stevens, President (1971–1985) ::*Joseph Saidu Momoh, President (1985–1992) :*Prime Ministers of the First Republic (prime minister of Sierra Leone, complete list) – ::*Siaka Stevens, Prime minister (1968–1971) ::*Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, Prime minister (1971–1975) ::*Christian Alusine Kamara-Taylor, Prime minister (1975–1978) ::''Military regime'' ::*Yahya Kanu, Military Head of State (1992) ::*Valentine Strasser, Military Head of State (1992–1996) ::*Julius Maada Bio, Military Head of State (1996) ::''Second Republic'' ::*Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President (1996–1997) ::*Johnny Paul Koroma, Military Head of State (1997–1998) ::*Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President (1998–2007) ''Togo'' *British Togoland ( complete list) – :''United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1956'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *French Togoland ( complete list) – :''United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Togolese Republic :*Presidents (List of presidents of Togo, complete list) – ::*Sylvanus Olympio, President (1960–1963) ::*Emmanuel Bodjollé, Acting President (1963) ::*Nicolas Grunitzky, President (1963–1967) ::*Kléber Dadjo, Acting President (1967) ::*Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President (1967–2005) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Togo, complete list) – ::*Sylvanus Olympio, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*Joseph Kokou Koffigoh, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*Edem Kodjo, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*Kwassi Klutse, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*Eugene Koffi Adoboli, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Agbéyomé Kodjo, Prime minister (2000–2002)


Americas


Americas: Caribbean

''Anguilla'' *Republic of Anguilla – :*Peter Adams (British governor), Peter Adams, Council Chairman (1967) :*Ronald Webster, Council Chairman (1967–1969) ''Antigua and Barbuda'' *List of colonial governors and administrators of Antigua, Colonial Antigua ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1632–1981'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Antigua and Barbuda :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1981–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, complete list) – ::*Vere Bird, Prime minister (1981–1994) ::*Lester Bird, Prime minister (1994–2004) ''The Bahamas'' *List of governors of the Bahamas, Colony of the Bahamas ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1648–1973'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *The Bahamas :*Monarchs (Monarchy of the Bahamas, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1973–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of the Bahamas, complete list) – ::*Lynden Pindling, Prime minister (1973–1992) ::*Hubert Ingraham, Prime minister (1992–2002) ''Barbados'' *History of Barbados, Colonial Barbados ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1625–1966'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Barbados :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Barbados, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1966–2021) :*Prime Minister of Barbados, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Barbados, complete list) – ::*Errol Barrow, Prime minister (1966–1976) ::*Tom Adams (Barbadian politician), Tom Adams, Prime minister (1976–1985) ::*Harold Bernard St. John, Prime minister (1985–1986) ::*Errol Barrow, Prime minister (1986–1987) ::*Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, Prime minister (1987–1994) ::*Owen Arthur, Prime minister (1994–2008) ''Cuba'' *Republic of Cuba (1902–1959) :*President of Cuba, Presidents (List of presidents of Cuba, complete list) – ::*Carlos Prío Socarrás, President (1948–1952) ::*Fulgencio Batista, President (1952–1959) ::*Anselmo Alliegro y Milá, Interim President (1959) ::*Carlos Manuel Piedra, Interim President (1959) :*Prime Minister of Cuba, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cuba, complete list) – ::*Félix Lancís Sánchez, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Óscar Gans, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*Fulgencio Batista, Prime minister (1952) ::*Jorge García Montes, Prime minister (1955–1957) ::*Andrés Rivero Agüero, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Emilio Núñez Portuondo, Prime minister (1958) ::*Gonzalo Güell, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*José Miró Cardona, Prime minister (1959) *Republic of Cuba :*President of Cuba, Presidents (List of presidents of Cuba, complete list) – ::*Manuel Urrutia Lleó, President (1959) ::*Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, President (1959–1976) ::*Fidel Castro, President (1976–2008) :*Prime Minister of Cuba, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cuba, complete list) – ::*Fidel Castro, Prime minister (1959–1976), President of the Council of Ministers (1976–2008) ''Dominica'' *History of Dominica, British Dominica ( complete list) – :''British Colony, 1763–1978'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Dominica :*Presidents (List of presidents of Dominica, complete list) – ::*Louis Cools-Lartigue, Interim President (1978–1979, 1979) ::*Fred Degazon, President (1979–1980) ::*Jenner Armour, Acting President (1979–1980) ::*Aurelius Marie, President (1980–1983) ::*Clarence Seignoret, President (1983–1993) ::*Crispin Sorhaindo, President (1993–1998) ::*Vernon Shaw, President (1998–2003) :*Prime Minister of Dominica, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Dominica, complete list) – ::*Patrick John, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Oliver Seraphin, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Eugenia Charles, Prime minister (1980–1995) ::*Edison James, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::*Rosie Douglas, Prime minister (2000) ::*Pierre Charles (Dominican politician), Pierre Charles, Prime minister (2000–2004) ''Dominican Republic'' *Third Republic (Dominican Republic), Third Dominican Republic (List of presidents of the Dominican Republic, complete list) – :*Rafael Trujillo, President (1942–1952) :*Héctor Trujillo, President (1952–1960) :*Joaquín Balaguer, President (1960–1962) ::*Armando Óscar Pacheco, Luis Amiama Tió, Antonio Imbert Barrera, Enrique Valdez Vidaurre, Wilfredo Medina Natalio, Huberto Bogaert, Civic-Military Council (1962) :*Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly, President (1962–1963) :*Juan Bosch (politician), Juan Bosch, President (1963) :*Víctor Elby Viñas Román, Chairman of the Provisional Junta (1963) ::*Emilio de los Santos y Salcié, Donald Reid Cabral, Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat, Ramón Tapia Espinal, Triumvirate (1963–1965) ::*Vinicio Fernández Pérez, Giovanni Gutiérrez Ramírez, Francisco Alberto Caamaño Deñó, Eladio Ramírez Sánchez, Pedro Bartolomé Benoit, Revolutionary Committee (1965) *Fourth Dominican Republic (List of presidents of the Dominican Republic, complete list) – :*José Rafael Molina Ureña, Provisional President (1965) :*Pedro Bartolomé Benoit, Provisional President (1965) :*Antonio Imbert Barrera, President (1965) :*Héctor García-Godoy, Provisional President (1965–1966) :*Joaquín Balaguer, President (1966–1978) :*Antonio Guzmán Fernández, President (1978–1982) :*Jacobo Majluta Azar, President (1982) :*Salvador Jorge Blanco, President (1982–1986) :*Joaquín Balaguer, President (1986–1996) :*Leonel Fernández, President (1996–2000) :*Hipólito Mejía, President (2000–2004) ''Grenada'' *Grenada :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Grenada, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1974–2022) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Grenada, complete list) – ::*Eric Gairy, Prime minister (1974–1979) ::*Maurice Bishop, ''de facto'' Prime minister (1979–1983) ::*Bernard Coard, ''de facto'' Prime minister (1983) ::*Hudson Austin, ''de facto'' Prime minister (1983) ::*Nicholas Brathwaite, ''de facto'' Prime minister (1983–1984) ::*Herbert Blaize, Prime minister (1984–1989) ::*Ben Jones (Grenada), Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Nicholas Brathwaite, Prime minister (1990–1995) ::*George Brizan, Prime minister (1995) ::*Keith Mitchell, Prime minister (1995–2008) ''Haiti'' *Republic of Haiti (1859–1957), Second Haitian Republic :*President of Haiti, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Haiti, complete list) – ::*Paul Magloire, President (1950–1956) ::*Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis, Provisional President (1956–1957) ::*Franck Sylvain, Provisional President (1957) ::*''Executive Government Council'' (1957) ::*Daniel Fignolé, Provisional President (1957) ::*Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau, Chairman of the Military Council (1957) *Duvalier dynasty, Haiti :*President of Haiti, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Haiti, complete list) – ::*François Duvalier, President (1957–1964), President for Life (1964–1971) ::*Jean-Claude Duvalier, President for Life (1971–1986) *Haiti, Third Haitian Republic :*President of Haiti, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Haiti, complete list) – ::*Henri Namphy, President of the National Council of Government (Haiti), National Council of Government (1986–1988) ::*Leslie Manigat, President (1988) ::*Henri Namphy, President (1988) ::*Prosper Avril, President (1988–1990) ::*Hérard Abraham, Acting President (1990) ::*Ertha Pascal-Trouillot, Provisional President (1990–1991) ::*Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President (1991) ::*Raoul Cédras, Acting President (1991) ::*Joseph Nérette, Provisional President (1991–1992) ::*Marc Bazin, Acting President (1992–1993) ::*Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President (1993–1994) ::*Émile Jonassaint, Provisional President (1994) ::*Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President (1994–1996) ::*René Préval, President (1996–2001) :*Prime Minister of Haiti, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Haiti, complete list) – ::*Martial Célestin, Prime minister (1988) ::*René Préval, Prime minister (1991) ::*Jean-Jacques Honorat, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Marc Bazin, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Robert Malval, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Smarck Michel, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Claudette Werleigh, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Rosny Smarth, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Jacques-Édouard Alexis, Prime minister (1999–2001) ''Jamaica'' *Jamaica :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Jamaica, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1962–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Jamaica, complete list) – ::*Alexander Bustamante, Prime minister (1962–1967) ::*Donald Sangster, Prime minister (1967) ::*Hugh Shearer, Prime minister (1967–1972) ::*Michael Manley, Prime minister (1972–1980) ::*Edward Seaga, Prime minister (1980–1989) ::*Michael Manley, Prime minister (1989–1992) ::*P. J. Patterson, Prime minister (1992–2006) ''Saint Kitts and Nevis'' *Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1882–1983'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Saint Kitts and Nevis :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1983–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis, complete list) – ::*Kennedy Simmonds, Prime minister (1983–1995) ::*Denzil Douglas, Prime minister (1995–2015) ''Saint Lucia'' *List of colonial governors and administrators of Saint Lucia, Colonial Saint Lucia ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1802–1979'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Saint Lucia :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Saint Lucia, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1979–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Saint Lucia, complete list) – ::*John Compton, Prime minister (1979) ::*Allan Louisy, Prime minister (1979–1981) ::*Winston Cenac, Prime minister (1981–1982) ::*Michael Pilgrim, Acting Prime minister (1982) ::*John Compton, Prime minister (1982–1996) ::*Vaughan Lewis, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Kenny Anthony, Prime minister (1997–2006) ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines'' *History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Colonial Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( complete list) – :''British Colony, 1763–1979'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1979–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, complete list) – ::*Milton Cato, Prime minister (1979–1984) ::*James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, Prime minister (1984–2000) ::*Arnhim Eustace, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Trinidad and Tobago'' *History of Trinidad and Tobago#British period, Colonial Trinidad and Tobago ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1797–1962'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Dominion of Trinidad and Tobago :*Queen of Trinidad and Tobago, Monarchs (List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1962–1976) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, complete list) – ::*Eric Williams, Prime minister (1962–1981) *Republic of Trinidad and Tobago :*President of Trinidad and Tobago, Presidents (List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago, complete list) – ::*Ellis Clarke, President (1976–1987) ::*Michael J. Williams (politician), Michael J. Williams, Acting President (1987) ::*Noor Hassanali, President (1987–1997) ::*A. N. R. Robinson, President (1997–2003) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, complete list) – ::*Eric Williams, Prime minister (1962–1981) ::*George Chambers, Prime minister (1981–1986) ::*A. N. R. Robinson, Prime minister (1986–1991) ::*Patrick Manning, Prime minister (1991–1995) ::*Basdeo Panday, Prime minister (1995–2001)


Americas: Central

''Belize'' *British Honduras/ Colonial Belize ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1862–1981'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Belize :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Belize, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1981–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Belize, complete list) – ::*George Cadle Price, Prime minister (1981–1984) ::*Manuel Esquivel, Prime minister (1984–1989) ::*George Cadle Price, Prime minister (1989–1993) ::*Manuel Esquivel, Prime minister (1993–1998) ::*Said Musa, Prime minister (1998–2008) ''Costa Rica'' *Republic of Costa Rica (List of presidents of Costa Rica, complete list) – :*Otilio Ulate Blanco, President (1949–1953) :*José Figueres Ferrer, President (1953–1958) :*Mario Echandi Jiménez, President (1958–1962) :*Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich, President (1962–1966) :*José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, José Trejos Fernández, President (1966–1970) :*José Figueres Ferrer, President (1970–1974) :*Daniel Oduber Quirós, President (1974–1978) :*Rodrigo Carazo Odio, President (1978–1982) :*Luis Alberto Monge, Luis Monge Álvarez, President (1982–1986) :*Óscar Arias, President (1986–1990) :*Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier, Rafael Calderón Fournier, President (1990–1994) :*José María Figueres, José Figueres Olsen, President (1994–1998) :*Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, Miguel Rodríguez Echeverría, President (1998–2002) ''El Salvador'' *El Salvador (President of El Salvador, complete list) – :*Óscar Osorio, President (1950–1956) :*José María Lemus, President (1956–1960) :*Junta of Government, (1960–1961) :*Civic-Military Directory, (1961–1962) :*Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea, Provisional President (1962) :*Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, President (1962–1967) :*Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President (1967–1972) :*Arturo Armando Molina, President (1972–1977) :*Carlos Humberto Romero, President (1977–1979) *Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador – :*First Junta: Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, Mario Antonio Andino, Román Mayorga Quirós, Guillermo Ungo, Adolfo Arnoldo Majano (1979–1980) :*Second Junta: Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete, Adolfo Arnoldo Majano, Héctor Dada Hirezi, José Antonio Morales Ehrlich (1980) :*Third Junta: José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, José Napoleón Duarte, José Antonio Morales Ehrlich (1980–1982) *El Salvador (President of El Salvador, complete list) – :*Álvaro Magaña, President (1982–1984) :*José Napoleón Duarte, President (1984–1989) :*Alfredo Cristiani, President (1989–1994) :*Armando Calderón Sol, President (1994–1999) :*Francisco Flores Pérez, President (1999–2004) ''Guatemala'' *Guatemala (President of Guatemala, complete list) – :*Juan José Arévalo, President (1945–1951) :*Jacobo Árbenz, President (1951–1954) :*Carlos Enrique Díaz de León, Provisional President (1954) :*Elfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre, Chairman of Military Junta (1954) :*Carlos Castillo Armas, President (1954–1957) :*Luis Arturo González López, Acting President (1957) :*Óscar Mendoza Azurdia, Chairman of Military Junta (1957) :*Guillermo Flores Avendaño, Acting President (1957–1958) :*Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, President (1958–1963) :*Enrique Peralta Azurdia, President (1963–1966) :*Julio César Méndez Montenegro, President (1966–1970) :*Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President (1970–1974) :*Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García, President (1974–1978) :*Fernando Romeo Lucas García, President (1978–1982) :*Efraín Ríos Montt, President (1982–1983) :*Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores, President (1983–1986) :*Vinicio Cerezo, President (1986–1991) :*Jorge Serrano Elías, President (1991–1993) :*Gustavo Adolfo Espina Salguero, President (1993) :*Ramiro de León Carpio, President (1993–1996) :*Álvaro Arzú, President (1996–2000) :*Alfonso Portillo, President (2000–2004) ''Honduras'' *Honduras (List of presidents of Honduras, complete list) – :*Juan Manuel Gálvez, President (1949–1954) :*Julio Lozano Díaz, President (1954–1956) :*Military Government Council, President (1956–1957) :*Ramón Villeda Morales, President (1957–1963) :*Oswaldo López Arellano, President (1963–1971) :*Ramón Ernesto Cruz Uclés, President (1971–1972) :*Oswaldo López Arellano, President (1972–1975) :*Juan Alberto Melgar Castro, President (1975–1978) :*Policarpo Paz García, Provisional President (1978–1982) :*Roberto Suazo Córdova, President (1982–1986) :*José Azcona del Hoyo, President (1986–1990) :*Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero, President (1990–1994) :*Carlos Roberto Reina, President (1994–1998) :*Carlos Roberto Flores, President (1998–2002) ''Nicaragua'' *Nicaragua (President of Nicaragua, complete list) – :*Anastasio Somoza García, President (1950–1956) :*Luis Somoza Debayle, President (1956–1963) :*René Schick, President (1963–1966) :*Orlando Montenegro Medrano, Acting President (1966) :*Lorenzo Guerrero, President (1966–1967) :*Anastasio Somoza Debayle, President (1967–1972) :*Liberal-Conservative Junta, President (1972–1974) :*Anastasio Somoza Debayle, President (1974–1979) :*Francisco Urcuyo, Acting President (1979) :*Junta of National Reconstruction: Daniel Ortega, Coordinator (1979–1985) :*Daniel Ortega, President (1985–1990) :*Violeta Chamorro, President (1990–1997) :*Arnoldo Alemán, President (1997–2002) ''Panama'' *Panama :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Panama, complete list) – ::*Arnulfo Arias, President (1949–1951) ::*Alcibíades Arosemena, President (1951–1952) ::*José Antonio Remón Cantera, President (1952–1955) ::*José Ramón Guizado, President (1955) ::*Ricardo Arias (politician), Ricardo Arias, President (1955–1956) ::*Ernesto de la Guardia, President (1956–1960) ::*Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón, President (1960–1964) ::*Marco Aurelio Robles, President (1964–1968) ::*Arnulfo Arias, President (1968) ::*José María Pinilla Fábrega, Bolívar Urrutia Parrilla, Military junta/ Presidents (1968–1969) ::*Demetrio B. Lakas, President (1969–1978) ::*Aristides Royo, President (1978–1982) ::*Ricardo de la Espriella, President (1982–1984) ::*Jorge Illueca, President (1984) ::*Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino, President (1984–1985) ::*Eric Arturo Delvalle, Acting President (1985–1988) ::*Manuel Solís Palma, Acting President (1988–1989) ::*Francisco Rodríguez (President of Panama), Francisco Rodríguez, Provisional President (1989) ::*Guillermo Endara, President (1989–1994) ::*Ernesto Pérez Balladares, President (1994–1999) ::*Mireya Moscoso, President (1999–2004) :*Military leaders: ''de facto'' Heads of state (List of heads of state of Panama#Military (de facto) leaders of Panama (1968–1989), 1968–1989) ::*Omar Torrijos, Military Leader (1968–1981) ::*Florencio Flores Aguilar, Military Leader (1981–1982) ::*Rubén Darío Paredes, Military Leader (1982–1983) ::*Manuel Noriega, Military Leader (1983–1989)


Americas: North

''Canada'' *Canada :*Monarchy of Canada, Monarchs (List of Canadian monarchs, complete list) – ::*
George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of I ...
, King (1936–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1952–) :*Prime Minister of Canada, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Canada, complete list) – ::*Louis St. Laurent, Prime minister (1948–1957) ::*John Diefenbaker, Prime minister (1957–1963) ::*Lester B. Pearson, Prime minister (1963–1968) ::*Pierre Trudeau, Prime minister (1968–1979) ::*Joe Clark, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Pierre Trudeau, Prime minister (1980–1984) ::*John Turner, Prime minister (1984) ::*Brian Mulroney, Prime minister (1984–1993) ::*Kim Campbell, Prime minister (1993) ::*Jean Chrétien, Prime minister (1993–2003) ''Mexico'' *Mexico (List of heads of state of Mexico, complete list) – :*Miguel Alemán Valdés, President (1946–1952) :*Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, President (1952–1958) :*Adolfo López Mateos, President (1958–1964) :*Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, President (1964–1970) :*Luis Echeverría, President (1970–1976) :*José López Portillo, President (1976–1982) :*Miguel de la Madrid, President (1982–1988) :*Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President (1988–1994) :*Ernesto Zedillo, President (1994–2000) :*Vicente Fox, President (2000–2006) ''United States'' *United States (List of presidents of the United States, complete list) – :*Harry S. Truman, President (1945–1953) :*Dwight D. Eisenhower, President (1953–1961) :*John F. Kennedy, President (1961–1963) :*Lyndon B. Johnson, President (1963–1969) :*Richard Nixon, President (1969–1974) :*Gerald Ford, President (1974–1977) :*Jimmy Carter, President (1977–1981) :*Ronald Reagan, President (1981–1989) :*George H. W. Bush, President (1989–1993) :*Bill Clinton, President (1993–2001)


Americas: South

''Argentina'' *Argentina (List of heads of state of Argentina, complete list) – :*Juan Perón, President (1946–1955) :*Eduardo Lonardi, ''de facto'' President (1955) :*Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, ''de facto'' President (1955–1958) :*Arturo Frondizi, President (1958–1962) :*José María Guido, Interim President (1962–1963) :*Arturo Umberto Illia, President (1963–1966) :*Military Junta, (1966) :*Juan Carlos Onganía, ''de facto'' President (1966–1970) :*Military Junta, (1970) :*Roberto M. Levingston, ''de facto'' President (1970–1971) :*Alejandro A. Lanusse, ''de facto'' President (1971–1973) :*Héctor José Cámpora, President (1973) :*Raúl Alberto Lastiri, Interim President (1973) :*Juan Perón, President (1973–1974) :*Isabel Perón, President (1974–1976) :*Jorge Rafael Videla, President of the Military Junta (1976–1981) :*Roberto Eduardo Viola, President of the Military Junta (1981) :*Horacio Tomás Liendo, ''de facto'' Acting President (1981) :*Carlos Alberto Lacoste, ''de facto'' Interim President (1981) :*Leopoldo Galtieri, ''de facto'' President of the Military Junta (1981–1982) :*Alfredo Oscar Saint-Jean, ''de facto'' Interim President (1982) :*Reynaldo Bignone, ''de facto'' President (1982–1983) :*Raúl Alfonsín, President (1983–1989) :*Carlos Menem, President (1989–1999) :*Fernando de la Rúa, President (1999–2001) ''Bolivia'' *Bolivia (President of Bolivia, complete list) – :*Mamerto Urriolagoitía, President (1949–1951) :*Hugo Ballivián, Chairman of the Military Junta (1951–1952) :*Hernán Siles Zuazo, Provisional President (1952) :*Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President (1952–1956) :*Hernán Siles Zuazo, President (1956–1960) :*Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President (1960–1964) :*René Barrientos, Chairman of the Military Junta (1964–1965) :*René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía, Co-Chairmen of the Military Junta (1965–1966) :*Alfredo Ovando Candía, Chairman of the Military Junta (1966) :*René Barrientos, President (1966–1969) :*Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas, President (1969) :*Alfredo Ovando Candía, President (1969–1970) :*Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1970 (Bolivia), Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1970, Members: Efraín Guachalla Ibáñez, Fernando Sattori Ribera, Alberto Albarracín Crespo (1970) :*Juan José Torres, President (1970–1971) :*Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1971 (Bolivia), Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1971, Members: Andrés Selich Chop (Chairmen), Hugo Banzer, Jaime Florentino Mendieta (1971) :*Hugo Banzer, President (1971–1978) :*Víctor González Fuentes, Chairman of the Military Junta (1978) :*Juan Pereda, President (1978) :*David Padilla, Chairman of the Military Junta (1978–1979) :*Wálter Guevara, Acting President (1979) :*Alberto Natusch, President (1979) :*Lidia Gueiler Tejada, Acting President (1979–1980) :*Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1980 (Bolivia), Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1980, Members: Luis García Meza Tejada, Waldo Bernal Pereira, Ramiro Terrazas Rodríguez (1980) :*Luis García Meza Tejada, President (1980–1981) :*Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1981 (Bolivia), Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1981, Members: Waldo Bernal Pereira, Celso Torrelio, Óscar Jaime Pammo (1981) :*Celso Torrelio, President (1981–1982) :*Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1982 (Bolivia), Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces 1982, Members: Natalio Morales Mosquera, Óscar Jaime Pammo, Ángel Mariscal Gómez (1982) :*Guido Vildoso, President (1982) :*Hernán Siles Zuazo, President (1982–1985) :*Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President (1985–1989) :*Jaime Paz Zamora, President (1989–1993) :*Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, President (1993–1997) :*Hugo Banzer, President (1997–2001) ''Brazil'' *Second Brazilian Republic (List of presidents of Brazil, complete list) – :*Eurico Gaspar Dutra, President (1946–1951) :*Getúlio Vargas, President (1951–1954) :*Café Filho, President (1954–1955) :*Carlos Luz, President (1955) :*Nereu Ramos, President (1955–1956) :*Juscelino Kubitschek, President (1956–1961) :*Jânio Quadros, President (1961) :*Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli, Ranieri Mazzilli, President (1961) :*João Goulart, President (1961–1964) *Brazilian military government, Brazilian Military regime (List of presidents of Brazil, complete list) – :*Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli, Ranieri Mazzilli, President (1964) :*Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, Humberto Castello Branco, President (1964–1967) :*Artur da Costa e Silva, President (1967–1969) :*Brazilian Military Junta of 1969, Military Junta: Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald, Augusto Rademaker, Aurélio de Lira Tavares, Márcio Melo, President (1969) :*Emílio Garrastazu Médici, President (1969–1974) :*Ernesto Geisel, President (1974–1979) :*João Figueiredo, President (1979–1985) *Federative Republic of Brazil (List of presidents of Brazil, complete list) – :*Tancredo Neves, President (1985) :*José Sarney, President (1985–1990) :*Fernando Collor de Mello, President (1990–1992) :*Itamar Franco, President (1992–1994) :*Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President (1995–2002) ''Chile'' *Presidential Republic (1925–1973) of Chile (List of presidents of Chile, complete list) – :*Gabriel González Videla, President (1946–1952) :*Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, President (1952–1958) :*Jorge Alessandri, President (1958–1964) :*Eduardo Frei Montalva, President (1964–1970) :*Salvador Allende, President (1970–1973) *Military Dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) (List of presidents of Chile, complete list) – :*Augusto Pinochet, President of the Junta (1974–1981), President (1974–1990) :*Jose Toribio Merino, President of the Junta (1981–1990) *Republic of Chile (List of presidents of Chile, complete list) – :*Patricio Aylwin, President (1990–1994) :*Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, President (1994–2000) :*Ricardo Lagos, President (2000–2006) ''Colombia'' *Colombia (List of presidents of Colombia, complete list) – :*Laureano Gómez Castro, President (1950–1953) :*Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, President (1953–1957) :*Colombian Military Junta, Military Junta (1957–1958) :*Alberto Lleras Camargo, President (1958–1962) :*Guillermo León Valencia, President (1962–1966) :*Carlos Lleras Restrepo, President (1966–1970) :*Misael Pastrana Borrero, President (1970–1974) :*Alfonso López Michelsen, President (1974–1978) :*Julio César Turbay Ayala, President (1978–1982) :*Belisario Betancur Cuartas, President (1982–1986) :*Virgilio Barco Vargas, President (1986–1990) :*César Gaviria Trujillo, President (1990–1994) :*Ernesto Samper Pizano, President (1994–1998) :*Andrés Pastrana Arango, President (1998–2002) ''Ecuador'' *Ecuador (List of heads of state of Ecuador, complete list) – :*Galo Plaza, President (1948–1952) :*José María Velasco Ibarra, President (1952–1956) :*Camilo Ponce Enríquez (politician), Camilo Ponce Enríquez, President (1956–1960) :*José María Velasco Ibarra, President (1960–1961) :*Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, C.J. Arosemena Monroy, President (1961–1963) :*Military Junta, Members: Ramón Castro Jijón, Luis Cabrera Sevilla, Guillermo Freile Posso, Marcos Gándara (1963–1966) :*Clemente Yerovi, Acting President (1966) :*Otto Arosemena, Interim President (1966–1967), Constitutional President (1967–1968) :*José María Velasco Ibarra, President (1968–1970), Jéfe Supremo (1970–1972) :*Guillermo Rodríguez (politician), Guillermo Rodríguez Lara, ''de facto'' President (1972–1976) :*Supreme Government Council, Alfredo Poveda, Guillermo Durán, Luis Leoro Franco (1976–1979) :*Jaime Roldós Aguilera, President (1979–1981) :*Osvaldo Hurtado, President (1981–1984) :*León Febres Cordero, President (1984–1988) :*Rodrigo Borja Cevallos, President (1988–1992) :*Sixto Durán Ballén, President (1992–1996) :*Abdalá Bucaram, President (1996–1997) :*Fabián Alarcón, Interim President (1997) :*Rosalía Arteaga, Acting President (1997) :*Fabián Alarcón, Interim President (1997–1998) :*Jamil Mahuad, President (1998–2000) :*Gustavo Noboa, President (2000–2003) ''Guyana'' *British Guiana ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1814–1966'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Guyana (1966–1970) :*Queen of Guyana, Monarch (List of heads of state of Guyana, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1966–1970) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Guyana, complete list) – ::*Forbes Burnham, Prime minister (1964–1980) *Co-operative Republic of Guyana :*President of Guyana, Presidents (List of heads of state of Guyana, complete list) – ::*Edward Luckhoo, Acting President (1970) ::*Arthur Chung, President (1970–1980) ::*Forbes Burnham, President (1980–1985) ::*Desmond Hoyte, President (1985–1992) ::*Cheddi Jagan, President (1992–1997) ::*Sam Hinds, President (1997) ::*Janet Jagan, President (1997–1999) ::*Bharrat Jagdeo, President (1999–2011) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Guyana, complete list) – ::*Forbes Burnham, Prime minister (1964–1980) ::*Ptolemy Reid, Prime minister (1980–1984) ::*Desmond Hoyte, Prime minister (1984–1985) ::*Hamilton Green, Prime minister (1985–1992) ::*Sam Hinds, Prime minister (1992–1997) ::*Janet Jagan, Prime minister (1997) ::*Sam Hinds, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Bharrat Jagdeo, Prime minister (1999) ::*Sam Hinds, Prime minister (1999–2015) ''Netherlands'' *Curaçao and Dependencies (List of monarchs of the Netherlands, complete list) – :''Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954'' :''For details see the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands under western Europe'' *Netherlands Antilles (List of monarchs of the Netherlands, complete list) – :''Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries, Constituent country 1954–2010'' :''For details see the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands under western Europe'' ''Saint Kitts and Nevis'' *Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1882–1983'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' ''Paraguay'' *History of Paraguay, Republic of Paraguay (President of Paraguay, complete list) – :*Federico Chávez, President (1949–1954) :*Tomás Romero Pereira, Tomás Romero, President (1954) *El Stronato: Paraguay (President of Paraguay, complete list) – :*Alfredo Stroessner, President (1954–1989) *Republic of Paraguay (President of Paraguay, complete list) – :*Andrés Rodríguez (politician), Andrés Rodríguez, President (1989–1993) :*Juan Carlos Wasmosy, President (1993–1998) :*Raúl Cubas Grau, Raúl Cubas, President (1998–1999) :*Luis Ángel González Macchi, Luis González, President (1999–2003) ''Peru'' *History of Peru#Alternation between democracy and militarism (1930–1979), Republic of Peru (List of presidents of Peru, complete list) – :*Manuel A. Odría, Constitutional President (1950–1956) :*Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, Constitutional President (1956–1962) :*Ricardo Pérez Godoy, President of the Military Junta (1962–1963) :*Nicolás Lindley López, President of the Military Junta (1963) :*Fernando Belaúnde Terry, Constitutional President (1963–1968) *Peruvian Military Junta, Military Junta of Peru – :*Juan Velasco Alvarado, President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (1968–1975) :*Francisco Morales Bermúdez, President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (1975–1980) *Republic of Peru (List of presidents of Peru, complete list) – :*Fernando Belaúnde Terry, Constitutional President (1980–1985) :*Alan García Pérez, Constitutional President (1985–1990) :*Alberto Fujimori, Constitutional President (1990–1992), ''de facto'' President (1992–1995), Constitutional President (1995–2000) :*Valentín Paniagua, President of Transition Government (2000–2001) ''Suriname'' *Surinam (Dutch colony), Dutch Surinam (List of monarchs of the Netherlands, complete list) – :''Dutch colony 1667–1954'' :''For details see the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands under western Europe'' *Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands) (List of monarchs of the Netherlands, complete list) – :''Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries, Constituent country 1954–1975'' :''For details see the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands under western Europe'' :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Suriname, complete list) – ::*Archibald Currie (Surinamese politician), Archibald Currie, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Johan Ferrier, Prime minister (1955–1958) ::*Severinus Desiré Emanuels, Prime minister (1958–1963) ::*Johan Adolf Pengel, Prime minister (1963–1969) ::*Arthur Johan May, Acting Prime minister (1969) ::*Jules Sedney, Prime minister (1969–1973) ::*Henck Arron, Prime minister (1973–1980) *Republic of Suriname :*Presidents (President of Suriname, complete list) – ::*Johan Ferrier, President (1973–1980) ::*Henk Chin A Sen, President (1980–1982) ::*Fred Ramdat Misier, President (1982–1988) ::*Ramsewak Shankar, President (1988–1990) ::*Ivan Graanoogst , Acting President (1990) ::*Johan Kraag, President (1990–1991) ::*Ronald Venetiaan, President (1991–1996) ::*Jules Wijdenbosch, President (1996–2000) ::*Ronald Venetiaan, President (2000–2010) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Suriname, complete list) – ::*Henck Arron, Prime minister (1975–1980) ::*Henk Chin A Sen, Prime minister (1980–1982) ::*Henry Neijhorst, Henry Roëll Neijhorst, Prime minister (1982) ::*Errol Alibux, Liakat Ali Errol Alibux, Prime minister (1983–1984) ::*Wim Udenhout, Willem Alfred Udenhout, Prime minister (1984–1986) ::*Pretaap Radhakishun, Prime minister (1986–1987) ::*Jules Wijdenbosch, Prime minister (1987–1988) ''Uruguay'' *History of Uruguay#Collapse of the Uruguayan miracle, Uruguay (List of presidents of Uruguay, complete list) – :*Luis Batlle Berres, President (1947–1951) :*Andrés Martínez Trueba, President (1951–1955) :*Luis Batlle Berres, President (National Council of Government) (1955–1956) :*Alberto Fermín Zubiría, President (National Council of Government) (1956–1957) :*Arturo Lezama , President (National Council of Government) (1957–1958) :*Carlos Fischer, President (National Council of Government) (1958–1959) :*Martín Echegoyen, President (National Council of Government) (1959–1960) :*Benito Nardone, President (National Council of Government) (1960–1961) :*Eduardo Víctor Haedo, President (National Council of Government) (1961–1962) :*Faustino Harrison, President (National Council of Government) (1962–1963) :*Daniel Fernández Crespo, President (National Council of Government) (1963–1964) :*Luis Giannattasio, President (National Council of Government) (1964–1965) :*Washington Beltrán, President (National Council of Government) (1965–1966) :*Alberto Héber Usher, President (National Council of Government) (1966–1967) :*Óscar Diego Gestido, President (1967) :*Jorge Pacheco Areco, President (1967–1972) :*Juan María Bordaberry, President (1972–1976) *Civic-Military Dictatorship of Uruguay (List of presidents of Uruguay, complete list) – :*Juan María Bordaberry, President (1972–1976) :*Alberto Demicheli, Acting President (1976) :*Aparicio Méndez, Acting President (1976–1981) :*Gregorio Conrado Álvarez, Acting President (1981–1985) *Oriental Republic of Uruguay (List of presidents of Uruguay, complete list) – :*Rafael Addiego Bruno, Acting President (1985) :*Julio María Sanguinetti, President (1985–1990) :*Luis Alberto Lacalle, President (1990–1995) :*Julio María Sanguinetti, President (1995–2000) :*Jorge Batlle, President (2000–2005) ''Venezuela'' *United States of Venezuela (List of presidents of Venezuela, complete list) – :*Germán Suárez Flamerich, Interim President (1950–1952) :*Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Provisional President (1952–1953), President (1953–1958) *Republic of Venezuela (List of presidents of Venezuela, complete list) – :*Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Provisional President (1952–1953), President (1953–1958) :*Wolfgang Larrazábal, President (1958) :*Edgar Sanabria, Interim President (1958–1959) :*Rómulo Betancourt, President (1959–1964) :*Raúl Leoni, President (1964–1969) :*Rafael Caldera, President (1969–1974) :*Carlos Andrés Pérez, President (1974–1979) :*Luis Herrera Campins, President (1979–1984) :*Jaime Lusinchi, President (1984–1989) :*Carlos Andrés Pérez, President (1989–1993) :*Octavio Lepage, Acting President (1993) :*Ramón José Velásquez, Interim President (1993–1994) :*Rafael Caldera, President (1994–1999) *History of Venezuela (1999–present), Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (List of presidents of Venezuela, complete list) – :*Hugo Chávez, President (1999–2002, 2002–2013)


Asia


Asia: Central

*Kazakhstan :*President of Kazakhstan, Presidents (List of leaders of Kazakhstan, complete list) – ::*Nursultan Nazarbayev, President (1991–2019) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, complete list) – ::*Sergey Tereshchenko, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*Akezhan Kazhegeldin, Prime minister (1994–1997) ::*Nurlan Balgimbayev, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Prime minister (1999–2002) *Kyrgyzstan :*President of Kyrgyzstan, Presidents (President of Kyrgyzstan, complete list) – ::*Askar Akayev, President (1990–2005) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan, complete list) – ::*Nasirdin Isanov, Prime minister (1991) ::*Andrei Iordan, Acting Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Tursunbek Chyngyshev, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Almanbet Matubraimov, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*Apas Jumagulov, Prime minister (1993–1998) ::*Kubanychbek Jumaliyev, Acting Prime minister (1998) ::*Boris Silayev, Acting Prime minister (1998) ::*Jumabek Ibraimov, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Boris Silayev, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*Amangeldy Muraliyev, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Prime minister (2000–2002) *Tajikistan :*President of Tajikistan, Presidents (Leaders of Tajikistan, complete list) – ::*Qadriddin Aslonov, Acting President (1991) ::*Rahmon Nabiyev, President (1991) ::*Akbarsho Iskandrov, Acting President (1991) ::*Rahmon Nabiyev, President (1991–1992) ::*Akbarsho Iskandrov, Acting President (1992) ::*Emomali Rahmon, Chairman of the Supreme Assembly (1992–1994), President (1994–present) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Tajikistan, complete list) – ::*Izatullo Khayoyev, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Akbar Mirzoyev, Prime minister (1992) ::*Abdumalik Abdullajanov, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Abdujalil Samadov, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Jamshed Karimov, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*Yahyo Azimov, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*Oqil Oqilov, Prime minister (1999–2013) *Tibet (1912–1951) (List of Dalai Lamas, complete list) – :*Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama (1950–1959) *Turkmenistan :*President (President of Turkmenistan, complete list) – ::*Saparmurat Niyazov, President (1990–2006) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Turkmenistan, complete list) – ::*Han Ahmedow, Prime minister (1991–1992) *Uzbekistan :*President of Uzbekistan, Presidents (List of leaders of Uzbekistan, complete list) – ::*Islam Karimov, President (1991–2016) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Uzbekistan, complete list) – ::*Abdulhashim Mutalov, Prime minister (1992–1995) ::*Oʻtkir Sultonov, Prime minister (1995–2003)


Asia: East

*Taiwan, Republic of China: Taiwan :*President of the Republic of China, Presidents (List of presidents of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Chiang Kai-shek, President (1950–1975) ::*Yen Chia-kan, President (1975–1978) ::*Chiang Ching-kuo, President (1978–1988) ::*Lee Teng-hui, President (1988–2000) ::*Chen Shui-bian, President (2000–2008) :*Premiers (Premier of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Chen Cheng, Premier (1950–1954) ::*Yu Hung-Chun, Premier (1954–1958) ::*Chen Cheng, Premier (1958–1963) ::*Wang Yun-wu, Acting Premier (1963) ::*Chen Cheng, Premier (1963) ::*Yen Chia-kan, Premier (1963–1972) ::*Chiang Ching-kuo, Premier (1972–1978) ::*Hsu Ching-chung, Acting Premier (1978) ::*Sun Yun-suan, Premier (1978–1984) ::*Yu Kuo-hwa, Premier (1984–1989) ::*Lee Huan, Premier (1989–1990) ::*Hau Pei-tsun, Premier (1990–1993) ::*Lien Chan, Premier (1993–1997) ::*Vincent Siew, Premier (1997–2000) ::*Tang Fei, Premier (2000) ::*Chang Chun-hsiung, Premier (2000–2002) *People's Republic of China :*Chairman of the Communist Party of China, Chairmen and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, General Secretaries of the Communist Party (List of general secretaries and chairmen of the Communist Party of China, complete list) and paramount leaders (Paramount leader, complete list) – ::*Mao Zedong, Chairman (1945–1976), Paramount Leader (1949–1976) ::*Hua Guofeng, Chairman (1976–1981), Paramount Leader (1976–1978) ::*Deng Xiaoping, Paramount Leader (1978–1989) ::*Hu Yaobang, Chairman (1981–1982), General Secretary (1982–1987) ::*Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary (1987–1989) ::*Jiang Zemin, General Secretary (1989–2002), Paramount Leader (1989–2002) :*President of the People's Republic of China, Heads of state (List of presidents of the People's Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Mao Zedong, Chairman (1949–1959) ::*Liu Shaoqi, President (1959–1968) ::*Soong Ching-ling, Acting President (1968–1972) ::*Dong Biwu, Acting President (1968–1975) ::*Zhu De, NPC Standing Committee Chairman (1975–1976) ::*Soong Ching-ling, Acting NPC Standing Committee Chairwoman (1976–1978) ::*Ye Jianying, NPC Standing Committee Chairman (1978–1983) ::*Li Xiannian, President (1983–1988) ::*Yang Shangkun, President (1988–1993) ::*Jiang Zemin, President (1993–2003) :*Premiers (List of premiers of the People's Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Zhou Enlai, Premier (1949–1976) ::*Hua Guofeng, Premier (1976–1980) ::*Zhao Ziyang, Premier (1980–1988) ::*Li Peng, Premier (1988–1998) ::*Zhu Rongji, Premier (1998–2003) *Japan :*Emperor of Japan, Emperors (List of Emperors of Japan, complete list) – ::*Hirohito, Emperor (1926–1989) ::*Akihito, Emperor (1989–2019) :*Prime Minister of Japan, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Japan, complete list) – ::*Ichirō Hatoyama, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Tanzan Ishibashi, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*Nobusuke Kishi, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Hayato Ikeda, Prime minister (1960) ::*Eisaku Satō, Prime minister (1964–1967) ::*Kakuei Tanaka, Prime minister (1972) ::*Takeo Miki, Prime minister (1974–1976) ::*Takeo Fukuda, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::*Masayoshi Ōhira, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Masayoshi Ito, Acting Prime minister (1979) ::*Zenko Suzuki, Prime minister (1980–1982) ::*Yasuhiro Nakasone, Prime minister (1982–1983) ::*Noboru Takeshita, Prime minister (1987–1989) ::*Sōsuke Uno, Prime minister (1989) ::*Toshiki Kaifu, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::*Morihiro Hosokawa, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Tsutomu Hata, Prime minister (1994) ::*Tomiichi Murayama, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*Ryutaro Hashimoto, Prime minister (1996) ::*Keizō Obuchi, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Mikio Aoki, Acting Prime minister (2000) ::*Yoshirō Mori, Prime minister (2000–2001) *North Korea :*Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, Chairman of the Workers' Party (List of heads of state of North Korea, complete list) – ::*Kim Il Sung, Chairman (1949–1966), General Secretary (1966–1994) ::*Kim Jong Il, General Secretary (1997–2011) :*Prime Minister of North Korea, Premiers (List of prime ministers of North Korea, complete list) – ::*Kim Il Sung, Premier (1949–1972) ::*Kim Il (politician), Kim Il, Premier (1972–1976) ::*Pak Song-chol, Premier (1976–1977) ::*Ri Jong-ok, Premier (1977–1984) ::*Kang Song-san, Premier (1984–1986) ::*Ri Kun-mo, Premier (1986–1988) ::*Yon Hyong-muk, Premier (1989–1992) ::*Kang Song-san, Premier (1992–1997) ::*Hong Song-nam, Premier (1997–2003) *South Korea :*President of South Korea, Presidents (List of presidents of South Korea, complete list) – ::*Syngman Rhee, President (1948–1960) ::*Yun Posun, President (1960–1962) ::*Park Chung Hee, Acting President (1962–1963), President (1963–1979) ::*Choi Kyu-hah, President (1979–1980) ::*Chun Doo-hwan, President (1980–1988) ::*Roh Tae-woo, President (1988–1993) ::*Kim Young-sam, President (1993–1998) ::*Kim Dae-jung, President (1998–2003) :*Prime Minister of South Korea, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of South Korea, complete list) – ::*Chang Myon, Prime minister (1950–1952) ::*Heo Jeong, Acting Prime minister (1952) ::*Yi Yun-yong, Acting Prime minister (1952) ::*Chang Taek-sang, Prime minister (1952) ::*Paik Too-chin, Acting Prime minister (1952–1953), Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Pyon Yong-tae, Prime minister (1954) ::*Paek Han-song, Acting Prime minister (1954) ::*Ho Chong, Prime minister (1960) ::*Chang Myon, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*Jang Do-young, Prime minister (1961) ::*Song Yo-chan, Prime minister (1961–1962) ::*Park Chung Hee, Prime minister (1962) ::*Kim Hyun-chul (politician), Kim Hyun-chul, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::*Choi Tu-son, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Chung Il-kwon, Prime minister (1964–1970) ::*Paik Too-chin, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Kim Jong-pil, Prime minister (1971–1975) ::*Choi Kyu-hah, Acting Prime minister (1975–1976), Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*Shin Hyun-hwak, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Pak Choong-hoon, Acting Prime minister (1980) ::*Nam Duck-woo, Prime minister (1980–1982) ::*Yoo Chang-soon, Prime minister (1982) ::*Kim Sang-hyup, Prime minister (1982–1983) ::*Chin Iee-chong, Prime minister (1983–1984) ::*Shin Byung-hyun, Acting Prime minister (1984–1985) ::*Lho Shin-yong, Prime minister (1985–1987) ::*Lee Han-key, Acting Prime minister (1987) ::*Kim Chung-yul, Prime minister (1987–1988) ::*Lee Hyun-jae, Prime minister (1988) ::*Kang Young-hoon, Prime minister (1988–1990) ::*Ro Jai-bong, Acting Prime minister (1990–1991), Prime minister (1991) ::*Chung Won-shik, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Hyun Soong-jong, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Hwang In-sung, Prime minister (1993) ::*Lee Hoi-chang, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Lee Yung-dug, Prime minister (1994) ::*Lee Hong-koo, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Lee Soo-sung, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*Goh Kun, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Kim Jong-pil, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Park Tae-joon, Prime minister (2000) ::*Lee Han-dong, Prime minister (2000–2002) *Mongolian People's Republic :*Heads of state (List of heads of state of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Gonchigiin Bumtsend, Chairman (1940–1953) ::*Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa, Acting Chairwoman (1953–1954) ::*Jamsrangiin Sambuu, Chairman (1954–1972) ::*Tsagaanlamyn Dügersüren, Acting Chairman (1972) ::*Sonomyn Luvsan, Acting Chairman (1972–1974) ::*Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Chairman (1974–1984) ::*Nyamyn Jagvaral, Acting Chairman (1984) ::*Jambyn Batmönkh, Chairman (1984–1990) ::*Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, Chairman (1990–1992), President (1990–1992) :*Prime Minister of Mongolia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Prime minister (1939–1952) ::*Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Prime minister (1952–1974) ::*Jambyn Batmönkh, Prime minister (1974–1984) ::*Dumaagiin Sodnom, Prime minister (1984–1990) ::*Sharavyn Gungaadorj, Prime minister (1990) ::*Dashiin Byambasüren, Prime minister (1990–1992) *Mongolia :*President of Mongolia, Presidents (List of heads of state of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, President (1992–1997) ::*Natsagiin Bagabandi, President (1997–2005) :*Prime Minister of Mongolia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Puntsagiin Jasrai, Prime minister (1992–1996) ::*Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, Prime minister (1998) ::*Janlavyn Narantsatsralt, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Nambaryn Enkhbayar, Prime minister (2000–2004)


Asia: Southeast

''Brunei'' *Brunei#British intervention, Protectorate of Brunei / Nation of Brunei (List of Sultans of Brunei, complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1888–1984'' :*Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan (1950–1967) :*Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan (1967–present) ''Cambodia'' *Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970) :*Monarchy of Cambodia, Kings (List of heads of state of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Norodom Sihanouk, King (1941–1955) ::*Norodom Suramarit, King (1955–1960) ::*Chuop Hell, Acting Head of state (1960) ::*Sisowath Monireth, Acting Head of state (1960) ::*Chuop Hell, Acting Head of state (1960) ::*Norodom Sihanouk, Prince (1960–1970) ::*Sisowath Kossamak, Queen Mother (1960–1970) :*Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Penn Nouth, Prime minister (1953) ::*Chan Nak, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Penn Nouth, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Leng Ngeth, Prime minister (1955) ::*Oum Chheang Sun, Prime minister (1956) ::*Khim Tit, Prime minister (1956) ::*Sam Yun, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*Sim Var, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Ek Yi Oun, Prime minister (1958) ::*Pho Proeung, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*Penn Nouth, Prime minister (1961) ::*Nhiek Tioulong, Prime minister (1962) ::*Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum, Prime minister (1962) ::*Norodom Kantol, Prime minister (1962–1966) ::*Lon Nol, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*Son Sann, Prime minister (1967–1968) ::*Penn Nouth, Prime minister (1968–1969) ::*Lon Nol, Prime minister (1969–1970) *Khmer Republic :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Cheng Heng, President (1970–1972) ::*Lon Nol, President (1972–1975) ::*Peter Khoy Saukam, Acting President (1975) ::*Sak Sutsakhan, Chairman of the Supreme Committee (1975) :*Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Lon Nol, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Sisowath Sirik Matak, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Son Ngoc Thanh, Prime minister (1972) ::*Hang Thun Hak, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*In Tam, Prime minister (1973) ::*Long Boret, Prime minister (1973–1975) *Democratic Kampuchea :*General Secretary of the Communist Party (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, complete list) – ::*Pol Pot, General Secretary (1963–1981) :*Heads of state (List of heads of state of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Norodom Sihanouk, President of the State Presidium (1975–1976) ::*Khieu Samphan, President of the State Presidium (1976–1979) :*Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Penn Nouth, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*Khieu Samphan, Prime minister (1976) ::*Nuon Chea, Prime minister (1976) ::*Pol Pot, Prime minister (1976, 1976–1979) *People's Republic of Kampuchea :*General Secretary (Cambodian People's Party#List of party leaders, complete list) – ::*Pen Sovan, General Secretary (1979–1981) ::*Heng Samrin, General Secretary (1981–1991) :*Heads of state (List of heads of state of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Heng Samrin, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1979–1981), Chairman of the State Council (1981–1992) :*Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Pen Sovan, Prime minister (1981) ::*Chan Sy, Prime minister (1982–1984) ::*Hun Sen, Prime minister (1985–1989) *United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia – :''List of territories governed by the United Nations, United Nations protectorate, 1992–1993'' *People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition, State of Cambodia :*General Secretary (Cambodian People's Party#List of party leaders, complete list) – ::*Heng Samrin, General Secretary (1981–1991) :*Heads of state (List of heads of state of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Heng Samrin, Chairman of the State Council (1981–1992) ::*Chea Sim, Chairman of the State Council (1992–1993) ::*Norodom Sihanouk, Head of state (1993) :*Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Hun Sen, Prime minister (1989–1993), Second Prime minister (1993) ::*Norodom Ranariddh, First Prime minister (1993) *Kingdom of Cambodia :*List of monarchs of Cambodia, Kings (List of heads of state of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Norodom Sihanouk, King (1993–2004) :*Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Norodom Ranariddh, First Prime minister (1993–1997) ::*Hun Sen, Second Prime minister (1993–1998) ::*Ung Huot, First Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Hun Sen, Prime minister (1998–present) ''East Timor'' *East Timor (President of East Timor, complete list) – :*Francisco Xavier do Amaral, President (1975) :*Nicolau dos Reis Lobato, Acting President (1975–1978) *United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor :''List of territories governed by the United Nations, United Nations protectorate, 1999–2002'' ''Indonesia'' *Liberal democracy period in Indonesia, Liberal democracy period in Indonesia :*President of Indonesia, Presidents (List of presidents of Indonesia, complete list) – ::*Sukarno, President (1945–1967) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Indonesia, complete list) – ::*Mohammad Natsir, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Soekiman Wirjosandjojo, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*Wilopo, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*Ali Sastroamidjojo, Prime minister (1953–1955, 1956–1957) ::*Burhanuddin Harahap, Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*Djuanda Kartawidjaja, Prime minister (1957–1959) *Guided Democracy in Indonesia (List of presidents of Indonesia, complete list) – :*Sukarno, President (1945–1967) *New Order (Indonesia), New Order, Indonesia (List of presidents of Indonesia, complete list) – :*Suharto, Acting President (1967–1968), President (1968–1998) *Republic of Indonesia (List of presidents of Indonesia, complete list) – :*B. J. Habibie, President (1998–1999) :*Abdurrahman Wahid, President (1999–2001) *Darul Islam (Indonesia), Islamic State of Indonesia – :*Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo, Imam (1949–1962) *United Nations Temporary Executive Authority – :''List of territories governed by the United Nations, United Nations protectorate, 1962–1963 '' *Republic of South Maluku (Republic of South Maluku#Presidents, complete list) – :*Chris Soumokil, President (1950–1966) :*Johan Manusama, President (1966–1992) :*Frans Tutuhatunewa, President (1993–2010) ''Laos'' *Kingdom of Laos :*Monarchs (List of monarchs of Laos, complete list) – ::*Sisavang Vong, King (1946–1959) ::*Sisavang Vatthana, King (1959–1975) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Laos, complete list) – ::*Phoui Sananikone, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Savang Vatthana, Prime minister (1951) ::*Souvanna Phouma, Prime minister (1951–1954) ::*Katay Don Sasorith, Prime minister (1954–1956) ::*Souvanna Phouma, Prime minister (1956–1958) ::*Phoui Sananikone, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*Sounthone Pathammavong, Prime minister (1959–1960) ::*Kou Abhay, Prime minister (1960) ::*Somsanith Vongkotrattana, Prime minister (1960) ::*Souvanna Phouma, Prime minister (1960) ::*Boun Oum, Prime minister (1960–1962) ::*Souvanna Phouma, Prime minister (1962–1975) *Laos, Lao People's Democratic Republic :*General Secretaries (General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, complete list) – ::*Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretary (1955–1991), Chairman (1991–1992) ::*Khamtai Siphandon, Chairman (1992–2006) :*Presidents (President of Laos, complete list) – ::*Souphanouvong, President (1975–1991) ::*Phoumi Vongvichit, Acting President (1986–1991) ::*Kaysone Phomvihane, President (1991–1992) ::*Nouhak Phoumsavanh, President (1992–1998) ::*Khamtai Siphandon, President (1998–2006) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Laos, complete list) – ::*Kaysone Phomvihane, Prime minister (1975–1991) ::*Khamtai Siphandon, Prime minister (1991–1998) ::*Sisavath Keobounphanh, Prime minister (1998–2001) ''Malaysia'' *Malaysia :*Elected monarchs (Yang di-Pertuan Agong, complete list) – ::*Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1957–1960) ::*Hisamuddin of Selangor, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1960) ::*Putra of Perlis, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1960–1965) ::*Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1965–1970) ::*Abdul Halim of Kedah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1970–1975) ::*Yahya Petra of Kelantan, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1975–1979) ::*Ahmad Shah of Pahang, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1979–1984) ::*Iskandar of Johor, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1984–1989) ::*Azlan Shah of Perak, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1989–1994) ::*Jaafar of Negeri Sembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1994–1999) ::*Salahuddin of Selangor, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1999–2001) :*Prime Minister of Malaysia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Malaysia, complete list) – ::*Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime minister (1957–1970) ::*Abdul Razak Hussein, Prime minister (1970–1976) ::*Hussein Onn, Prime minister (1976–1981) ::*Mahathir Mohamad, Prime minister (1981–2003) ''Myanmar / Burma'' *Post-independence Burma (1948–1962), Union of Burma :*President of Myanmar, Presidents (List of presidents of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*Sao Shwe Thaik, President (1948–1952) ::*Ba U, President (1952–1957) ::*Win Maung, President (1957–1962) ::*Ne Win, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1962–1974) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*U Nu, Prime minister (1948–1956) ::*Ba Swe, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*U Nu, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Ne Win, Prime minister (1958–1960) ::*U Nu, Prime minister (1960–1962) ::*Ne Win, Prime minister (1962–1974) *Burmese Way to Socialism, Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma :*Party Chairman (List of presidents of Myanmar#Chairmen of the Burma Socialist Programme Party (1962–1988), complete list) – ::*Ne Win, Chairman (1962–1988) ::*Sein Lwin, Chairman (1988) ::*Maung Maung, Chairman (1988) :*President of Myanmar, Presidents (List of presidents of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*Ne Win, President (1974–1981) ::*San Yu, President (1981–1988) ::*Sein Lwin, President (1988) ::*Aye Ko, Acting President (1988) ::*Maung Maung, Acting President (1988) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*Sein Win (Brigadier General), Sein Win, Prime minister (1974–1977) ::*Maung Maung Kha, Prime minister (1977–1988) ::*Tun Tin, Prime minister (1988) *Union of Burma/Myanmar :*President of Myanmar, Heads of state (List of presidents of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*Saw Maung, Chairmen (1988–1992) ::*Than Shwe, Chairmen (1992–2011) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*Saw Maung, Prime minister (1988–1992) ::*Than Shwe, Prime minister (1992–2003) ''Philippines'' *Philippines :*President of the Philippines, Presidents (List of presidents of the Philippines, complete list) – ::''History of the Philippines (1946–65), Third Philippine Republic'' ::*Elpidio Quirino, President (1948–1953) ::*Ramon Magsaysay, President (1953–1957) ::*Carlos P. Garcia, President (1957–1961) ::*Diosdado Macapagal, President (1961–1965) ::''History of the Philippines (1965–86), Fourth Philippine Republic'' ::*Ferdinand Marcos, President (1965–1986) ::''History of the Philippines (1986–present), Fifth Philippine Republic'' ::*Corazon Aquino, President (1986–1992) ::*Fidel Ramos, President (1992–1998) ::*Joseph Estrada, President (1998–2001) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of the Philippines, complete list) – ::''History of the Philippines (1965–86), Fourth Philippine Republic'' ::*Ferdinand Marcos, Prime minister (1978–1981) ::*Cesar Virata, Prime minister (1981–1986) ::*Salvador Laurel, Prime minister (1986) ''Singapore'' *Singapore :*Presidents (President of Singapore, complete list) – ::*Yusof Ishak, President (1965–1970) ::*Benjamin Sheares, President (1970–1981) ::*Devan Nair, President (1981–1985) ::*Wee Kim Wee, President (1985–1993) ::*Ong Teng Cheong, President (1993–1999) ::*S. R. Nathan, President (1999–2011) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Singapore, complete list) – ::*Lee Kuan Yew, Prime minister (1959–1990) ::*Goh Chok Tong, Prime minister (1990–2004) ''Thailand'' *Thailand :*Monarchy of Thailand, Monarchs (List of Kings of Thailand#Rattanakosin Kingdom, complete list) – ::*Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (1946–2016) :*Prime Minister of Thailand, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Thailand, complete list) – ::*Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime minister (1948–1957) ::*Pote Sarasin, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime minister (1958) ::*Sarit Thanarat, Prime minister (1957, 1958–1963) ::*Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime minister (1963–1973) ::*Sanya Dharmasakti, Prime minister (1973–1975) ::*Seni Pramoj, Prime minister (1975) ::*Kukrit Pramoj, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*Seni Pramoj, Prime minister (1976) ::*Thanin Kraivichien, Prime minister (1976–1977) ::*Kriangsak Chamanan, Prime minister (1977–1980) ::*Prem Tinsulanonda, Prime minister (1980–1988) ::*Chatichai Choonhavan, Prime minister (1988–1991) ::*Anand Panyarachun, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Suchinda Kraprayoon, Prime minister (1992) ::*Meechai Ruchuphan, Acting Prime minister (1992) ::*Anand Panyarachun, Prime minister (1992) ::*Chuan Leekpai, Prime minister (1992–1995) ::*Banharn Silpa-archa, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Chuan Leekpai, Prime minister (1997–2001) ''Vietnam'' *North Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976) :*President of Vietnam, Presidents (List of presidents of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Ho Chi Minh, President (1945–1969) ::*Tôn Đức Thắng, President (1969–1976) :*Prime Minister of Vietnam, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Ho Chi Minh, Prime minister (1945–1955) ::*Phạm Văn Đồng, Prime minister (1955–1976) *State of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1949–1955) :*General Secretaries of the Communist Party (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Trường Chinh, General Secretary (1941–1956) :*Presidents (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of state, complete list) – ::*Bảo Đại, President (1949–1955) ::*Ngo Dinh Diem, Acting President (1955) :*Prime ministers (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of government, complete list) – ::*Trần Văn Hữu, Prime minister (1950–1952) ::*Nguyễn Văn Tâm, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*Bửu Lộc, Prime minister (1954) ::*Phan Huy Quát, Prime minister (1954) ::*Ngo Dinh Diem, Prime minister (1954–1955) *South Vietnam, Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975) :*General Secretaries of the Communist Party (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Trường Chinh, General Secretary (1941–1956) ::*Ho Chi Minh, Hồ Chí Minh, General Secretary (1956–1960) ::*Lê Duẩn, General Secretary (1960–1986) :*Presidents (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of state, complete list) – ::*Ngo Dinh Diem, President (1955–1963) ::*Dương Văn Minh, President (1963–1964) ::*Nguyễn Khánh, President (1964) ::*Dương Văn Minh, President (1964) ::*Nguyễn Khánh, President (1964) ::*Dương Văn Minh, President (1964) ::*Phan Khắc Sửu, President (1964–1965) ::*Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, President (1965–1975) ::*Trần Văn Hương, Acting President (1975) ::*Dương Văn Minh, Acting President (1975) :*Prime ministers (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of government, complete list) – ::*Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Nguyễn Khánh, Prime minister (1964) ::*Nguyễn Xuân Oánh, Acting Prime minister (1964) ::*Nguyễn Khánh, Prime minister (1964) ::*Trần Văn Hương, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Nguyễn Xuân Oánh, Acting Prime minister (1965) ::*Phan Huy Quát, Prime minister (1965) ::*Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, Prime minister (1965–1967) ::*Nguyễn Văn Lộc, Prime minister (1967–1968) ::*Trần Văn Hương, Prime minister (1968–1969) ::*Trần Thiện Khiêm, Prime minister (1969–1975) ::*Nguyễn Bá Cẩn, Prime minister (1975) ::*Vũ Văn Mẫu, Prime minister (1975) *Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, Republic of South Vietnam (1975–1976) :*Heads of state (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of state, complete list) – ::*Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, Chairman of the Consultative Council (1969–1976) :*Heads of government (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of government, complete list) – ::*Huỳnh Tấn Phát, Prime minister (1975–1976) *Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present) :*General Secretaries of the Communist Party (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Lê Duẩn, General Secretary (1960–1986) ::*Trường Chinh, General Secretary (1986) ::*Nguyễn Văn Linh, General Secretary (1986–1991) ::*Đỗ Mười, General Secretary (1991–1997) ::*Lê Khả Phiêu, General Secretary (1997–2001) :*President of Vietnam, Heads of state (List of presidents of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Tôn Đức Thắng, President (1976–1980) ::*Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, Acting President (1980–1981) ::*Trường Chinh, Chairmen of the Council of State (1981–1987) ::*Võ Chí Công, Chairmen of the Council of State (1987–1992) ::*Lê Đức Anh, President (1992–1997) ::*Trần Đức Lương, President (1997–2006) :*Prime Minister of Vietnam, Heads of government (List of prime ministers of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Phạm Văn Đồng, Prime minister (1976–1981), Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1981–1987) ::*Phạm Hùng, Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1987–1988) ::*Võ Văn Kiệt, Acting Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1988) ::*Đỗ Mười, Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1988–1991) ::*Võ Văn Kiệt, Chairmen of the Council of ministers (1991–1992), Prime minister (1992–1997) ::*Phan Văn Khải, Prime minister (1997–2006)


Asia: South

''Afghanistan'' *Kingdom of Afghanistan :*Kings (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Mohammed Zahir Shah, King (1933–1973) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Shah Mahmud Khan, Prime minister (1946–1953) ::*Mohammed Daoud Khan, Prime minister (1953–1963) ::*Mohammad Yusuf (politician), Mohammad Yusuf, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, Prime minister (1965–1967) ::*Abdullah Yaqta, Prime minister (1967) ::*Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi, Prime minister (1967–1971) ::*Abdul Zahir (Afghan prime minister), Sharifi Abdul Zahir, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Mohammad Musa Shafiq, Prime minister (1972–1973) *Republic of Afghanistan (disambiguation) (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – :*Mohammed Daoud Khan, President (1973–1978) *Democratic Republic of Afghanistan :*General Secretary of the Central Committee (People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan#Leadership, complete list) – ::*Nur Muhammad Taraki, General Secretary (1965–1979) ::*Hafizullah Amin, General Secretary (1979) ::*Babrak Karmal, General Secretary (1979–1986) ::*Mohammad Najibullah, General Secretary (1986–1992) :*President of Afghanistan, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Nur Muhammad Taraki, Chairman (1978–1979) ::*Hafizullah Amin, Chairman (1979) ::*Babrak Karmal, Chairman (1979–1986) ::*Haji Mohammad Chamkani, Acting Chairman (1986–1987) ::*Mohammad Najibullah, Chairman (1987), President (1987–1992) ::*Abdul Rahim Hatif, Acting President (1992) :*Heads of government (Prime Minister of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Nur Muhammad Taraki, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1978–1979) ::*Hafizullah Amin, Prime minister (1979) ::*Babrak Karmal, Prime minister (1979–1981) ::*Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Prime minister (1981–1988) ::*Mohammad Hasan Sharq, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::*Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Fazal Haq Khaliqyar, Prime minister (1990–1992) *Islamic State of Afghanistan :*President of Afghanistan, Presidents (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Sibghatullah Mojaddedi, Acting President (1992) ::*Burhanuddin Rabbani, President (1992–1996) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani, Prime minister (1992) ::*Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Arsala Rahmani Daulat, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Prime minister (1996) *Northern Alliance of Afghanistan (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – :*Burhanuddin Rabbani, President (1996–2001) *Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001), Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan :*Supreme Leader of Afghanistan, Supreme leaders (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Mullah Omar (1996–2001) :*Prime Minister of Afghanistan, Prime ministers – ::*Mohammad Rabbani (1996–2001) ''Bangladesh'' *Bangladesh :*President of Bangladesh, Presidents (List of presidents of Bangladesh, complete list) – ::*Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President (1971–1972) ::*Syed Nazrul Islam, Acting President (1971–1972) ::*Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, President (1972–1973) ::*Mohammad Mohammadullah, Acting President (1973–1974), President (1974–1975) ::*Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President (1975) ::*Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, President (1975) ::*Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, President (1975–1977) ::*Ziaur Rahman, President (1977–1981) ::*Abdus Sattar (president), Abdus Sattar, President (1981–1982) ::*Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President (1982) ::*A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, President (1982–1983) ::*Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President (1983–1990) ::*Shahabuddin Ahmed, Interim President (1990–1991) ::*Abdur Rahman Biswas, President (1991–1996) ::*Shahabuddin Ahmed, President (1996–2001) :*Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Bangladesh, complete list) – ::*Tajuddin Ahmad, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Prime minister (1972–1975) ::*Muhammad Mansur Ali, Prime minister (1975) ::*Mashiur Rahman (politician from Rangpur), Mashiur Rahman, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Shah Azizur Rahman, Prime minister (1979–1982) ::*Ataur Rahman Khan, Prime minister (1984–1986) ::*Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury, Prime minister (1986–1988) ::*Moudud Ahmed, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::*Kazi Zafar Ahmed, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Khaleda Zia, Prime minister (1991–1996) ::*Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Prime minister (1996) ::*Sheikh Hasina, Prime minister (1996–2001) ''Bhutan'' *Bhutan :*Druk Gyalpo, Monarchs (List of rulers of Bhutan, complete list) – ::*Jigme Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo (1926–1952) ::*Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo (1952–1972) ::*Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo (1972–2006) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Bhutan, complete list) – ::*Sonam Topgay Dorji, Chief minister (1917–1952) ::*Jigme Palden Dorji, Prime minister (1952–1964) ::*Jigme Thinley, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Sangay Ngedup, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Yeshey Zimba, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''India'' *Republic of India :*President of India, Presidents (List of presidents of India, complete list) – ::*Rajendra Prasad, President (1950–1962) ::*Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, President (1962–1967) ::*Zakir Husain, President (1967–1969) ::*V. V. Giri, Acting President (1969) ::*Mohammad Hidayatullah, Acting President (1969) ::*V. V. Giri, President (1969–1974) ::*Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, President (1974–1977) ::*B. D. Jatti, Acting President (1977) ::*Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President (1977–1982) ::*Zail Singh, President (1982–1987) ::*R. Venkataraman, President (1987–1992) ::*Shankar Dayal Sharma, President (1992–1997) ::*K. R. Narayanan, President (1997–2002) :*Prime Minister of India, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of India, complete list) – ::*Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime minister (1947–1964) ::*Gulzarilal Nanda, Acting Prime minister (1964) ::*Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime minister (1964–1966) ::*Gulzarilal Nanda, Acting Prime minister (1966) ::*Indira Gandhi, Prime minister (1966–1977) ::*Morarji Desai, Prime minister (1977–1979) ::*Charan Singh, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Indira Gandhi, Prime minister (1980–1984) ::*Rajiv Gandhi, Prime minister (1984–1989) ::*V. P. Singh, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Chandra Shekhar, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime minister (1991–1996) ::*Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime minister (1996) ::*H. D. Deve Gowda, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*I. K. Gujral, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime minister (1998–2004) ''Maldives'' *First Republic of Maldives (President of the Maldives, complete list) – :*Mohamed Amin Didi, President (1952–1953) :*Ibrahim Muhammad Didi, Acting President (1953–1954) *History of the Maldives, Sultanate of the Maldives: Huraa Dynasty (List of sultans of the Maldives, complete list) – :*Muhammad Fareed Didi, Sultan (1954–1965), King (1965–1968) *United Suvadive Republic :*Abdullah Afeef, President (1959–1963) *Second Republic of Maldives (President of the Maldives, complete list) – :*Ibrahim Nasir, President (1968–1978) :*Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President (1978–2008) ''Nepal'' *Kingdom of Nepal :*King of Nepal, Kings (List of heads of state of Nepal, complete list) – ::*Gyanendra of Nepal, Gyanendra, King (1950–1951, 2001–2008) ::*Tribhuvan of Nepal, Tribhuvan, King (1951–1955) ::*Mahendra of Nepal, Mahendra, King (1955–1972) ::*Birendra of Nepal, Birendra, King (1972–2001) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Nepal, complete list) – ::*Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Prime minister (1948–1951) ::*Matrika Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*Matrika Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (1953–1955) ::*Tanka Prasad Acharya, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*Kunwar Inderjit Singh, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Subarna Shamsher Rana, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (1959–1960) ::*Tulsi Giri, Prime minister (1960–1963) ::*Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Tulsi Giri, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime minister (1965–1969) ::*Kirti Nidhi Bista, Prime minister (1969–1970) ::*Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari, Acting Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Kirti Nidhi Bista, Prime minister (1971–1973) ::*Nagendra Prasad Rijal, Prime minister (1973–1975) ::*Tulsi Giri, Prime minister (1975–1977) ::*Kirti Nidhi Bista, Prime minister (1977–1979) ::*Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime minister (1979–1983) ::*Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Prime minister (1983–1986) ::*Nagendra Prasad Rijal, Prime minister (1986) ::*Marich Man Singh Shrestha, Prime minister (1986–1990) ::*Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Prime minister (1990) ::*Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*Man Mohan Adhikari, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Sher Bahadur Deuba, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Prime minister (1997) ::*Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Pakistan'' *Dominion of Pakistan :*Monarchs – ::*
George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of I ...
, King (1947–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1952–1956) :*Prime Minister of Pakistan, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Pakistan, complete list) – ::*Liaquat Ali Khan, Prime minister (1947–1951) ::*Khawaja Nazimuddin, Prime minister (1951–1953) ::*Muhammad Ali Bogra, Prime minister (1953–1955) ::*Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Prime minister (1955–1956) *Islamic Republic of Pakistan :*President of Pakistan, Presidents (List of presidents of Pakistan, complete list) – ::*Iskander Mirza, President (1956–1958) ::*Ayub Khan (general), Ayub Khan, President (1958–1969) ::*Yahya Khan, President (1969–1971) ::*Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, President (1971–1973) ::*Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, President (1973–1978) ::*Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, President (1978–1988) ::*Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President (1988–1993) ::*Wasim Sajjad, Acting President (1993) ::*Farooq Leghari, President (1993–1997) ::*Wasim Sajjad, Acting President (1997) ::*Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, President (1997–2001) :*Prime Minister of Pakistan, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Pakistan, complete list) – ::*Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, Prime minister (1957) ::*Feroz Khan Noon, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Nurul Amin, Prime minister (1971) ::*Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Prime minister (1973–1977) ::*Muhammad Khan Junejo, Prime minister (1985–1988) ::*Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister (1988–1990) ::*Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Acting Prime minister (1990) ::*Nawaz Sharif, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*Balakh Sher Mazari, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*Nawaz Sharif, Prime minister (1993) ::*Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*Malik Meraj Khalid, Acting Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Nawaz Sharif, Prime minister (1997–1999) ''Sri Lanka'' *Dominion of Ceylon :*Monarchs – ::*
George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of I ...
, King (1948–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1952–1972) :*Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka, complete list) – ::*D. S. Senanayake, Don Stephen Senanayake, Prime minister (1947–1952) ::*Dudley Senanayake, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*John Kotelawala, Prime minister (1953–1956) ::*S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Prime minister (1956–1959) ::*Wijeyananda Dahanayake, Prime minister (1959–1960) ::*Dudley Senanayake, Prime minister (1960) ::*Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime minister (1960–1965) ::*Dudley Senanayake, Prime minister (1965–1970) ::*Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime minister (1970–1972) *Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka :*President of Sri Lanka, Presidents (List of presidents of Sri Lanka, complete list) – ::*William Gopallawa, President (1972–1978) ::*J. R. Jayewardene, Junius Richard Jayewardene, President (1978–1989) ::*Ranasinghe Premadasa, President (1989–1993) ::*Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, President (1993–1994) ::*Chandrika Kumaratunga, President (1994–2005) :*Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka, complete list) – ::*Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime minister (1972–1977) ::*J. R. Jayewardene, Junius Richard Jayewardene, Prime minister (1977–1978) ::*Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime minister (1978–1989) ::*Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, Prime minister (1989–1993) ::*Ranil Wickremesinghe, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Chandrika Kumaratunga, Prime minister (1994) ::*Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime minister (1994–2000) ::*Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime minister (2000–2001)


Asia: West

''Bahrain'' *History of Bahrain (1783–1971), Hakims of Bahrain/ State of Bahrain (King of Bahrain, complete list) – :''Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971'' :*Monarchs (King of Bahrain, complete list) – ::*Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa (1894–1961), Salman ibn Hamad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1942–1961) ::*Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Hakim (1961–1971), Emir (1971–1999) ::*Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Emir (1999–2002), King (2002–present) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Bahrain, complete list) – ::*Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime minister (1971–2020) ''Cyprus'' *British Cyprus ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1878–1960'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *Republic of Cyprus (List of presidents of Cyprus, complete list) – :*Makarios III, President (1960–1974) :*Nikos Sampson, ''de facto'' President (1974) :*Glafcos Clerides, Acting President (1974) :*Makarios III, President (1974–1977) :*Spyros Kyprianou, President (1977–1988) :*George Vasiliou, President (1988–1993) :*Glafcos Clerides, President (1993–2003) ''Iran'' *Pahlavi Iran, Imperial State of Iran :*Shahs (List of monarchs of Persia, complete list) – ::*Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah (1941–1979) *Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran :*Supreme Leaders (Supreme Leader of Iran, complete list) – ::*Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader (1979–1989) ::*Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader (1989–present) :*President of Iran, Presidents (List of presidents of Iran, complete list) – ::*Abolhassan Banisadr, President (1980–1981) ::*Mohammad-Ali Rajai, President (1981) ::*Ali Khamenei, President (1981–1989) ::*Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, President (1989–1997) ::*Mohammad Khatami, President (1997–2005) :*Prime Minister of Iran, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Iran, complete list) – ::*Mehdi Bazargan, Prime minister (1979) ::*Mohammad-Ali Rajai, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, Prime minister (1981) ::*Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Acting Prime minister (1981) ::*Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Prime minister (1981–1989) ''Iraq'' *Kingdom of Iraq :*Kings (List of kings of Iraq, complete list) – ::*'Abd al-Ilah, Regent (1939–1953) ::*Faisal II of Iraq, Faisal II, King (1939–1958) :*Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Nuri al-Said, Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958) ::*Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*Nureddin Mahmud, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*Jameel Al-Madfaai, Prime minister (1933–1934, 1935, 1937–1938, 1941, 1953) ::*Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Arshad al-Umari, Prime minister (1946, 1954) ::*Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi, Prime minister (1934–1935, 1949–1950, 1957) ::*Abdul-Wahab Mirjan, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Ahmad Mukhtar Baban, Prime minister (1958) *Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) :*President of Iraq, Presidents (List of presidents of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i, President (1958–1963) ::*Abdul Salam Arif, President (1963–1966) ::*Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz, Interim President (1966) ::*Abdul Rahman Arif, President (1966–1968) :*Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Abd al-Karim Qasim, Prime minister (1958–1963) ::*Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Prime minister (1963) ::*Tahir Yahya, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*Arif Abd ar-Razzaq, Prime minister (1965) ::*Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*Naji Talib, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*Abdul Rahman Arif, Prime minister (1967) ::*Tahir Yahya, Prime minister (1967–1968) *Ba'athist Iraq :*President of Iraq, Presidents (List of presidents of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, President (1968–1979) ::*Saddam Hussein, President (1979–2003) :*Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, Prime minister (1968) ::*Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Prime minister (1968–1979) ::*Saddam Hussein, Prime minister (1979–1991) ::*Sa'dun Hammadi, Prime minister (1991) ::*Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi, Mohammad Hamza al-Zubaidi, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::*Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Saddam Hussein, Prime minister (1994–2003) ''Israel'' *Israel :*President of Israel, Heads of state (List of presidents of Israel, complete list) – ::*Chaim Weizmann, Chairman (1948–1949), President (1949–1952) ::*Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, President (1952–1963) ::*Zalman Shazar, President (1963–1973) ::*Ephraim Katzir, President (1973–1978) ::*Yitzhak Navon, President (1978–1983) ::*Chaim Herzog, President (1983–1993) ::*Ezer Weizman, President (1993–2000) ::*Moshe Katsav, President (2000–2007) :*Prime Minister of Israel, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Israel, complete list) – ::*David Ben-Gurion, Prime minister (1948–1953) ::*Moshe Sharett, Prime minister (1953–1955) ::*David Ben-Gurion, Prime minister (1955–1963) ::*Levi Eshkol, Prime minister (1963–1969) ::*Yigal Allon, Acting Prime minister (1969) ::*Golda Meir, Prime minister (1969–1974) ::*Yitzhak Rabin, Prime minister (1974–1977) ::*Menachem Begin, Prime minister (1977–1983) ::*Yitzhak Shamir, Prime minister (1983–1984) ::*Shimon Peres, Prime minister (1984–1986) ::*Yitzhak Shamir, Prime minister (1986–1992) ::*Yitzhak Rabin, Prime minister (1992–1995) ::*Shimon Peres, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*Ehud Barak, Prime minister (1999–2001) ''Jordan'' *Kingdom of Jordan :*Monarchs (List of kings of Jordan, complete list) – ::*Abdullah I of Jordan, Abdullah I, Emir (1921–1946), King (1946–1951) ::*Talal of Jordan, Talal, King (1951–1952) ::*Hussein of Jordan, Hussein, King (1952–1999) ::*Abdullah II of Jordan, Abdullah II, King (1999–present) :*Prime Minister of Jordan, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Jordan, complete list) – ::*Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1951–1953) ::*Fawzi al-Mulki, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Sa`id al-Mufti, Prime minister (1955) ::*Hazza' al-Majali, Prime minister (1955) ::*Ibrahim Hashem, Acting Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1956) ::*Sa`id al-Mufti, Prime minister (1956) ::*Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1956) ::*Sulayman al-Nabulsi, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*Husayin al-Khalidi, Prime minister (1957) ::*Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*Hazza' al-Majali, Prime minister (1959–1960) ::*Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1960–1962) ::*Wasfi al-Tal, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::*Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1963) ::*Hussein ibn Nasser, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Wasfi al-Tal, Prime minister (1965–1967) ::*Hussein ibn Nasser, Prime minister (1967) ::*Saad Jumaa, Prime minister (1967) ::*Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1967–1969) ::*Abdelmunim al-Rifai, Prime minister (1969) ::*Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1969–1970) ::*Abdelmunim al-Rifai, Prime minister (1970) ::*Mohammad Daoud Al-Abbasi, Prime minister (1970) ::*Ahmad Toukan, Prime minister (1970) ::*Wasfi al-Tal, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Ahmad Lozi, Prime minister (1971–1973) ::*Zaid al-Rifai, Prime minister (1973–1976) ::*Mudar Badran, Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*Abdelhamid Sharaf, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Kassim al-Rimawi, Prime minister (1980) ::*Mudar Badran, Prime minister (1980–1984) ::*Ahmad Obeidat, Prime minister (1984–1985) ::*Zaid al-Rifai, Prime minister (1985–1989) ::*Zaid ibn Shaker, Prime minister (1989) ::*Mudar Badran, Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*Taher al-Masri, Prime minister (1991) ::*Zaid ibn Shaker, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::*Abdelsalam al-Majali, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*Zaid ibn Shaker, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Abdul Karim al-Kabariti, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Abdelsalam al-Majali, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Fayez al-Tarawneh, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Ali Abu al-Ragheb, Prime minister (2000–2003) ''Kuwait'' *Sheikhdom of Kuwait (List of emirs of Kuwait, complete list) – :*Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Abdullah III, Sheikh (1950–1961), Emir (1961–1965) *State of Kuwait :*Monarchs (List of emirs of Kuwait, complete list) – ::*Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Abdullah III, Sheikh (1950–1961), Emir (1961–1965) ::*Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Sabah III, Emir (1965–1977) ::*Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Jaber III, Emir (1977–2006) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Kuwait, complete list) – ::*Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Abdullah Al-Salim, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::*Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Sabah Al-Salim, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, Jaber Al-Ahmad, Prime minister (1965–1978) ::*Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Saad Al-Abdullah, Prime minister (1978–2003) ''Lebanon'' *Lebanon :*President of Lebanon, Presidents (List of presidents of Lebanon, complete list) – ::*Bechara El Khoury, President (1943–1952) ::*Fuad Chehab, Acting President (1952) ::*Camille Chamoun, President (1952–1958) ::*Fuad Chehab, President (1958–1964) ::*Charles Helou, President (1964–1970) ::*Suleiman Frangieh, President (1970–1976) ::*Elias Sarkis, President (1976–1982) ::*Amine Gemayel, President (1982–1988) ::*Selim Hoss, Acting President, Disputed (1988–1989) ::*Michel Aoun, Acting President, Disputed (1988–1990) ::*René Moawad, President, Disputed (1989) ::*Selim Hoss, Acting President (1989) ::*Elias Hrawi, President (1989–1998) ::*Émile Lahoud, President (1998–2007) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Lebanon, complete list) – ::*Riad Al Solh, Prime minister (1946–1951) ::*Hussein Al Oweini, Prime minister (1951) ::*Abdallah El-Yafi, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*Sami as-Solh, Prime minister (1952) ::*Nazem Akkari, Prime minister (1952) ::*Saeb Salam, Prime minister (1952) ::*Abdallah El-Yafi, Prime minister (1952) ::*Khaled Chehab, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*Saeb Salam, Prime minister (1953) ::*Abdallah El-Yafi, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Sami as-Solh, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*Abdallah El-Yafi, Prime minister (1956) ::*Sami as-Solh, Prime minister (1956–1958) ::*Khalil al-Hibri, Prime minister (1958) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1958–1960) ::*Ahmad Daouk, Prime minister (1960) ::*Saeb Salam, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1961–1964) ::*Hussein Al Oweini, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*Abdallah El-Yafi, Prime minister (1966) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1966–1968) ::*Abdallah El-Yafi, Prime minister (1968–1969) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1969–1970) ::*Saeb Salam, Prime minister (1970–1973) ::*Amin al-Hafez (Lebanon), Amin al-Hafez, Prime minister (1973) ::*Takieddin el-Solh, Prime minister (1973–1974) ::*Rachid Solh, Prime minister (1974–1975) ::*Nureddine Rifai, Prime minister (1975) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*Selim Hoss, Prime minister (1976–1980) ::*Takieddin el-Solh, Prime minister (1980) ::*Shafik Wazzan, Prime minister (1980–1984) ::*Rashid Karami, Prime minister (1984–1987) ::*Selim Hoss, Prime minister (1987–1990) ::*Michel Aoun, Disputed Prime minister (1988–1990) ::*Omar Karami, Prime minister (1990–1992) ::*Rachid Solh, Prime minister (1992) ::*Rafic Hariri, Prime minister (1992–1998) ::*Selim Hoss, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Rafic Hariri, Prime minister (2000–2004) ''Oman'' *Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (List of rulers of Oman, complete list) – :*Said bin Taimur, Said III, Sultan (1932–1970) *Sultanate of Oman: House of Al Said, Al Busaidi dynasty (List of rulers of Oman, complete list) – :*Qaboos bin Said, Sultan (1970–2020) ''Palestine'' *State of Palestine (President of the State of Palestine, complete list) – ::*Yasser Arafat, President (1994–2004) ''Qatar'' *Qatar :*Emirs (List of emirs of Qatar, complete list) – ::*Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani, Emir (1949–1960) ::*Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani, Emir (1960–1972) ::*Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir (1972–1995) ::*Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir (1995–2013) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Qatar, complete list) – ::*Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Khalifa bin Hamad, Prime minister (1970–1995) ::*Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Hamad bin Khalifa, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Abdullah bin Khalifa Al Thani, Abdullah bin Khalifa, Prime minister (1996–2007) ''Saudi Arabia'' *Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (List of rulers of Saudi Arabia, complete list) – :*Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1932), King of Saudi Arabia, King (1932–1953) :*Saud of Saudi Arabia, Saud, King (1953–1964) :*Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Faisal, King (1964–1975) :*Khalid of Saudi Arabia, Khalid, King (1975–1982) :*Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Fahd, King (1982–2005) ''Syria'' *Second Syrian Republic :*President of Syria, Presidents (List of presidents of Syria, complete list) – ::*Hashim al-Atassi, President (1949–1951) ::*Adib Shishakli, Acting President (1951) ::*Fawzi Selu, President (1951–1953) ::*Adib Shishakli, President (1953–1954) ::*Maamun al-Kuzbari, Acting President (1954) ::*Hashim al-Atassi, President (1954–1955) ::*Shukri al-Quwatli, President (1955–1958) :*Prime Minister of Syria, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Syria, complete list) – ::*Nazim al-Kudsi, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Khalid al-Azm, Prime minister (1951) ::*Hassan al-Hakim, Prime minister (1951) ::*Zaki al-Khatib, Prime minister (1951) ::*Maarouf al-Dawalibi, Prime minister (1951) ::*Fawzi Selu, Prime minister (1951–1953) ::*Adib Shishakli, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Sabri al-Asali, Prime minister (1954) ::*Said al-Ghazzi, Prime minister (1954) ::*Fares al-Khoury, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Sabri al-Asali, Prime minister (1955) ::*Said al-Ghazzi, Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*Sabri al-Asali, Prime minister (1956–1958) *
United Arab Republic The United Arab Republic (UAR; ar, الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between Eg ...
(1958–1961) :*President of Syria, Presidents (List of presidents of Syria, complete list) – ::* Gamal Abdel Nasser, President (1958–1961) :*Prime Minister of Syria, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Syria, complete list) – ::*Nur al-Din Kahala, Prime minister (1958–1960) ::*Abdel Hamid al-Sarraj, Prime minister (1960–1961) *Syrian Arab Republic :*President of Syria, Presidents (List of presidents of Syria, complete list) – ::*Maamun al-Kuzbari, Acting President (1961) ::*Izzat al-Nuss, Acting President (1961) ::*Nazim al-Kudsi, President (1961–1963) ::*Lu'ay al-Atassi, President (1963) ::*Amin al-Hafiz, President (1963–1966) ::*Nureddin al-Atassi, President (1966–1970) ::*Ahmad al-Khatib, Acting President (1970–1971) ::*Hafez al-Assad, President (1971–2000) ::*Abdul Halim Khaddam, Acting President (2000) ::*Bashar al-Assad, President (2000–present) :*Prime Minister of Syria, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Syria, complete list) – ::*Maamun al-Kuzbari, Prime minister (1961) ::*Izzat al-Nuss, Prime minister (1961) ::*Maarouf al-Dawalibi, Prime minister (1961–1962) ::*Bashir al-Azma, Prime minister (1962) ::*Khalid al-Azm, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::*Salah al-Din al-Bitar, Prime minister (1963) ::*Amin al-Hafiz, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Salah al-Din al-Bitar, Prime minister (1964) ::*Amin al-Hafiz, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Yusuf Zuayyin, Prime minister (1965) ::*Salah al-Din al-Bitar, Prime minister (1966) ::*Yusuf Zuaiyin, Prime minister (1966–1968) ::*Nureddin al-Atassi, Prime minister (1968–1970) ::*Hafez al-Assad, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Abdul Rahman Khleifawi, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Mahmoud al-Ayyubi, Prime minister (1972–1976) ::*Abdul Rahman Khleifawi, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::*Muhammad Ali al-Halabi, Prime minister (1978–1980) ::*Abdul Rauf al-Kasm, Prime minister (1980–1987) ::*Mahmoud Zuabi, Prime minister (1987–2000) ::*Muhammad Mustafa Mero, Prime minister (2000–2003) ''Turkey'' *Republic of Turkey :*President of Turkey, Presidents (List of presidents of Turkey, complete list) – ::*Celâl Bayar, President (1950–1960) ::*Cemal Gürsel, Chairman (1960–1961), President (1961–1966) ::*Cevdet Sunay, President (1966–1973) ::*Fahri Korutürk, President (1973–1980) ::*Kenan Evren, Chairman (1980–1982), President (1982–1989) ::*Turgut Özal, President (1989–1993) ::*Süleyman Demirel, President (1993–2000) ::*Ahmet Necdet Sezer, President (2000–2007) :*Prime Minister of Turkey, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Turkey, complete list) – ::*Adnan Menderes, Prime minister (1950–1960) ::*Cemal Gürsel, Prime minister (1960–1961) ::*Fahri Özdilek, Acting Prime minister (1961) ::*İsmet İnönü, Prime minister (1961–1965) ::*Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, Prime minister (1965) ::*Süleyman Demirel, Prime minister (1965–1971) ::*Nihat Erim, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Ferit Melen, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*Naim Talu, Prime minister (1973–1974) ::*Bülent Ecevit, Prime minister (1974) ::*Sadi Irmak, Prime minister (1974–1975) ::*Süleyman Demirel, Prime minister (1975–1977) ::*Bülent Ecevit, Prime minister (1977) ::*Süleyman Demirel, Prime minister (1977–1978) ::*Bülent Ecevit, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Süleyman Demirel, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Bülent Ulusu, Prime minister (1980–1983) ::*Turgut Özal, Prime minister (1983–1989) ::*Ali Bozer, Acting Prime minister (1989) ::*Yıldırım Akbulut, Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*Mesut Yılmaz, Prime minister (1991) ::*Süleyman Demirel, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::*Erdal İnönü, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*Tansu Çiller, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*Mesut Yılmaz, Prime minister (1996) ::*Necmettin Erbakan, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Mesut Yılmaz, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Bülent Ecevit, Prime minister (1999–2002) ''United Arab Emirates'' *Emirate of Abu Dhabi – :*Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler (1928–1966) :*Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler (1966–2004) *Emirate of Dubai – :*Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum, ruler (1912–1958) :*Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, ruler (1958–1990) *Emirate of Sharjah – :*Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II, ruler (1924–1951) :*Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1951–1965) :*Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, ruler (1965–1972) *Emirate of Ajman – :*Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi III, ruler (1928–1981) *Umm Al Quwain – :*Ahmad bin Rashid Al Mualla, ruler (1929–1981) *Emirate of Fujairah – :*Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi, ruler (1938–1975) *Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah – :*Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, ruler (1948–2010) *United Arab Emirates :*Presidents (President of the United Arab Emirates, complete list) – ::*Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President (1971–2004) :*Prime ministers (prime minister of the United Arab Emirates, complete list) – ::*Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime minister (1971–1979) ::*Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Prime minister (1979–1990) ::*Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime minister (1990–2006) ''Yemen: North'' *North Yemen: Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen :*Kings (List of heads of state of Yemen#Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970), complete list) – ::*Ahmad bin Yahya, King (1948–1962) ::*Muhammad al-Badr, King (1962) :*Prime Minister of Yemen, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Yemen, complete list) – ::*Hassan ibn Yahya, Prime minister (1948–1955) *North Yemen: Yemen Arab Republic :*President of the Yemen Arab Republic, Heads of State (List of heads of state of Yemen#Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990), complete list) – ::*Abdullah al-Sallal, President (1962–1967) ::*Abdul Rahman al-Eryani, Chairman (1967–1974) ::*Ibrahim al-Hamdi, President (1974–1977) ::*Ahmad al-Ghashmi, President (1977–1978) ::*Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi, Chairman (1978) ::*Ali Abdullah Saleh, President (1978–1990) :*Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Yemen#Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990), complete list) – ::*Abdullah al-Sallal, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::*Abdul Latif Dayfallah, Prime minister (1963) ::*Abdul Rahman al-Iryani, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Hassan al-Amri, Prime minister (1964) ::*Hamoud al-Gayifi, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Hassan al-Amri, Prime minister (1965) ::*Ahmad Muhammad Numan, Prime minister (1965) ::*Abdullah al-Sallal, Prime minister (1965) ::*Hassan al-Amri, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*Abdullah al-Sallal, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini, Prime minister (1967) ::*Hassan al-Amri, Prime minister (1967–1969) ::*Abdul Salam Sabrah, Acting Prime minister (1969) ::*Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini, Prime minister (1969) ::*Abdullah Kurshumi, Prime minister (1969–1970) ::*Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Abdul Salam Sabrah, Acting Prime minister (1971) ::*Ahmad Muhammad Numan, Prime minister (1971) ::*Hassan al-Amri, Prime minister (1971) ::*Abdul Salam Sabrah, Acting Prime minister (1971) ::*Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Kadhi Abdullah al-Hagri, Prime minister (1972–1974) ::*Hassan Muhammad Makki, Prime minister (1974) ::*Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini, Prime minister (1974–1975) ::*Abdul Latif Dayfallah, Acting Prime minister (1975) ::*Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime minister (1975–1980) ::*Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani, Prime minister (1980–1983) ::*Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime minister (1983–1990) ''Yemen: South'' *Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom#Sheikhs, complete list) – :*Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1902–1959) :*`Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1959–1967) *Upper Aulaqi Sultanate (Upper Aulaqi Sultanate#Sultans, complete list) – *Wahidi Balhaf of Ba´l Haf and `Azzan (Wahidi Balhaf#Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan, complete list) – :*Nasir ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1948–1967) :*`Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Sa`id al-Wahidi, Regent (1967) :*`Awad ibn Salih al-`Awlaqi, Sultan (1935–1967) *Emirate of Dhala (Emirate of Beihan#Emirs, complete list) – :*`Ali ibn `Ali al-`Amiri, Emir (1947–1954) :*Shafa`ul ibn `Ali al-`Amiri, Emir (1954–1967) *Wahidi Haban (Wahidi Haban#Sultans, complete list) – :*al-Husayn ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1962), Subordinate ruler (1962–1967) *Kathiri State of Seiyun – :*al-Husain ibn 'Ali al-Kathir, Sultan (1949–1967) *Lower Yafa – :*Aydarus ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1925–1958) :*Mahmud ibn Aydarus al-Afifi, ruler (1958–1967) *Upper Yafa – :*Muhammad ibn Salih ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1948–1967) *Sultanate of Lahej – :*al-Fadl V ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1947–1952) :*'Ali III ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1952–1958) :*al-Fadl VI ibn 'Ali al-'Abdali, Sultan (1958–1967) *Mahra Sultanate – :*Ahmad ibn `Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-20th century–1952) :*`Isa ibn `Ali ibn Salim Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1952–1967) *Colony of Aden ( complete list) – :''British Colony, 1937–1963'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' *South Yemen, South Yemen: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen :*General Secretary (List of leaders of South Yemen#Heads of Party, complete list) – ::*Abdul Fattah Ismail, President (1978–1980) ::*Ali Nasir Muhammad, President (1980–1986) ::*Ali Salem al Beidh, President (1986–1990) :*Heads of state (List of leaders of South Yemen#Heads of State, complete list) – ::*Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi, President (1967–1969) ::*Salim Rubai Ali, Chairmen (1969–1978) ::*Ali Nasir Muhammad, Chairmen (1978) ::*Abdul Fattah Ismail, Chairmen (1978–1980) ::*Ali Nasir Muhammad, Chairmen (1980–1986) ::*Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Chairmen (1986–1990) :*Prime ministers (List of leaders of South Yemen#Heads of Government, complete list) – ::*Faysal al-Shaabi, Prime minister (1969) ::*Muhammad Ali Haitham, Prime minister (1969–1971) ::*Ali Nasir Muhammad, Prime minister (1971–1985) ::*Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Prime minister (1985–1986) ::*Yasin Said Numan, Prime minister (1986–1990) Yemen: United *Republic of Yemen :*President of Yemen, Presidents (List of heads of state of Yemen, complete list) – ::*Ali Abdullah Saleh, Chairman of the Presidential Council (1990–1994), president (1994–2012) :*Prime Minister of Yemen, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Yemen, complete list) – ::*Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Prime minister (1990–1994) ::*Muhammad Said al-Attar, Acting Prime minister (1994) ::*Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime minister (1994–1997) ::*Faraj Said Bin Ghanem, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani, Prime minister (1998–2001)


Europe


Europe: Balkans

''Albania'' *People's Socialist Republic of Albania :*First Secretaries (Party of Labour of Albania#First Secretaries of the Party of Labour of Albania, complete list) – ::*Enver Hoxha, First Secretary (1941–1985): Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ::*Ramiz Alia, First Secretary (1985–1991) :*Chairman (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*Omer Nishani, Chairman (1944–1953): Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ::*Haxhi Lleshi, Chairman (1953–1982) ::*Ramiz Alia, Chairman (1982–1991) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Enver Hoxha, Prime minister (1944–1954): Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ::*Mehmet Shehu, Prime minister (1954–1981) ::*Adil Çarçani, Prime minister (1981–1991) *Republic of Albania :*President of Albania, President (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*Ramiz Alia, President (1991–1992) ::*Kastriot Islami, Acting President (1992) ::*Pjetër Arbnori, Arbnori, Acting President (1992) ::*Sali Berisha, Berisha, President (1992–1997) ::*Skënder Gjinushi, Gjinushi, Acting President (1997) ::*Rexhep Meidani, President (1997–2002) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Fatos Nano, Prime minister (1991) ::*Ylli Bufi, Prime minister (1991) ::*Vilson Ahmeti, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Aleksandër Meksi, Prime minister (1992–1997) ::*Bashkim Fino, Prime minister (1997) ::*Fatos Nano, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Pandeli Majko, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Ilir Meta, Prime minister (1999–2002) ''Bulgaria'' *People's Republic of Bulgaria :*General Secretary (List of heads of state of Bulgaria#General Secretaries of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1946–1990), complete list) – ::*Valko Chervenkov, General Secretary (1949–1954) ::*Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary (1954–1989) ::*Petar Mladenov, General Secretary (1989–1990) :*President of Bulgaria, Presidents (List of heads of state of Bulgaria#People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990), complete list) – ::*Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1950–1958) ::*Dimitar Ganev, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1958–1964) ::*Georgi Traykov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1964–1971) ::*Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the State Council (1971–1990), president (1990) ::*Petar Mladenov, President (1990) :*Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Bulgaria, complete list) – ::*Vulko Chervenkov, Prime minister (1950–1956) ::*Anton Yugov, Prime minister (1956–1962) ::*Todor Zhivkov, Prime minister (1962–1971) ::*Stanko Todorov, Prime minister (1971–1981) ::*Grisha Filipov, Prime minister (1981–1986) ::*Georgi Atanasov (politician), Georgi Atanasov, Prime minister (1986–1990) ::*Andrey Lukanov, Prime minister (1990) *Republic of Bulgaria :*President of Bulgaria, Presidents (List of heads of state of Bulgaria, complete list) – ::*Zhelyu Zhelev, Chairman (1990–1992), President (1992–1997) ::*Petar Stoyanov, President (1997–2002) :*Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Bulgaria, complete list) – ::*Andrey Lukanov, Prime minister (1990) ::*Dimitar Iliev Popov, Prime minister (1990) ::*Philip Dimitrov, Prime minister (1990–1992) ::*Lyuben Berov, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*Reneta Indzhova, Interim Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Zhan Videnov, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*Stefan Sofiyanski, Interim Prime minister (1997) ::*Ivan Yordanov Kostov, Prime minister (1997–2001) ''Cyprus'' *Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (List of prime ministers of Northern Cyprus, complete list) – ::*Nejat Konuk, Prime minister (1976–1978, 1983–1985) ::*Osman Örek, Prime minister (1978) ::*Mustafa Çağatay, Prime minister (1978–1983) *Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus :*Presidents (President of Northern Cyprus#List, complete list) – ::*Rauf Denktaş, President (1983–2005) :*Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Northern Cyprus, complete list) – ::*Mustafa Çağatay, Prime minister (1978–1983) ::*Nejat Konuk, Prime minister (1976–1978, 1983–1985) ::*Derviş Eroğlu, Prime minister (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010)) ::*Hakkı Atun, Prime minister (1994–1996) ''Greece'' *Kingdom of Greece: 4th of August Regime :*List of kings of Greece, Monarchy (List of heads of state of Greece, complete list) – ::*Paul of Greece, Paul, King (1947–1964) ::*Constantine II of Greece, Constantine II, King (1964–1973) :*Prime Minister of Greece, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Greece, complete list) – ::*Sofoklis Venizelos, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Nikolaos Plastiras, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*Dimitrios Kiousopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1952) ::*Alexander Papagos, Prime minister (1952–1955) ::*Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1955–1958) ::*Konstantinos Georgakopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1958) ::*Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1958–1961) ::*Konstantinos Dovas, Prime minister (1961) ::*Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1961–1963) ::*Panagiotis Pipinelis, Prime minister (1963) ::*Stylianos Mavromichalis, caretaker Prime minister (1963) ::*Georgios Papandreou, prime minister (1963) ::*Ioannis Paraskevopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Georgios Papandreou, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Prime minister (1965) ::*Ilias Tsirimokos, Prime minister (1965) ::*Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*Ioannis Paraskevopoulos, Interim Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1967) *Greek military junta of 1967–1974, Military junta of Greece (1967–1974) :*Heads of state (List of heads of state of Greece, complete list) – ::*Georgios Zoitakis, Regent (1967–1972) ::*Georgios Papadopoulos, Regent (1972–1973), President (1973) ::*Phaedon Gizikis, President (1973–1974) :*Heads of government (List of prime ministers of Greece, complete list) – ::*Konstantinos Kollias, Prime minister (1967) ::*Georgios Papadopoulos, Prime minister (1967–1973) ::*Spyros Markezinis, Prime minister (1973) ::*Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Prime minister (1973–1974) *Greece: Third Hellenic Republic, Third Republic :*President of Greece, Presidents (List of heads of state of Greece, complete list) – ::*Michail Stasinopoulos, President (1974–1975) ::*Konstantinos Tsatsos, President (1975–1980) ::*Konstantinos Karamanlis, President (1980–1985) ::*Ioannis Alevras, Acting President (1985) ::*Christos Sartzetakis, President (1985–1990) ::*Konstantinos Karamanlis, President (1990–1995) ::*Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President (1995–2005) :*Prime Minister of Greece, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Greece, complete list) – ::*Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1974–1980) ::*Georgios Rallis, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*Andreas Papandreou, Prime minister (1981–1989) ::*Tzannis Tzannetakis, Prime minister (1989) ::*Ioannis Grivas, caretaker Prime minister (1989) ::*Xenophon Zolotas, caretaker Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*Andreas Papandreou, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*Costas Simitis, Prime minister (1996–2004) ''Kosovo'' *Republic of Kosova :*Presidents (President of Kosovo#Republic of Kosova (recognised only by Albania), complete list) – ::*Ibrahim Rugova, President (1992–1999) :*Prime ministers (prime minister of Kosovo#Republic of Kosova (recognised only by Albania), complete list) – ::*Jusuf Zejnullahu, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Bujar Bukoshi, Prime minister (1991–2000) ::*Hashim Thaçi, Interim Prime minister (1999–2000) ''Yugoslavia: Serbia & Yugoslavia'' *Yugoslavia: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia :*General Secretary (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary (1945–1964), President of the Presidium (1964–1980) ::*Stevan Doronjski, President of the Presidium (1980) ::*Lazar Mojsov, President of the Presidium (1980–1981) ::*Dušan Dragosavac, President of the Presidium (1981–1982) ::*Mitja Ribičić, President of the Presidium (1982–1983) ::*Dragoslav Marković, President of the Presidium (1983–1984) ::*Ali Shukrija, President of the Presidium (1984–1985) ::*Vidoje Žarković, President of the Presidium (1985–1986) ::*Milanko Renovica, President of the Presidium (1986–1987) ::*Boško Krunić, President of the Presidium (1987–1988) ::*Stipe Šuvar, President of the Presidium (1988–1989) ::*Milan Pančevski, President of the Presidium (1989–1990) :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Ivan Ribar, President of the Presidency (1945–1953) ::*Josip Broz Tito, President (1953–1980) ::*Lazar Koliševski, President of the Presidency (1980) ::*Cvijetin Mijatović, President of the Presidency (1980–1981) ::*Sergej Kraigher, President of the Presidency (1981–1982) ::*Petar Stambolić, President of the Presidency (1982–1983) ::*Mika Špiljak, President of the Presidency (1983–1984) ::*Veselin Đuranović, President of the Presidency (1984–1985) ::*Radovan Vlajković, President of the Presidency (1985–1986) ::*Sinan Hasani, President of the Presidency (1986–1987) ::*Lazar Mojsov, President of the Presidency (1987–1988) ::*Raif Dizdarević, President of the Presidency (1988–1989) ::*Janez Drnovšek, President of the Presidency (1989–1990) ::*Borisav Jović, President of the Presidency (1990–1991) ::*Sejdo Bajramović, Acting President of the Presidency (1991) ::*Stjepan Mesić, President of the Presidency (1991) ::*Branko Kostić, Acting President of the Presidency (1991–1992) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Josip Broz Tito, Prime minister (1941–1963) ::*Petar Stambolić, Prime minister (1963–1967) ::*Mika Špiljak, Prime minister (1967–1969) ::*Mitja Ribičič, Prime minister (1969–1971) ::*Džemal Bijedić, Prime minister (1971–1977) ::*Veselin Đuranović, Prime minister (1977–1982) ::*Milka Planinc, Prime minister (1982–1986) ::*Branko Mikulić, Prime minister (1986–1989) ::*Ante Marković, Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*Aleksandar Mitrović (politician), Aleksandar Mitrović, Acting Prime minister (1991–1992) *Yugoslavia: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/ Serbia and Montenegro :*Presidents (President of Serbia and Montenegro, complete list) – ::*Dobrica Ćosić, President (1992–1993) ::*Miloš Radulović, Acting President (1993) ::*Zoran Lilić, President (1993–1997) ::*Srđa Božović, Acting President (1997) ::*Slobodan Milošević, President (1997–2000) ::*Vojislav Koštunica, President (2000–2003) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Serbia and Montenegro, complete list) – ::*Milan Panić, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Radoje Kontić, Prime minister (1993–1998) ::*Momir Bulatović, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Zoran Žižić, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina'' *Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina :*President (Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – ::*Alija Izetbegović, President (1992–1997) :*Prime ministers (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – ::*Jure Pelivan, Prime minister (1992) ::*Mile Akmadžić, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Haris Silajdžić, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*Hasan Muratović, Prime minister (1996–1997) *Bosnia and Herzegovina :*High Representatives (High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – ::*Carl Bildt, High Representative (1995–1997) ::*Carlos Westendorp, High Representative (1997–1999) ::*Wolfgang Petritsch, High Representative (1999–2002) :*Presidency (Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – ::*Chairmen of the Presidency (Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – :::*Alija Izetbegović, Chairmen (1996–1998) :::*Živko Radišić, Chairmen (1998–1999) :::*Ante Jelavić, Chairmen (1999–2000) :::*Alija Izetbegović, Chairmen (2000) :::*Živko Radišić, Chairmen (2000–2001) ::*Bosniak members of the Presidency (List of Bosniak members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – :::*Alija Izetbegović, Member (1996–2000) :::*Halid Genjac, Member (2000–2001) ::*Croat members of the Presidency (List of Croat members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – :::*Krešimir Zubak, Member (1996–1998) :::*Ante Jelavić, Member (1998–2001) ::*Serb members of the Presidency (List of Serb members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – :::*Momčilo Krajišnik, Member (1996–1998) :::*Živko Radišić, Member (1998–2002) :*Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, complete list) – ::*Haris Silajdžić, Boro Bosić, Co-Chairmen (1997–1999) ::*Haris Silajdžić, Svetozar Mihajlović, Co-Chairmen (1999–2000) ::*Spasoje Tuševljak, Chairman (2000) ::*Martin Raguž, Chairman (2000–2001) *Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia – :*Fikret Abdić, Governor (1993–1995) ''Yugoslavia: Croatia'' *Republic of Croatia :*President of Croatia, Presidents (List of presidents of Croatia, complete list) – ::*Franjo Tuđman, President (1990–1999) ::*Vlatko Pavletić, Acting President (1999–2000) ::*Zlatko Tomčić, Acting President (2000) ::*Stjepan Mesić, President (2000–2010) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Croatia, complete list) – ::*Stjepan Mesić, Prime minister (1990) ::*Josip Manolić, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Franjo Gregurić, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Hrvoje Šarinić, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Nikica Valentić, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*Zlatko Mateša, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::*Ivica Račan, Prime minister (2000–2003) *Republic of Serbian Krajina :*Presidents (Republic of Serbian Krajina#Presidents, complete list) – ::*Milan Babić, President (1991–1992) ::*Mile Paspalj, Acting President (1992–1992) ::*Goran Hadžić, President (1992–1994) ::*Milan Martić, President (1994–1995) :*Prime ministers (Republic of Serbian Krajina#prime ministers, complete list) – ::*Dušan Vještica, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Risto Matković, Acting Prime minister (1992–1992) ::*Zdravko Zečević, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Đorđe Bjegović, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Borislav Mikelić, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Milan Babić, Prime minister (1995–1995) *United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium – :''List of territories governed by the United Nations, United Nations protectorate, 1996–1998 '' ''Yugoslavia: Macedonia'' *North Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia :*Presidents (President of Macedonia, complete list) – ::*Kiro Gligorov, President (1991–1999) ::*Boris Trajkovski, President (1999–2004) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Macedonia, complete list) – ::*Nikola Kljusev, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Branko Crvenkovski, Prime minister (1992–1998) ::*Ljubčo Georgievski, Prime minister (1998–2002) ''Yugoslavia: Slovenia'' *Slovenia :*Presidents (President of Slovenia, complete list) – ::*Milan Kučan, President (1991–2002) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Slovenia, complete list) – ::*Lojze Peterle, Prime minister (1990–1992) ::*Janez Drnovšek, Prime minister (1992–2000) ::*Andrej Bajuk, Prime minister (2000) ::*Janez Drnovšek, Prime minister (2000–2002)


Europe: Baltic states

''Estonia'' *Republic of Estonia :*President of Estonia, Heads of state (Head of State of Estonia, complete list) – ::*Lennart Meri, President (1992–2001) :*Prime Minister of Estonia, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Estonia, complete list) – ::*Otto Tief, Prime minister (1945–1963) ::*Edgar Savisaar, Acting Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Tiit Vähi, Acting Prime minister (1992) ::*Mart Laar, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*Andres Tarand, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Tiit Vähi, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*Mart Siimann, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Mart Laar, Prime minister (1999–2002) ''Latvia'' *Republic of Latvia :*Presidents (President of Latvia, complete list) – ::*Guntis Ulmanis, President (1993–1999) ::*Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, President (1999–2007) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Latvia, complete list) – ::*Ivars Godmanis, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*Valdis Birkavs, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Māris Gailis, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Andris Šķēle, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*Guntars Krasts, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Vilis Krištopans, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Andris Šķēle, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Andris Bērziņš (Latvian prime minister), Andris Bērziņš, Prime minister (2000–2002) ''Lithuania'' *Republic of Lithuania :*Presidents (List of rulers of Lithuania, complete list) – ::*Vytautas Landsbergis, Chairman of the Supreme Council (1991–1992) ::*Algirdas Brazauskas, President (1992–1998) ::*Valdas Adamkus, President (1998–2003) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Lithuania, complete list) – ::*Kazimira Prunskienė, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Albertas Šimėnas, Prime minister (1991) ::*Gediminas Vagnorius, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Aleksandras Abišala, Prime minister (1992) ::*Bronislovas Lubys, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Adolfas Šleževičius, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*Laurynas Stankevičius, Prime minister (1996) ::*Gediminas Vagnorius, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*Irena Degutienė, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*Rolandas Paksas, Prime minister (1999) ::*Irena Degutienė, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*Andrius Kubilius, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Rolandas Paksas, Prime minister (2000–2001)


Europe: British Isles

''Ireland'' *Republic of Ireland :*Presidents (President of Ireland#List of presidents of Ireland, complete list) – ::*Seán T. O'Kelly, President (1945–1959) ::*Éamon de Valera, President (1959–1973) ::*Erskine Hamilton Childers, President (1973–1974) ::*Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, President (1974–1976) ::*Patrick Hillery, President (1976–1990) ::*Mary Robinson, President (1990–1997) ::*Mary McAleese, President (1997–2011) :*Taoiseachs (Irish heads of government since 1919, complete list) – ::*John A. Costello, Taoiseach (1948–1951) ::*Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach (1951–1954) ::*John A. Costello, Taoiseach (1954–1957) ::*Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach (1957–1959) ::*Seán Lemass, Taoiseach (1959–1966) ::*Jack Lynch, Taoiseach (1966–1973) ::*Liam Cosgrave, Taoiseach (1973–1977) ::*Jack Lynch, Taoiseach (1977–1979) ::*Charles Haughey, Taoiseach (1979–1981) ::*Garret FitzGerald, Taoiseach (1981–1982) ::*Charles Haughey, Taoiseach (1982) ::*Garret FitzGerald, Taoiseach (1981–1987) ::*Charles Haughey, Taoiseach (1987–1992) ::*Albert Reynolds, Taoiseach (1992–1994) ::*John Bruton, Taoiseach (1994–1997) ::*Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach (1997–2008) ''United Kingdom'' *United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland :*Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*
George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of I ...
, King (1936–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom, complete list) – ::*Clement Attlee, Prime minister (1945–1951) ::*Winston Churchill, Prime minister (1951–1955) ::*Anthony Eden, Prime minister (1955–1957) ::*Harold Macmillan, Prime minister (1957–1963) ::*Alec Douglas-Home, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Harold Wilson, Prime minister (1964–1970) ::*Edward Heath, Prime minister (1970–1974) ::*Harold Wilson, Prime minister (1974–1976) ::*James Callaghan, Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*Margaret Thatcher, Prime minister (1979–1990) ::*John Major, Prime minister (1990–1997) ::*Tony Blair, Prime minister (1997–2007)


Europe: Central

''Austria'' *Austria :*President of Austria, Federal Presidents (List of Federal Presidents of Austria, complete list) – ::*Theodor Körner (Austrian president), Theodor Körner, President (1951–1957) ::*Adolf Schärf, President (1957–1965) ::*Franz Jonas, President (1965–1974) ::*Rudolf Kirchschläger, President (1974–1986) ::*Kurt Waldheim, President (1986–1992) ::*Thomas Klestil, President (1992–2004) :*Chancellor of Austria, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Austria, complete list) – ::*Leopold Figl, Chancellor (1945–1953) ::*Julius Raab, Chancellor (1953–1961) ::*Alfons Gorbach, Chancellor (1961–1964) ::*Josef Klaus, Chancellor (1964–1970) ::*Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor (1970–1983) ::*Fred Sinowatz, Chancellor (1983–1986) ::*Franz Vranitzky, Chancellor (1986–1997) ::*Viktor Klima, Chancellor (1997–2000) ::*Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor (2000–2007) *Allied-occupied Austria :*American zone High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#American zone, complete list) – ::*Walter J. Donnelly, High Commissioner (1950–1952) ::*Llewellyn Thompson, High Commissioner (1952–1955) :*British zone High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#British zone, complete list) – ::*Harold Caccia, Baron Caccia, Harold Caccia, High Commissioner (1950–1954) ::*Geoffrey Wallinger, High Commissioner (1954–1955) :*French zone High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#French zone, complete list) – ::*Antoine Béthouart, High Commissioner (1945–1955) ::*, High Commissioner (1950–1954) ::*, High Commissioner (1954–1955) ::*, High Commissioner (1955) ::*François Seydoux de Clausonne, High Commissioner (1955) :*Soviet zone Commanders (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#Soviet zone, complete list) – ::*Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov, High Commissioner (1949–1953) ::*Ivan Ilyichev, High Commissioner (1953–1955) ''Czechoslovakia'' *Czechoslovak Socialist Republic :*General Secretaries (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia#Leaders, complete list) – ::*Klement Gottwald, General Secretary (1948–1953) ::*Antonín Novotny, General Secretary (1953–1968) ::*Alexander Dubček, General Secretary (1968–1969) ::*Gustáv Husák, General Secretary (1969–1987) ::*Miloš Jakeš, General Secretary (1987–1989) ::*Karel Urbánek, General Secretary (1989) :*President of Czechoslovakia, Presidents (List of presidents of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Klement Gottwald, President (1948–1953) ::*Antonín Zápotocký, President (1953–1957) ::*Antonín Novotný, President (1957–1968) ::*Ludvík Svoboda, President (1968–1975) ::*Gustáv Husák, President (1976–1989) :*Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Antonín Zápotocký, Prime minister (1948–1953) ::*Viliam Široký, Prime minister (1953–1963) ::*Jozef Lenárt, Prime minister (1963–1968) ::*Oldřich Černík, Prime minister (1968–1970) ::*Lubomír Štrougal, Prime minister (1970–1988) ::*Ladislav Adamec, Prime minister (1988–1989) *Czech and Slovak Federative Republic :*President of Czechoslovakia, Presidents (List of presidents of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Václav Havel, President (1989–1992) :*Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Marián Čalfa, Prime minister (1989–1992) ::*Jan Stráský, Prime minister (1992) *Czech Republic :*President of the Czech Republic, Presidents (List of presidents of the Czech Republic, complete list) – ::*Václav Havel, President (1993–2003) :*Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of the Czech Republic, complete list) – ::*Václav Klaus, Prime minister (1992–1998) ::*Josef Tošovský, Prime minister (1998) ::*Miloš Zeman, Prime minister (1998–2002) *Slovakia :*Presidents (President of Slovakia, complete list) – ::*Vladimír Mečiar, Acting President (1993) ::*Michal Kováč, President (1993–1999) ::*Rudolf Schuster, President (1999–2004) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Slovakia, complete list) – ::*Vladimír Mečiar, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Jozef Moravčík, Prime minister (1994) ::*Vladimír Mečiar, Prime minister (1994–1998) ::*Mikuláš Dzurinda, Prime minister (1998–2006) ''Germany'' *Allied-occupied Germany :*High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#American zone, complete list) – ::*John J. McCloy, High Commissioner (1949–1952) ::*Walter J. Donnelly, High Commissioner (1952) ::*Samuel Reber, High Commissioner (1952–1953) ::*James B. Conant, High Commissioner (1953–1955) :*High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#British zone, complete list) – ::*Ivone Kirkpatrick, High Commissioner (1950–1953) ::*Frederick Millar, 1st Baron Inchyra, Frederick Millar, High Commissioner (1953–1955) :*High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#French zone, complete list) – ::*André François-Poncet, High Commissioner (1949–1955) :*Commanders (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#Soviet zone, complete list) – ::*Vasily Chuikov, Chief Administrator (1949), Chairman of Control Commission (1949–1953) ::*Vladimir Semyonov (diplomat), Vladimir Semyonov, High Commissioner (1953–1954) ::*Georgy Pushkin, High Commissioner (1954–1955) *East Germany :*General Secretaries (Leadership of East Germany#Leaders of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), complete list) – ::*Walter Ulbricht, General Secretary (1950–1953), First Secretary (1953–1971) ::*Erich Honecker, First Secretary (1971–1976), General Secretary (1976–1989) ::*Egon Krenz, General Secretary (1989) :*Heads of state (Leadership of East Germany#Heads of state, complete list) – ::*Wilhelm Pieck, President (1949–1960) ::*Walter Ulbricht, Chairmen of the State Council (1960–1973) ::*Willi Stoph, Chairmen of the State Council (1973–1976) ::*Erich Honecker, Chairmen of the State Council (1976–1989) ::*Egon Krenz, Chairmen of the State Council (1989) ::*Manfred Gerlach, Chairmen of the State Council (1989–1990) ::*Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Presidents of the Volkskammer (1990) :*Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Leadership of East Germany#Heads of government, complete list) – ::*Otto Grotewohl, Chairman (1949–1964) ::*Willi Stoph, Chairman (1964–1973) ::*Horst Sindermann, Chairman (1973–1976) ::*Willi Stoph, Chairman (1976–1989) ::*Hans Modrow, Chairman (1989–1990) ::*Lothar de Maizière, Chairman (1990) *West Germany :*President of Germany, Presidents (List of German presidents, complete list) – ::*Theodor Heuss, President (1949–1959) ::*Heinrich Lübke, President (1959–1969) ::*Gustav Heinemann, President (1969–1974) ::*Walter Scheel, President (1974–1979) ::*Karl Carstens, President (1979–1984) ::*Richard von Weizsäcker, President of West Germany (1984–1990), President of reunified Germany (1990–1994) :*Chancellor of Germany, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Germany, complete list) – ::*Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor (1945–1963) ::*Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor (1963–1966) ::*Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Chancellor (1966–1969) ::*Willy Brandt, Chancellor (1969–1974) ::*Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor (1974–1982) ::*Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998) *Federal Republic of Germany :*President of Germany, Presidents (List of German presidents, complete list) – ::*Richard von Weizsäcker, President of West Germany (1984–1990), President of reunified Germany (1990–1994) ::*Roman Herzog, President (1994–1999) ::*Johannes Rau, President (1999–2004) :*Chancellor of Germany, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Germany, complete list) – ::*Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998) ::*Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor (1998–2005) ''Hungary'' *Hungarian People's Republic :*Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, General Secretaries (List of heads of state of Hungary#General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party / Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, complete list) – ::*Mátyás Rákosi, General Secretary (1948–1956) ::*Ernő Gerő, General Secretary (1956) ::*János Kádár, General Secretary (1956–1988) ::*Károly Grósz, General Secretary (1988–1989) ::*Rezső Nyers, Party President (1989) :*President of Hungary, Chairmen of the Presidential Council (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Sándor Rónai, Chairman (1950–1952) ::*István Dobi, Chairman (1952–1967) ::*Pál Losonczi, Chairman (1967–1987) ::*Károly Németh (politician), Károly Németh, Chairman (1987–1988) ::*Brunó Ferenc Straub, Chairman (1988–1989) :*Prime Minister of Hungary, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*István Dobi, Prime minister (1949–1952) ::*Mátyás Rákosi, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*Imre Nagy, Prime minister (1953–1955) ::*András Hegedüs, Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*Imre Nagy, Prime minister (1956) ::*János Kádár, Prime minister (1956–1958) ::*Ferenc Münnich, Prime minister (1958–1961) ::*János Kádár, Prime minister (1961–1965) ::*Gyula Kállai, Prime minister (1965–1967) ::*Jenő Fock, Prime minister (1967–1975) ::*György Lázár, Prime minister (1975–1987) ::*Károly Grósz, Prime minister (1987–1988) ::*Miklós Németh, Prime minister (1988–1989) *Hungary: Third Republic :*President of Hungary, Presidents (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Mátyás Szűrös, Acting President (1989–1990) ::*Árpád Göncz, President (1990–2000) ::*Ferenc Mádl, President (2000–2005) :*Prime Minister of Hungary, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Miklós Németh, Provisional Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*József Antall, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*Péter Boross, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Gyula Horn, Prime minister (1994–1998) ::*Viktor Orbán, Prime minister (1998–2002) ''Liechtenstein'' *Liechtenstein :*Monarchy of Liechtenstein, Sovereign Princes (List of monarchs of Liechtenstein, complete list) – ::*Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Franz Josef II, Prince (1938–1989) ::*Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II, Prince (1989–present) :*Heads of government (List of heads of government of Liechtenstein, complete list) – ::*Alexander Frick, Prime minister (1945–1962) ::*Gerard Batliner, Prime minister (1962–1970) ::*Alfred Hilbe, Prime minister (1970–1974) ::*Walter Kieber, Prime minister (1974–1978) ::*Hans Brunhart, Prime minister (1978–1993) ::*Markus Büchel, Prime minister (1993) ::*Mario Frick (politician), Mario Frick, Prime minister (1993–2001) ''Poland'' *Polish People's Republic :*Party leaders (Polish United Workers' Party#Party leaders, complete list) – ::*Bolesław Bierut, General Secretary (1948–1956) ::*Edward Ochab, First Secretary (1956) ::*Władysław Gomułka, First Secretary (1956–1970) ::*Edward Gierek, First Secretary (1970–1980) ::*Stanisław Kania, First Secretary (1980–1981) ::*Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary (1981–1989) ::*Mieczysław Rakowski, First Secretary (1989–1990) :*President of Poland, Chairman of the Council of State (List of heads of state of Poland, complete list) – ::*Bolesław Bierut, President (1947–1952) ::*Aleksander Zawadzki, Chairman (1952–1964) ::*Edward Ochab, Chairman (1964–1968) ::*Marian Spychalski, Chairman (1968–1970) ::*Józef Cyrankiewicz, Chairman (1970–1972) ::*Henryk Jabłoński, Chairman (1972–1985) ::*Wojciech Jaruzelski, Chairman (1985–1989), President (1989) :*Prime Minister of Poland, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Poland, complete list) – ::*Józef Cyrankiewicz, Prime minister (1947–1952) ::*Bolesław Bierut, Prime minister (1952–1954) ::*Józef Cyrankiewicz, Prime minister (1954–1970) ::*Piotr Jaroszewicz, Prime minister (1970–1980) ::*Edward Babiuch, Prime minister (1980) ::*Józef Pińkowski, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*Wojciech Jaruzelski, Prime minister (1981–1985) ::*Zbigniew Messner, Prime minister (1985–1988) ::*Mieczysław Rakowski, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::*Czesław Kiszczak, Prime minister (1989) ::*Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Prime minister (1989–1991) *Republic of Poland :*President of Poland, Presidents (List of heads of state of Poland, complete list) – ::*Wojciech Jaruzelski, President (1989–1990) ::*Lech Wałęsa, President (1990–1995) ::*Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President (1995–2005) :*Prime Minister of Poland, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Poland, complete list) – ::*Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, Prime minister (1991) ::*Jan Olszewski, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Waldemar Pawlak, Prime minister (1992) ::*Hanna Suchocka, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Waldemar Pawlak, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*Józef Oleksy, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Jerzy Buzek, Prime minister (1997–2001) ''Switzerland'' *Switzerland (List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation, complete list) – :*Eduard von Steiger, President of the Confederation (1951) :*Karl Kobelt, President of the Confederation (1952) :*Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1953) :*Rodolphe Rubattel, President of the Confederation (1954) :*Max Petitpierre, President of the Confederation (1955) :*Markus Feldmann, President of the Confederation (1956) :*Hans Streuli, President of the Confederation (1957) :*Thomas Holenstein, President of the Confederation (1958) :*Paul Chaudet, President of the Confederation (1959) :*Max Petitpierre, President of the Confederation (1960) :*Friedrich Traugott Wahlen, President of the Confederation (1961) :*Paul Chaudet, President of the Confederation (1962) :*Willy Spühler, President of the Confederation (1963) :*Ludwig von Moos, President of the Confederation (1964) :*Hans-Peter Tschudi, President of the Confederation (1965) :*Hans Schaffner, President of the Confederation (1966) :*Roger Bonvin, President of the Confederation (1967) :*Willy Spühler, President of the Confederation (1968) :*Ludwig von Moos, President of the Confederation (1969) :*Hans-Peter Tschudi, President of the Confederation (1970) :*Rudolf Gnägi, President of the Confederation (1971) :*Nello Celio, President of the Confederation (1972) :*Roger Bonvin, President of the Confederation (1973) :*Ernst Brugger, President of the Confederation (1974) :*Pierre Graber, President of the Confederation (1975) :*Rudolf Gnägi, President of the Confederation (1976) :*Kurt Furgler, President of the Confederation (1977) :*Willi Ritschard, President of the Confederation (1978) :*Hans Hürlimann, President of the Confederation (1979) :*Georges-André Chevallaz, President of the Confederation (1980) :*Kurt Furgler, President of the Confederation (1981) :*Fritz Honegger, President of the Confederation (1982) :*Pierre Aubert, President of the Confederation (1983) :*Leon Schlumpf, President of the Confederation (1984) :*Kurt Furgler, President of the Confederation (1985) :*Alphons Egli, President of the Confederation (1986) :*Pierre Aubert, President of the Confederation (1987) :*Otto Stich, President of the Confederation (1988) :*Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, President of the Confederation (1989) :*Arnold Koller, President of the Confederation (1990) :*Flavio Cotti, President of the Confederation (1991) :*René Felber, President of the Confederation (1992) :*Adolf Ogi, President of the Confederation (1993) :*Otto Stich, President of the Confederation (1994) :*Kaspar Villiger, President of the Confederation (1995) :*Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, President of the Confederation (1996) :*Arnold Koller, President of the Confederation (1997) :*Flavio Cotti, President of the Confederation (1998) :*Ruth Dreifuss, President of the Confederation (1999) :*Adolf Ogi, President of the Confederation (2000)


Europe: East

''Belarus'' *Republic of Belarus :*President of Belarus, Heads of state (List of national leaders of Belarus#Republic of Belarus (1991–present), complete list) – ::*Stanislau Shushkevich, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1991–1994) ::*Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Kuznetsov, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1994) ::*Myechyslaw Hryb, Acting Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1994) ::*Alexander Lukashenko, President (1994–present) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Belarus, complete list) – ::*Vyacheslav Kebich, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*Mikhail Chigir, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*Sergey Ling, Prime minister (1996–2000) ::*Vladimir Yermoshin, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Moldova'' *Republic of Moldova :*President of Moldova, Presidents (President of Moldova#List of presidents of Moldova, complete list) – ::*Mircea Snegur, President (1990–1997) ::*Petru Lucinschi, President (1997–2001) :*Prime Minister of Moldova, Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Moldova#List of prime ministers of Moldova, complete list) – ::*Valeriu Muravschi, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Andrei Sangheli, Prime minister (1992–1997) ::*Ion Ciubuc, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Serafim Urechean, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*Ion Sturza, Prime minister (1999) ::*Dumitru Braghiș, Prime minister (1999–2001) *Transnistria :*Heads of State (President of Transnistria#Head of State, complete list) – ::*Igor Smirnov (politician), Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Soviet (1990), of the Republic (1990–1991) ::*Andrey Manoylov, Acting Chairman of the Republic (1991) ::*Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Republic (1991), President (1991–2011) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Transnistria#List of prime ministers of Transnistria, complete list) – ::*Statnislav Moroz, Acting Prime minister (1990) ''Romania'' *Socialist Republic of Romania :*General Secretaries (Romanian Communist Party#General Secretaries (1921–1989), complete list) – ::*Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary (1944–1954) ::*Gheorghe Apostol, General Secretary (1954–1955) ::*Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary (1955–1965) ::*Nicolae Ceaușescu, General Secretary (1965–1989) :*President of Romania, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Romania, complete list) – ::*Constantin Ion Parhon, President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952) ::*Nicolae Ceaușescu, President of the State Council (1967–1974), President (1974–1989) :*Prime Minister of Romania, Presidents of the council of ministers (List of prime ministers of Romania, complete list) – ::*Petru Groza, Prime minister (1947–1952) ::*Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Prime minister (1952–1955) ::*Chivu Stoica, Prime minister (1955–1961) ::*Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Prime minister (1961–1974) ::*Manea Mănescu, Prime minister (1974–1979) ::*Ilie Verdeț, Prime minister (1979–1982) ::*Constantin Dăscălescu, Prime minister (1982–1989) *Republic of Romania :*President of Romania, Presidents (List of heads of state of Romania, complete list) – ::*Ion Iliescu, President (1989–1996) ::*Emil Constantinescu, President (1996–2000) ::*Ion Iliescu, President (2000–2004) :*Prime Minister of Romania, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Romania, complete list) – ::*Petre Roman, Acting Prime minister (1989–1990), Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Theodor Stolojan, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Nicolae Văcăroiu, Prime minister (1992–1996) ::*Victor Ciorbea, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*Gavril Dejeu, Interim Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Radu Vasile, Prime minister (1999) ::*Alexandru Athanasiu, Interim Prime minister (1999) ::*Mugur Isărescu, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Adrian Năstase, Prime minister (2000–2004) ''Russia'' *Soviet Union :*General Secretary (General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union#List of chief secretaries, complete list) – ::*Nikita Khrushchev, General Secretary (1953–1964) ::*Leonid Brezhnev, First Secretary (1964–1966), General Secretary (1966–1982) ::*Yuri Andropov, General Secretary (1982–1984) ::*Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary (1984–1985) ::*Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary (1985–1991) :*Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Heads of state (List of heads of state of the Soviet Union, complete list) – ::*Nikolay Shvernik, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1946–1953) ::*Kliment Voroshilov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1953–1960) ::*Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1960–1964) ::*Anastas Mikoyan, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1964–1965) ::*Nikolai Podgorny, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1965–1977) ::*Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1977–1982) ::*Yuri Andropov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1983–1984) ::*Konstantin Chernenko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1984–1985) ::*Andrei Gromyko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988) ::*Mikhail Gorbachev, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1988–1990), president (1990–1991) :*Heads of governments (Premier of the Soviet Union, complete list) – ::*Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1953) ::*Georgy Malenkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1953–1955) ::*Nikolai Bulganin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1955–1958) ::*Nikita Khrushchev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1958–1964) ::*Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1964–1980) ::*Nikolai Tikhonov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1980–1985) ::*Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1985–1991) ::*Valentin Pavlov, Prime minister (1991) ::*Ivan Silayev, Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee (1991) *Russia :*President of Russia, Presidents (List of presidents of Russia, complete list) – ::*Boris Yeltsin, President (1991–1999) ::*Vladimir Putin, Acting President (1999–2000), President (2000–2008) :*Prime Minister of Russia, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Russia, complete list) – ::*Boris Yeltsin, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Viktor Chernomyrdin, Prime minister (1992–1998) ::*Sergey Kiriyenko, Prime minister (1998) ::*Yevgeny Primakov, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Sergei Stepashin, Prime minister (1999) ::*Vladimir Putin, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Mikhail Kasyanov, Prime minister (2000–2004) *Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (President of Ichkeria, complete list) – :*Dzhokhar Dudayev, President (1991–1996) :*Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, President (1996–1997) :*Aslan Maskhadov, President (1997–2000) ''Ukraine'' *Ukraine :*President of Ukraine, Presidents (List of presidents of Ukraine, complete list) – ::*Leonid Kravchuk, President (1991–1994) ::*Leonid Kuchma, President (1994–2005) :*Prime Minister of Ukraine, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Ukraine, complete list) – ::*Vitold Fokin, Acting Prime minister (1990–1991), Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Valentyn Symonenko, Acting Prime minister (1992) ::*Leonid Kuchma, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Yukhym Zvyahilsky, Acting Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Vitaliy Masol, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Yevhen Marchuk, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Pavlo Lazarenko, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Vasyl Durdynets, Acting Prime minister (1997) ::*Valeriy Pustovoitenko, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Viktor Yushchenko, Prime minister (1999–2001)


Europe: Nordic

''Denmark'' *Denmark :*Monarchy of Denmark, Monarchs (List of Danish monarchs, complete list) – ::*Frederick IX of Denmark, Frederik IX, King (1947–1972) ::*Margrethe II of Denmark, Margrethe II, Queen (1972–present) :*Prime Minister of Denmark, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Denmark, complete list) – ::*Erik Eriksen, Prime minister (1950–1953) ::*Hans Hedtoft, Prime minister (1953–1955) ::*H. C. Hansen, Prime minister (1955–1960) ::*Viggo Kampmann, Prime minister (1960–1962) ::*Jens Otto Krag, Prime minister (1962–1968) ::*Hilmar Baunsgaard, Prime minister (1968–1971) ::*Jens Otto Krag, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Anker Jørgensen, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*Poul Hartling, Prime minister (1973–1975) ::*Anker Jørgensen, Prime minister (1975–1982) ::*Poul Schlüter, Prime minister (1982–1993) ::*Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Prime minister (1993–2001) ''Finland'' *Finland :*President of Finland, Presidents (List of presidents of Finland, complete list) – ::*Juho Kusti Paasikivi, President (1946–1956) ::*Urho Kekkonen, President (1956–1982) ::*Mauno Koivisto, President (1982–1994) ::*Martti Ahtisaari, President (1994–2000) ::*Tarja Halonen, President (2000–2012) :*Prime Minister of Finland, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Finland, complete list) – ::*Urho Kekkonen, Prime minister (1950–1953) ::*Sakari Tuomioja, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Ralf Törngren, Prime minister (1954) ::*Urho Kekkonen, Prime minister (1954–1956) ::*Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*V. J. Sukselainen, Prime minister (1957) ::*Rainer von Fieandt, Prime minister (1957) ::*Reino Kuuskoski, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*V. J. Sukselainen, Prime minister (1959–1961) ::*Martti Miettunen, Prime minister (1961–1962) ::*Ahti Karjalainen, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::*Reino Ragnar Lehto, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*Johannes Virolainen, Prime minister (1964–1966) ::*Rafael Paasio, Prime minister (1966–1968) ::*Mauno Koivisto, Prime minister (1968–1970) ::*Teuvo Aura, Prime minister (1970) ::*Ahti Karjalainen, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Teuvo Aura, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Rafael Paasio, Prime minister (1972) ::*Kalevi Sorsa, Prime minister (1972–1975) ::*Keijo Liinamaa, Prime minister (1975) ::*Martti Miettunen, Prime minister (1975–1977) ::*Kalevi Sorsa, Prime minister (1977–1979) ::*Mauno Koivisto, Prime minister (1979–1982) ::*Kalevi Sorsa, Prime minister (1982–1987) ::*Harri Holkeri, Prime minister (1987–1991) ::*Esko Aho, Prime minister (1991–1995) ::*Paavo Lipponen, Prime minister (1995–2003) ''Iceland'' *Iceland :*Presidents (President of Iceland#List of presidents, complete list) – ::*Sveinn Björnsson, President (1944–1952) ::*Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, President (1952–1968) ::*Kristján Eldjárn, President (1968–1980) ::*Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President (1980–1996) ::*Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President (1996–2016) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Iceland, complete list) – ::*Steingrímur Steinþórsson, Prime minister (1950–1953) ::*Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1953–1956) ::*Hermann Jónasson, Prime minister (1956–1958) ::*Emil Jónsson, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1959–1963) ::*Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908), Bjarni Benediktsson, Prime minister (1963–1970) ::*Jóhann Hafstein, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*Ólafur Jóhannesson, Prime minister (1971–1974) ::*Geir Hallgrímsson, Prime minister (1974–1978) ::*Ólafur Jóhannesson, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Benedikt Sigurðsson Gröndal, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Gunnar Thoroddsen, Prime minister (1980–1983) ::*Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime minister (1983–1987) ::*Þorsteinn Pálsson, Prime minister (1987–1988) ::*Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime minister (1988–1991) ::*Davíð Oddsson, Prime minister (1991–2004) ''Norway'' *Norway :*Monarchy of Norway, Monarchs (List of Norwegian monarchs, complete list) – ::*Haakon VII of Norway, Haakon VII, King (1905–1957) ::*Olav V of Norway, Olav V, King (1957–1991) ::*Harald V of Norway, Harald V, King (1991–present) :*Prime Minister of Norway, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Norway, complete list) – ::*Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1945–1951) ::*Oscar Torp, Prime minister (1951–1955) ::*Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1955–1963) ::*John Lyng, Prime minister (1963) ::*Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*Per Borten, Prime minister (1965–1971) ::*Trygve Bratteli, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Lars Korvald, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*Trygve Bratteli, Prime minister (1973–1976) ::*Odvar Nordli, Prime minister (1976–1981) ::*Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime minister (1981) ::*Kåre Willoch, Prime minister (1981–1986) ::*Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime minister (1986–1989) ::*Jan P. Syse, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime minister (1990–1996) ::*Thorbjørn Jagland, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*Jens Stoltenberg, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Sweden'' *Sweden :*Monarchy of Sweden, Monarchs (List of Swedish monarchs, complete list) – ::*Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, Gustaf VI Adolf, King (1950–1973) ::*Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, King (1973–present) :*Prime Minister of Sweden, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Sweden, complete list) – ::*Tage Erlander, Prime minister (1946–1969) ::*Olof Palme, Prime minister (1969–1976) ::*Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::*Ola Ullsten, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime minister (1979–1982) ::*Olof Palme, Prime minister (1982–1986) ::*Ingvar Carlsson, Prime minister (1986–1991) ::*Carl Bildt, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*Ingvar Carlsson, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*Göran Persson, Prime minister (1996–2006)


Europe: Southcentral

''Italy'' *Italy :*President of Italy, Presidents (List of presidents of Italy, complete list) – ::*Luigi Einaudi, President (1948–1955) ::*Giovanni Gronchi, President (1955–1962) ::*Antonio Segni, President (1962–1964) ::*Giuseppe Saragat, President (1964–1971) ::*Giovanni Leone, President (1971–1978) ::*Sandro Pertini, President (1978–1985) ::*Francesco Cossiga, President (1985–1992) ::*Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, President (1992–1999) ::*Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President (1999–2006) :*Prime Minister of Italy, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Italy, complete list) – ::*Alcide De Gasperi, Prime minister (1946–1953) ::*Giuseppe Pella, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1954) ::*Mario Scelba, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Antonio Segni, Prime minister (1955–1957) ::*Adone Zoli, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*Antonio Segni, Prime minister (1959–1960) ::*Fernando Tambroni, Prime minister (1960) ::*Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1960–1963) ::*Giovanni Leone, Prime minister (1963) ::*Aldo Moro, Prime minister (1963–1968) ::*Giovanni Leone, Prime minister (1968) ::*Mariano Rumor, Prime minister (1968–1970) ::*Emilio Colombo, Prime minister (1970–1972) ::*Giulio Andreotti, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*Mariano Rumor, Prime minister (1973–1974) ::*Aldo Moro, Prime minister (1974–1976) ::*Giulio Andreotti, Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*Francesco Cossiga, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Arnaldo Forlani, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*Giovanni Spadolini, Prime minister (1981–1982) ::*Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1982–1983) ::*Bettino Craxi, Prime minister (1983–1987) ::*Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1987) ::*Giovanni Goria, Prime minister (1987–1988) ::*Ciriaco De Mita, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::*Giulio Andreotti, Prime minister (1989–1992) ::*Giuliano Amato, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Silvio Berlusconi, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Lamberto Dini, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Romano Prodi, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*Massimo D'Alema, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Giuliano Amato, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Malta'' *Crown Colony of Malta ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1813–1964'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *State of Malta :*Queen of Malta, Monarchs (List of heads of state of Malta, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1964–1974) :*Prime Minister of Malta, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Malta, complete list) – ::*Giorgio Borġ Olivier, Prime minister (1962–1971) ::*Dom Mintoff, Prime minister (1971–1984) *Republic of Malta :*President of Malta, Presidents (List of heads of state of Malta, complete list) – ::*Anthony Mamo, President (1974–1976) ::*Anton Buttigieg, President (1976–1981) ::*Albert Hyzler, Acting President (1981–1982) ::*Agatha Barbara, President (1982–1987) ::*Paul Xuereb, Acting President (1987–1989) ::*Ċensu Tabone, President (1989–1994) ::*Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, President (1994–1999) ::*Guido de Marco, President (1999–2004) :*Prime Minister of Malta, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Malta, complete list) – ::*Dom Mintoff, Prime minister (1971–1984) ::*Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, Prime minister (1984–1987) ::*Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime minister (1987–1996) ::*Alfred Sant, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime minister (1998–2004) ''San Marino'' *San Marino :*Captains Regent (List of Captains Regent of San Marino, 1900–present) – ::*Marino Della Balda, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1950–1951) ::*Alvaro Casali, Romolo Giacomini, Captains Regent (1951) ::*Domenico Forcellini, Giovanni Terenzi, Captains Regent (1951–1952) ::*Domenico Morganti, Mariano Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1952) ::*Arnaldo Para, Eugenio Bernardini, Captains Regent (1952–1953) ::*Vincenzo Pedini, Alberto Reffi, Captains Regent (1953) ::*Giordano Giacomini, Giuseppe Renzi, Captains Regent (1953–1954) ::*Giuseppe Forcellini, Secondo Fiorini, Captains Regent (1954) ::*Agostino Giacomini, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1954–1955) ::*Domenico Forcellini, Vittorio Meloni, Captains Regent (1955) ::*Primo Bugli, Giuseppe Maiani, Captains Regent (1955–1956) ::*Mario Nanni, Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1956) ::*Mariano Ceccoli, Eugenio Bernardini, Captains Regent (1956–1957) ::*Giordano Giacomini, Primo Marani, Captains Regent (1957) ::*Federico Bigi, Alvaro Casali, Pietro Giancecchi, Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti, Provisional Captains Regent (1957) ::*Marino Valdes Franciosi, Federico Micheloni, Captains Regent (1957–1958) ::*Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti, Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1958) ::*Domenico Forcellini, Pietro Reffi, Captains Regent (1958–1959) ::*Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1959) ::*Giuseppe Forcellini, Ferruccio Piva, Captains Regent (1959–1960) ::*Alvaro Casali, Gino Vannucci, Captains Regent (1960) ::*Eugenio Reffi, Pietro Giancecchi, Captains Regent (1960–1961) ::*Federico Micheloni, Giancarlo Ghironzi, Captains Regent (1961) ::*Giovanni Vito Marcucci, Pio Galassi, Captains Regent (1961–1962) ::*Domenico Forcellini, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1962) ::*Antonio Maria Morganti, Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1962–1963) ::*Leonida Suzzi Valli, Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1963) ::*Giovan Luigi Franciosi, Domenico Bollini, Captains Regent (1963–1964) ::*Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Eusebio Reffi, Captains Regent (1964) ::*Giuseppe Micheloni, Pier Marino Mularoni, Captains Regent (1964–1965) ::*Ferruccio Piva, Federico Carattoni, Captains Regent (1965) ::*Alvaro Casali, Pietro Reffi, Captains Regent (1965–1966) ::*Francesco Valli, Emilio Della Balda, Captains Regent (1966) ::*Giovanni Vito Marcucci, Francesco Maria Francini, Captains Regent (1966–1967) ::*Vittorio Rossini, Alberto Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1967) ::*Domenico Forcellini, Romano Michelotti, Captains Regent (1967–1968) ::*Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Dante Rossi (San Marino), Dante Rossi, Captains Regent (1968) ::*Pietro Giancecchi, Aldo Zavoli, Captains Regent (1968–1969) ::*Ferruccio Piva, Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1969) ::*Alvaro Casali, Giancarlo Ghironzi, Captains Regent (1969–1970) ::*Francesco Valli, Eusebio Reffi, Captains Regent (1970) ::*Simone Rossini, Giuseppe Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1970–1971) ::*Luigi Lonfernini, Attilio Montanari, Captains Regent (1971) ::*Federico Carattoni, Marino Vagnetti, Captains Regent (1971–1972) ::*Marino Benedetto Belluzzi, Giuseppe Micheloni, Captains Regent (1972) ::*Rosolino Martelli, Bruno Casali, Captains Regent (1972–1973) ::*Francesco Maria Francini, Primo Bugli, Captains Regent (1973) ::*Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari, Giovan Luigi Franciosi, Captains Regent (1973–1974) ::*Ferruccio Piva, Giordano Bruno Reffi, Captains Regent (1974) ::*Francesco Valli, Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1974–1975) ::*Alberto Cecchetti, Michele Righi, Captains Regent (1975) ::*Giovanni Vito Marcucci, Giuseppe Della Balda, Captains Regent (1975–1976) ::*Clelio Galassi, Marino Venturini, Captains Regent (1976) ::*Primo Bugli, Virgilio Cardelli, Captains Regent (1976–1977) ::*Alberto Lonfernini, Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari, Captains Regent (1977) ::*Giordano Bruno Reffi, Tito Masi, Captains Regent (1977–1978) ::*Francesco Valli, Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1978) ::*Ermenegildo Gasperoni, Adriano Reffi, Captains Regent (1978–1979) ::*Marino Bollini, Lino Celli, Captains Regent (1979) ::*Giuseppe Amici, Germano De Biagi, Captains Regent (1979–1980) ::*Pietro Chiaruzzi, Primo Marani, Captains Regent (1980) ::*Giancarlo Berardi (politician), Giancarlo Berardi, Rossano Zafferani, Captains Regent (1980–1981) ::*Gastone Pasolini, Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini, Captains Regent (1981) ::*Mario Rossi (Captain Regent), Mario Rossi, Ubaldo Biordi, Captains Regent (1981–1982) ::*Giuseppe Maiani, Marino Venturini, Captains Regent (1982) ::*Libero Barulli, Maurizio Gobbi, Captains Regent (1982–1983) ::*Adriano Reffi, Massimo Roberto Rossini, Captains Regent (1983) ::*Renzo Renzi, Germano De Biagi, Captains Regent (1983–1984) ::*Gloriana Ranocchini, Giorgio Crescentini, Captains Regent (1984) ::*Marino Bollini, Giuseppe Amici, Captains Regent (1984–1985) ::*Enzo Colombini, Severiano Tura, Captains Regent (1985) ::*Pier Paolo Gasperoni, Ubaldo Biordi, Captains Regent (1985–1986) ::*Marino Venturini, Ariosto Maiani, Captains Regent (1986) ::*Giuseppe Arzilli, Maurizio Tomassoni, Captains Regent (1986–1987) ::*Renzo Renzi, Carlo Franciosi, Captains Regent (1987) ::*Rossano Zafferani, Gianfranco Terenzi, Captains Regent (1987–1988) ::*Umberto Barulli, Rosolino Martelli, Captains Regent (1988) ::*Luciano Cardelli, Reves Salvatori, Captains Regent (1988–1989) ::*Mauro Fiorini, Marino Vagnetti, Captains Regent (1989) ::*Gloriana Ranocchini, Leo Achilli, Captains Regent (1989–1990) ::*Adalmiro Bartolini, Ottaviano Rossi, Captains Regent (1990) ::*Cesare Gasperoni, Roberto Bucci, Captains Regent (1990–1991) ::*Domenico Bernardini, Claudio Podeschi, Captains Regent (1991) ::*Edda Ceccoli, Marino Riccardi, Captains Regent (1991–1992) ::*Germano De Biagi, Ernesto Benedettini, Captains Regent (1992) ::*Romeo Morri, Marino Zanotti, Captains Regent (1992–1993) ::*Patrizia Busignani, Salvatore Tonelli, Captains Regent (1993) ::*Gian Luigi Berti, Paride Andreoli, Captains Regent (1993–1994) ::*Alberto Cecchetti, Fausto Mularoni, Captains Regent (1994) ::*Renzo Ghiotti, Luciano Ciavatta, Captains Regent (1994–1995) ::*Marino Bollini, Settimio Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1995) ::*Pier Natalino Mularoni, Marino Venturini, Captains Regent (1995–1996) ::*Pier Paolo Gasperoni, Pietro Bugli, Captains Regent (1996) ::*Maurizio Rattini, Gian Carlo Venturini, Captains Regent (1996–1997) ::*Paride Andreoli, Pier Marino Mularoni, Captains Regent (1997) ::*Luigi Mazza, Marino Zanotti, Captains Regent (1997–1998) ::*Alberto Cecchetti, Loris Francini, Captains Regent (1998) ::*Pietro Berti, Paolo Bollini, Captains Regent (1998–1999) ::*Antonello Bacciocchi, Rosa Zafferani, Captains Regent (1999) ::*Marino Bollini, Giuseppe Arzilli, Captains Regent (1999–2000) ::*Maria Domenica Michelotti, Gian Marco Marcucci, Captains Regent (2000) ::*Gianfranco Terenzi, Enzo Colombini, Captains Regent (2000–2001) ''Vatican'' *Vatican City :*Pope, Sovereign (List of sovereigns of Vatican City State, complete list) – ::*Pope Pius XII, Pius XII, Sovereign (1939–1958) ::*Pope John XXIII, John XXIII, Sovereign (1958–1963) ::*Pope Paul VI, Paul VI, Sovereign (1963–1978) ::*Pope John Paul I, John Paul I, Sovereign (1978) ::*Pope John Paul II, John Paul II, Sovereign (1978–2005) :*President of the Governorate (President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, complete list) – ::*Nicola Canali, President of the Governorate (1939–1961) ::*Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, President of the Governorate (1961–1969) ::*Jean-Marie Villot, President of the Governorate (1969–1979) ::*Agostino Casaroli, President of the Governorate (1979–1984) ::*Sebastiano Baggio, President of the Governorate (1984–1990) ::*Rosalio José Castillo Lara, President of the Governorate (1990–1997) ::*Edmund Szoka, President of the Governorate (1997–2006)


Europe: Southwest

''Andorra'' *Andorra :*Episcopal Co-Princes of Andorra, Co-Princes (List of Co-Princes of Andorra, complete list) – ::*Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince (1943–1969) ::*Ramon Malla Call, Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1969–1971) ::*Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince (1971–2003) :*French Co-Princes of Andorra, Co-Princes (List of Co-Princes of Andorra, complete list) – ::*Vincent Auriol, French Co-Prince (1947–1954) ::*René Coty, French Co-Prince (1954–1959) ::*Charles de Gaulle, French Co-Prince (1959–1969) ::*Alain Poher, Acting French Co-Prince (1969) ::*Georges Pompidou, French Co-Prince (1969–1974) ::*Alain Poher, Acting French Co-Prince (1974) ::*Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French Co-Prince (1974–1981) ::*François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince (1981–1995) ::*Jacques Chirac, French Co-Prince (1995–2007) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Andorra, complete list) – ::*Òscar Ribas Reig, Prime minister (1982–1984) ::*Josep Pintat-Solans, Prime minister (1984–1990) ::*Òscar Ribas Reig, Prime minister (1990–1994) ::*Marc Forné Molné, Prime minister (1994–2005) ''Portugal'' *Estado Novo (Portugal), Second Portuguese Republic :*President of Portugal, Presidents (List of presidents of Portugal, complete list) – ::*Óscar Carmona, President (1935–1951) ::*António de Oliveira Salazar, Acting President (1951) ::*Francisco Craveiro Lopes, President (1951–1958) ::*Américo Thomaz, President (1958–1974) :*Prime Minister of Portugal, Presidents of the Council of Ministers (List of prime ministers of Portugal, complete list) – ::*António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers (1933–1968) ::*Marcello Caetano, President of the Council of Ministers (1968–1974) *Third Republic of Portugal :*President of Portugal, Presidents (List of presidents of Portugal, complete list) – ::*National Salvation Junta: António de Spínola (President), Francisco da Costa Gomes, Jaime Silvério Marques, Diogo Neto, Carlos Galvão de Melo, José Pinheiro de Azevedo, António Rosa Coutinho, Acting Head of state (1974) ::*António de Spínola, President (1974) ::*Francisco da Costa Gomes, President (1974–1976) ::*António Ramalho Eanes, President (1976–1986) ::*Mário Soares, President (1986–1996) ::*Jorge Sampaio, President (1996–2006) :*Prime Minister of Portugal, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Portugal, complete list) – ::*National Salvation Junta: António de Spínola, Francisco da Costa Gomes, Jaime Silvério Marques, Diogo Neto, Carlos Galvão de Melo, José Pinheiro de Azevedo, António Rosa Coutinho, Acting Head of government (1974) ::*Adelino da Palma Carlos, Prime minister (1974) ::*Vasco Gonçalves, Prime minister (1974–1975) ::*José Pinheiro de Azevedo, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*Vasco de Almeida e Costa, Acting Prime minister (1976) ::*Mário Soares, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::*Alfredo Nobre da Costa, Prime minister (1978) ::*Carlos Alberto da Mota Pinto, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*Francisco de Sá Carneiro, Prime minister (1980) ::*Diogo de Freitas do Amaral, Acting Head of government (1980–1981) ::*Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Prime minister (1981–1983) ::*Mário Soares, Prime minister (1983–1985) ::*Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime minister (1985–1995) ::*António Guterres, Prime minister (1995–2002) ''Spain'' *Francoist Spain :*Heads of state ( complete list) – ::*Francisco Franco, Caudillo (1936–1975) ::*Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel, President of the Regency (1975) :*Prime Minister of Spain, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Spain, complete list) – ::*Francisco Franco, Prime minister (1936–1973) ::*Luis Carrero Blanco, Prime minister (1973) ::*Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, Acting Prime minister (1973) ::*Carlos Arias Navarro, Prime minister (1973–1975) *Kingdom of Spain :*Monarchy of Spain, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Juan Carlos I of Spain, Juan Carlos I, King (1975–2014) :*Prime Minister of Spain, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Spain, complete list) – ::*Carlos Arias Navarro, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*Fernando de Santiago y Díaz, Acting Prime minister (1976) ::*Adolfo Suárez, Prime minister (1976–1981) ::*Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Prime minister (1981–1982) ::*Felipe González, Prime minister (1982–1996) ::*José María Aznar, Prime minister (1996–2004)


Europe: West

''Belgium'' *
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
:*Monarchy of Belgium, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III, King (1934–1951) ::*Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, Charles, Prince Regent (1944–1950) ::*Baudouin of Belgium, Baudouin, King (1951–1993) ::*Albert II of Belgium, Albert II, King (1993–2013) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Belgium, complete list) – ::*Joseph Pholien, Prime minister (1950–1952) ::*Jean Van Houtte, Prime minister (1952–1954) ::*Achille Van Acker, Prime minister (1954–1958) ::*Gaston Eyskens, Prime minister (1958–1961) ::*Théo Lefèvre, Prime minister (1961–1965) ::*Pierre Harmel, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*Paul Vanden Boeynants, Prime minister (1966–1968) ::*Gaston Eyskens, Prime minister (1968–1973) ::*Edmond Leburton, Prime minister (1973–1974) ::*Leo Tindemans, Prime minister (1974–1978) ::*Paul Vanden Boeynants, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*Wilfried Martens, Prime minister (1979–1981) ::*Mark Eyskens, Prime minister (1981) ::*Wilfried Martens, Prime minister (1981–1992) ::*Jean-Luc Dehaene, Prime minister (1992–1999) ::*Guy Verhofstadt, Prime minister (1999–2008) ''France'' *French Fourth Republic :*List of presidents of France, Presidents ( complete list) – ::*Vincent Auriol, President (1947–1954) ::*René Coty, President (1954–1959) :*Prime Minister of France, President of the Council of ministers (List of prime ministers of France, complete list) – ::*René Pleven, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Henri Queuille, Prime minister (1951) ::*René Pleven, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*Edgar Faure, Prime minister (1952) ::*Antoine Pinay, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*René Mayer, Prime minister (1953) ::*Joseph Laniel, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*Pierre Mendès-France, Pierre Mendès France, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*Christian Pineau, Prime minister (1955) ::*Edgar Faure, Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*Guy Mollet, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, Prime minister (1957) ::*Félix Gaillard, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*Pierre Pflimlin, Prime minister (1958) ::*Charles de Gaulle, Prime minister (1958–1959) *France: French Fifth Republic :*List of presidents of France, Presidents ( complete list) – ::*Charles de Gaulle, President (1959–1969) ::*Alain Poher, Acting President (1969) ::*Georges Pompidou, President (1969–1974) ::*Alain Poher, Acting President (1974) ::*Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President (1974–1981) ::*François Mitterrand, President (1981–1995) ::*Jacques Chirac, President (1995–2007) :*Prime Minister of France, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of France, complete list) – ::*Michel Debré, Prime minister (1959–1962) ::*Georges Pompidou, Prime minister (1962–1968) ::*Maurice Couve de Murville, Prime minister (1968–1969) ::*Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Prime minister (1969–1972) ::*Pierre Messmer, Prime minister (1972–1974) ::*Jacques Chirac, Prime minister (1974–1976) ::*Raymond Barre, Prime minister (1976–1981) ::*Pierre Mauroy, Prime minister (1981–1984) ::*Laurent Fabius, Prime minister (1984–1986) ::*Jacques Chirac, Prime minister (1986–1988) ::*Michel Rocard, Prime minister (1988–1991) ::*Édith Cresson, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Pierre Bérégovoy, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Édouard Balladur, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*Alain Juppé, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*Lionel Jospin, Prime minister (1997–2002) ''Luxembourg'' *Luxembourg :*Monarchy of Luxembourg, Monarchs (List of monarchs of Luxembourg, complete list) – ::*Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Charlotte, Grand Duchess (1919–1964) ::*Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Jean, Grand Duke (1964–2000) ::*Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Henri, Grand Duke (2000–present) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Luxembourg, complete list) – ::*Pierre Dupong, Prime minister (1937–1953) ::*Joseph Bech, Prime minister (1953–1958) ::*Pierre Frieden, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*Pierre Werner, Prime minister (1959–1974) ::*Gaston Thorn, Prime minister (1974–1979) ::*Pierre Werner, Prime minister (1979–1984) ::*Jacques Santer, Prime minister (1984–1995) ::*Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime minister (1995–2013) ''Monaco'' *Monaco :*Monarchy of Monaco, Sovereign Prince (List of rulers of Monaco, complete list) – ::*Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, Rainier III, Prince (1949–2005) :*Minister of State (Minister of State (Monaco), complete list) – ::*Pierre Voizard, Minister of state (1950–1953) ::*Henry Soum, Minister of state (1953–1959) ::*Émile Pelletier, Minister of state (1959–1962) ::*Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of state (1962–1963) ::*Jean Reymond, Minister of state (1963–1966) ::*Paul Demange (politician), Paul Demange, Minister of state (1966–1969) ::*François-Didier Gregh, Minister of state (1969–1972) ::*André Saint-Mleux, Minister of state (1972–1981) ::*Jean Herly, Minister of state (1981–1985) ::*Jean Ausseil, Minister of state (1985–1991) ::*Jacques Dupont (politician), Jacques Dupont, Minister of state (1991–1994) ::*Paul Dijoud, Minister of state (1994–1997) ::*Michel Lévêque, Minister of state (1997–2000) ::*Patrick Leclercq, Minister of state (2000–2005) ''Netherlands'' *Netherlands :*Monarchy of the Netherlands, Monarchs (List of monarchs of the Netherlands, complete list) – ::*Juliana of the Netherlands, Juliana, Queen (1948–1980) :*Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of the Netherlands, complete list) – ::*Willem Drees, Prime minister (1948–1958) *Kingdom of the Netherlands :*Monarchy of the Netherlands, Monarchs (List of monarchs of the Netherlands, complete list) – ::*Juliana of the Netherlands, Juliana, Queen (1948–1980) ::*Beatrix of the Netherlands, Beatrix, Queen (1980–2013) :*Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Prime ministers of the Netherlands; from 1954, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (List of prime ministers of the Netherlands, complete list) – ::*Willem Drees, Prime minister (1948–1958) ::*Louis Beel, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*Jan de Quay, Prime minister (1959–1963) ::*Victor Marijnen, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*Jo Cals, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*Jelle Zijlstra, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*Piet de Jong, Prime minister (1967–1971) ::*Barend Biesheuvel, Prime minister (1971–1973) ::*Joop den Uyl, Prime minister (1973–1977) ::*Dries van Agt, Prime minister (1977–1982) ::*Ruud Lubbers, Prime minister (1982–1994) ::*Wim Kok, Prime minister (1994–2002)


Eurasia: Caucasus

''Armenia'' *Armenia :*President of Armenia, Presidents (List of leaders of Armenia, complete list) – ::*Levon Ter-Petrosyan, President (1991–1998) ::*Robert Kocharyan, President (1998–2008) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Armenia, complete list) – ::*Vazgen Manukyan, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*Gagik Harutyunyan, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Khosrov Harutyunyan, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Hrant Bagratyan, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*Armen Sargsyan, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*Robert Kocharyan, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*Armen Darbinyan, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime minister (1999) ::*Aram Sargsyan, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Andranik Margaryan, Prime minister (2000–2007) ''Azerbaijan'' *Azerbaijan :*Presidents (President of Azerbaijan#Presidents of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present), complete list) – ::*Ayaz Mutallibov, President (1991–1992) ::*Yagub Mammadov (politician), Yagub Mammadov, Acting President (1992) ::*Ayaz Mutallibov, President (1992) ::*Isa Gambar, Acting President (1992) ::*Abulfaz Elchibey, President (1992–1993) ::*Heydar Aliyev, President (1993–2003) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Azerbaijan, complete list) – ::*Hasan Hasanov, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Firuz Mustafayev, Acting Prime minister (1992) ::*Rahim Huseynov, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Ali Masimov, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*Panah Huseynov, Prime minister (1993) ::*Surat Huseynov, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Fuad Guliyev, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*Artur Rasizade, Prime minister (1996–2003) *Republic of Artsakh :*Heads of State (President of Artsakh#List of Heads of State (1992–present), complete list) – ::*Artur Mkrtchyan, Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1992) ::*Georgi Petrosian, Acting Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1992–1993) ::*, Acting Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1993–1994) ::*Robert Kocharyan, President (1994–1997) ::*Leonard Petrosyan, President (1997) ::*Arkadi Ghukasyan, President (1997–2007) :*Presidents of the National Assembly (President of the National Assembly of Artsakh#List of presidents of the National Assembly, complete list) – ::*Leonard Petrosyan, President of the National Assembly (1991–1992) ::*Artur Mkrtchyan, President of the National Assembly (1992) ::*Georgi Petrosian Acting President of the National Assembly (1992–1993) ::*, President of the National Assembly (1993–1996) ::*Arthur Tovmasyan, President of the National Assembly (1996–1997) ::*Oleg Yesayan, President of the National Assembly (1997–2005) ''Georgia'' *Georgia (country), Georgia :*Presidents (President of Georgia, complete list) – ::*Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President (1991–1992) ::*Eduard Shevardnadze, President (1992–2003) :*Heads of government (Prime Minister of Georgia, complete list) – ::*Murman Omanidze, Acting Prime minister (1991) ::*Besarion Gugushvili, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*Tengiz Sigua, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Eduard Shevardnadze, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*Otar Patsatsia, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*Niko Lekishvili, State minister (1995–1998) ::*Vazha Lortkipanidze, State minister (1998–2000) ::*Giorgi Arsenishvili, State minister (2000–2001) *Abkhazia, has limited recognition: Georgia (country), Georgia claims Abkhazia :*Presidents (President of Abkhazia, complete list) – ::*Vladislav Ardzinba, President (1994–2005) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Abkhazia, complete list) – ::*Vazha Zarandia, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*Sokrat Jinjolia, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Gennadi Gagulia, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*Sergei Bagapsh, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Viacheslav Tsugba, Prime minister (1999–2001) *South Ossetia, has limited recognition: Georgia (country), Georgia claims South Ossetia :*Presidents (President of South Ossetia, complete list) – ::*Znaur Gassiev, Head of state (1991–1992) ::*Torez Kulumbegov, Head of state (1992–1993) ::*Lyudvig Chibirov, Head of state (1993–2001), President (1996–2001) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of South Ossetia, complete list) – ::*Oleg Teziev, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::*Gerasim Khugayev, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Feliks Zassiev, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*Vladislav Gabarayev, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Valeriy Hubulov, Acting Prime minister (1996) ::*Aleksandr Shavlokhov, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*Merab Chigoev, Prime minister (1998–2001)


Oceania


Oceania: Australia and Papua New Guinea

''Australia'' *Australia :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Australia, complete list) – ::*
George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of I ...
, King (1936–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime Minister of Australia, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Australia, complete list) – ::*Sir Robert Menzies, Prime minister (1949–1966) ::*Harold Holt, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*John McEwen, Prime minister (1967–1968) ::*John Gorton, Prime minister (1968–1971) ::*William McMahon, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*Gough Whitlam, Prime minister (1972–1975) ::*Malcolm Fraser, Prime minister (1975–1983) ::*Bob Hawke, Prime minister (1983–1991) ::*Paul Keating, Prime minister (1991–1996) ::*John Howard, Prime minister (1996–2007) ''Papua New Guinea'' *Territory of New Guinea ( complete list) – :''United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975'' :''For details see Australia'' *Territory of Papua ( complete list) – :''United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975'' :''For details see Australia or the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe'' *Territory of Papua and New Guinea ( complete list) – :New Guinea: ''United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1949–1975'' :Papua: ''Australian external territory (1949–1975)'' :''For details see Australia'' *Papua New Guinea :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Papua New Guinea, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1975–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, complete list) – ::*Michael Somare, Prime minister (1975–1980) ::*Julius Chan, Prime minister (1980–1982) ::*Michael Somare, Prime minister (1982–1985) ::*Paias Wingti, Prime minister (1985–1988) ::*Rabbie Namaliu, Prime minister (1988–1992) ::*Paias Wingti, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*Julius Chan, Prime minister (1994–1997) ::*John Giheno, Acting Prime minister (1997) ::*Julius Chan, Prime minister (1997) ::*Bill Skate, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Mekere Morauta, Prime minister (1999–2002)


Oceania: Pacific

''Fiji'' *Colony of Fiji ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1874–1970'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Dominion of Fiji :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Fiji, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1970–1987) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Fiji, complete list) – ::*Kamisese Mara, Prime minister (1970–1987) ::*Timoci Bavadra, Prime minister (1987) *Republic of Fiji :*President of Fiji, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Fiji, complete list) – ::*Sitiveni Rabuka, Head of the interim military government (1987) ::*Penaia Ganilau, President (1987–1993) ::*Kamisese Mara, Acting President (1993–1994), President (1994–2000) ::*Frank Bainimarama, Head of the interim military government (2000) ::*Josefa Iloilo, President (2000–2006) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Fiji, complete list) – ::*1987 Fijian coups d'état ::*Kamisese Mara, Prime minister (1987–1992) ::*Sitiveni Rabuka, Prime minister (1992–1999) ::*Mahendra Chaudhry, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Tevita Momoedonu, Acting Prime minister (2000) ::*2000 Fijian coup d'état ::*Laisenia Qarase, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''French Polynesia'' *List of kings of Uvea, Kings of Uvea (Wallis and Futuna), Uvea (Wallis) :*Kapeliele Tufele III "Setu", King (1950–1953) :*Council of Ministers (1953) :*Soane Toke, King (1953) :*Aloisia Brial, King (née Tautuu), King (fem.) (1953–1958) *Wallis and Futuna :''Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959'' :''Overseas territory of France, 1959–2003'' :*List of kings of Uvea, Kings of Uvea (Wallis and Futuna), Uvea (Wallis) – ::*Kapeliele Tufele III "Setu", King (1950–1953) ::*Council of Ministers (1953) ::*Soane Toke, King (1953) ::*Aloisia Brial, King (fem.) (1953–1958) ::*Tomasi Kulimoetoke II, King (1959–2007) :*List of kings of Alo, Kings of Alo (Wallis and Futuna), Alo – ::*Sagato Alofi, King (1997–2002) :*List of kings of Sigave, Kings of Sigave – ::*Pasilio Keletaona, King (1997–2003) ''Kiribati'' *Kiribati (President of Kiribati, complete list) – :*Ieremia Tabai, President (1979–1982) :*Rota Onorio, Acting President (1982–1983) :*Ieremia Tabai, President (1983–1991) :*Teatao Teannaki, President (1991–1994) :*Tekiree Tamuera, Acting President (1994) :*Ata Teaotai, Acting President (1994) :*Teburoro Tito, President (1994–2003) ''Marshall Islands'' *Marshall Islands (List of presidents of the Marshall Islands, complete list) – :*Amata Kabua, President (1979–1996) :*Kunio Lemari, Acting President (1996–1997) :*Imata Kabua, President (1997–2000) :*Kessai Note, President (2000–2008) ''Micronesia'' *Federated States of Micronesia (President of the Federated States of Micronesia, complete list) – :*Tosiwo Nakayama, President (1979–1987) :*John Haglelgam, President (1987–1991) :*Bailey Olter, President (1991–1996) :*Jacob Nena, President (1996–1999) :*Leo Falcam, President (1999–2003) ''Nauru'' *Nauru (President of Nauru, complete list) – :*Hammer DeRoburt, President (1968–1976) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (1976–1978) :*Lagumot Harris, President (1978) :*Hammer DeRoburt, President (1978–1986) :*Kennan Adeang, President (1986) :*Hammer DeRoburt, President (1986) :*Kennan Adeang, President (1986) :*Hammer DeRoburt, President (1986–1989) :*Kenos Aroi, President (1989) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (1989–1995) :*Lagumot Harris, President (1995–1996) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (1996) :*Kennan Adeang, President (1996) :*Ruben Kun, President (1996–1997) :*Kinza Clodumar, President (1997–1998) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (1998–1999) :*René Harris, President (1999–2000) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (2000–2001) ''New Zealand'' *New Zealand :*Monarchs (Monarchy of New Zealand, complete list) – ::*
George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of I ...
, King (1936–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime Minister of New Zealand, Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of New Zealand, complete list) – ::*Sidney Holland, Prime minister (1949–1957) ::*Keith Holyoake, Prime minister (1957) ::*Walter Nash, Prime minister (1957–1960) ::*Keith Holyoake, Prime minister (1960–1972) ::*Jack Marshall, Prime minister (1972) ::*Norman Kirk, Prime minister (1972–1974) ::*Hugh Watt, Acting Prime minister (1974) ::*Bill Rowling, Prime minister (1974–1975) ::*Robert Muldoon, Prime minister (1975–1984) ::*David Lange, Prime minister (1984–1989) ::*Geoffrey Palmer (politician), Geoffrey Palmer, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*Mike Moore (New Zealand politician), Mike Moore, Prime minister (1990) ::*Jim Bolger, Prime minister (1990–1997) ::*Jenny Shipley, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*Helen Clark, Prime minister (1999–2008) *History of Niue, New Zealand protectorate of Niue (Monarchy of New Zealand#List of monarchs, complete list) – :''New Zealand protectorate, 1907–present'' :''For details see the New Zealand under Oceania'' *Cook Islands, state in free association :*Queen's Representative (Queen's Representative#List of queen's representatives, complete list) – ::*Apenera Short, Queen's Representative (1990–2000) ::*Laurence Greig, Laurence Murray Greig, Acting Queen's Representative (2000–2001) :*Prime Minister of the Cook Islands, Prime ministers ::*Terepai Maoate, Prime minister (1999–2002) ''Palau'' *Palau (President of Palau, complete list) – :*Haruo Remeliik, President (1981–1985) :*Thomas Remengesau Sr., Acting President (1985) :*Alfonso Oiterong, President (1985) :*Lazarus Salii, President (1985–1988) :*Thomas Remengesau Sr., President (1988–1989) :*Ngiratkel Etpison, President (1989–1993) :*Kuniwo Nakamura, President (1993–2001) ''Samoa and American Samoa'' *Malietoa dynasty – :*Malietoa Tanumafili II, Malietoa (1940–2007), O le Ao o le Malo (Head of state), held jointly with Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (1962–1963) *Samoa, Western Samoa/ Independent State of Samoa :*Heads of state (O le Ao o le Malo, complete list) – ::*Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole, Co-''O le Ao o le Malo'' (1962–1963) ::*Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo (1962–2007) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Samoa, complete list) – ::*Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina Mulinuʻu II, Prime Minister (1959–1970) ::*Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV, Prime Minister (1970–1973) ::*Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina Mulinuʻu II, Prime Minister (1973–1975) ::*Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV, Acting Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi, Prime minister (1976–1982) ::*Vaʻai Kolone, Prime minister (1982) ::*Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi, Prime minister (1982) ::*Tofilau Eti Alesana, Prime minister (1982–1985) ::*Vaʻai Kolone, Prime minister (1985–1988) ::*Tofilau Eti Alesana, Prime minister (1988–1998) ::*Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi, Prime minister (1998–2021) ''Solomon Islands'' *British Solomon Islands ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1893–1978'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles, Europe'' *Solomon Islands :*Monarchs (Monarchy of the Solomon Islands, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1978–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands, complete list) – ::*Peter Kenilorea, Prime minister (1978–1981) ::*Solomon Mamaloni, Prime minister (1981–1984) ::*Peter Kenilorea, Prime minister (1984–1986) ::*Ezekiel Alebua, Prime minister (1986–1989) ::*Solomon Mamaloni, Prime minister (1989–1993) ::*Francis Billy Hilly, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*Solomon Mamaloni, Prime minister (1994–1997) ::*Bartholomew Ulufa'alu, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*Manasseh Sogavare, Prime minister (2000–2001) ''Tonga'' *Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70) :*Monarchs (List of monarchs of Tonga, complete list) – ::*Sālote Tupou III, King (1918–1965) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Tonga, complete list) – ::*Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, Tupoutoʻa-Tungi, Prime minister (1949–1965) *Tonga :*Monarchs (List of monarchs of Tonga, complete list) – ::*Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King (1965–2006) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Tonga, complete list) – ::*Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake, Prime minister (1965–1991) ::*Baron Vaea, Prime minister (1991–2000) ::*Tupou VI, then known as ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho, Prime minister (2000–2006) ''Tuvalu'' *Tuvalu :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Tuvalu, complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
, Queen (1978–2022) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Tuvalu, complete list) – ::*Toaripi Lauti, Prime minister (1978–1981) ::*Tomasi Puapua, Prime minister (1981–1989) ::*Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime minister (1989–1993) ::*Kamuta Latasi, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*Ionatana Ionatana, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Lagitupu Tuilimu, Acting Prime minister (2000–2001) ''United States'' *Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, complete list) – :''United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, 1947–1994'' ::*Arthur W. Radford, High Commissioner (1949–1951) ::*Elbert D. Thomas, High Commissioner (1951–1953) ::*Frank E. Midkiff, High Commissioner (1953–1954) ::*Delmas H. Nucker, Acting High Commissioner (1954–1956), High Commissioner (1954–1961) ::*Maurice W. Goding, High Commissioner (1961–1966) ::*William R. Norwood, High Commissioner (1966–1969) ::*Edward E. Johnston, High Commissioner (1969–1976) ::*Peter Tali Coleman, acting High Commissioner (1976–1977) ::*Adrian P. Winkel, High Commissioner (1977–1981) ::*Janet J. McCoy, High Commissioner (1981–1987) ::*Charles Jordan (government official), Charles D. Jordan, Director (1986–1991) ''Vanuatu'' *New Hebrides Condominium – :''British-French Condominium, 1906–1980'' :''For details see the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
under British Isles and France under western Europe'' *Vanuatu :*Presidents (President of Vanuatu, complete list) – ::*Ati George Sokomanu, President (1984–1984) ::*Frederick Karlomuana Timakata, Acting President (1984) ::*Ati George Sokomanu, President (1984–1989) ::*Onneyn Tahi, Acting President (1989) ::*Frederick Karlomuana Timakata, President (1989–1994) ::*Alfred Maseng, Acting President (1994) ::*Jean-Marie Léyé, President (1994–1999) ::*Edward Natapei, Acting President (1999) ::*John Bani, President (1999–2004) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Vanuatu, complete list) – ::*Walter Lini, Prime minister (1980–1991) ::*Donald Kalpokas, Prime minister (1991) ::*Maxime Carlot Korman, Prime minister (1991–1995) ::*Serge Vohor, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*Maxime Carlot Korman, Prime minister (1996) ::*Serge Vohor, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*Donald Kalpokas, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*Barak Sopé, Prime minister (1999–2001)


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951-2000) Lists of 20th-century people, Rulers 20th-century rulers, Lists of state leaders by year, -