Prior to the Conquest of Wales, completed in 1282, Wales consisted of a number of independent kingdoms, the most important being

Gwynedd Gwynedd (; ) is a county and preserved county (latter with differing boundaries; includes the Isle of Anglesey) in the north-west of Wales. It shares borders with Powys, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, an ...

, Powys,

Deheubarth Deheubarth (; lit. "Right-hand Part", thus "the South") was a regional name for the realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to Gwynedd (Latin: ''Venedotia''). It is now used as a shorthand for the various realms united under the House o ...

(originally Ceredigion, Seisyllwg and Dyfed) and Morgannwg ( Glywysing and Gwent). Boundary changes and the equal division of patrimony meant that few princes ever came close to ruling the whole of Wales. The names of those known to have ruled over one or more of the kingdoms are listed below. The only person known to have ruled all of Wales was Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1010–1063), a prince of Gwynedd who became King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. However, the princes of the medieval period hailing largely from west Wales, mainly Gwynedd, had such significant authority that allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms. This allowed many Princes to claim to rule all Wales. Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales. The modern-day territory of Wales was only fully united under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn from 1055 to 1063 according to historian John Davies. The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequent by the eleventh century as a 'modernised' or reformed form of the old high kingship of the Britons. The native use of the titles ended following the killing of

Llywelyn the Last Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1223 – 11 December 1282), sometimes written as Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, also known as Llywelyn the Last ( cy, Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf, lit=Llywelyn, Our Last Leader), was the native Prince of Wales ( la, Princeps Wall ...

and his brother,

Dafydd ap Gruffydd Dafydd ap Gruffydd (11 July 1238 – 3 October 1283) was Prince of Wales from 11 December 1282 until his execution on 3 October 1283 on the orders of King Edward I of England. He was the last native Prince of Wales before the conquest of W ...

and since then the

Prince of Wales Prince of Wales ( cy, Tywysog Cymru, ; la, Princeps Cambriae/Walliae) is a title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. Prior to the conquest by Edward I in the 13th century, it was used by the rule ...

title has been used by the English and then British monarchy.

Title of "King of Wales"

Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales.

Before Welsh Kings

Prior to the King or Prince of Wales title, the title King of the Britons was used to describe the King of the

Celtic Britons The Britons ( *''Pritanī'', la, Britanni), also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were people of Celtic language and culture who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age and into the Middle Ages, at which point t ...

, ancestors of the Welsh. The Brut y Tywysogion, Gwentian Chronicles of Caradoc of Llancarvan version, which was written no earlier than the mid 16th century lists multiple Kings of the Britons as a "King of Wales".

List of titleholders of "King of Wales"

The following is a list of those assigned or claiming the title of King or Prince of Wales, including "Sovereigns and Princes of Wales 844 – 1283". While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and ruled majorities of Wales, the modern-day territory of Wales was only fully united under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn from 1055 to 1063 according to historian John Davies. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was referred to as King of Wales or ''Rex Walensium'' by John of Worcester. He was the last of a long line of paramount rulers among the insular Britons to have the title of King of the Britons bestowed upon him, and possibly the only one to truly rule over all the (independent) Britons. By this time, if not earlier, Wales was the only part of Britain remaining under Brittonic rule.

Native title of "Prince of Wales"

Evolution from King to Prince

The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequent by the eleventh century as a 'modernised' or reformed form of the old high kingship of the Britons. The Welsh had originally been the high Kings of the Britons up until the claim to be high king of late Romano-British Britain was no longer realistic after the death of Cadwaladr in 664. Cadwaldr was also heavily associated with the symbol of the Red Dragon of Wales.D.R. Woolf, "The power of the past: history, ritual and political authority in Tudor England", in Paul A. Fideler, ''Political Thought and the Tudor Commonwealth:Deep Structure, Discourse, and Disguise'', New York, 1992, pp.21–22. The princes of the medieval period hailed largely from west Wales, mainly Gwynedd. They had such significant authority that allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms. This allowed many Princes to claim to rule all Wales.

End of native Welsh Princes

, the last Prince of Wales was ambushed and killed in 1282. The execution of his brother

in 1283 on the orders of King

Edward I of England Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a va ...

effectively ended Welsh independence. The title of Prince of Wales was then used by the English monarchy for the heir to the English throne. During the period 1400–1413, following a rebellion against

English rule in Wales English rule in Wales refers to the rule of Welsh territories or the whole of Wales by English monarchs and governments. Wales was first invaded by the Kingdom of England following England's own conquest by the Normans in the 12th century and by ...

, there existed a native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndwr and an English monarchy appointed Prince of Wales (who later became

Henry V of England Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1413 until his death in 1422. Despite his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in the ...

). The native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndwr led Welsh forces against the English Prince of Wales and English rule in Wales.

Regional Kingdoms of Wales

Deheubarth

The kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the kingdoms of Ceredigion, Seisyllwg and Dyfed. Ceredigion was absorbed into Seisyllwg and Dyfed was merged with Seisyllwg to form Deheubarth in 909.

Ceredigion

* Ceredig ap Cunedda (424–453)A history of WalesEncyclopaedia of Wales *Usai (453–490) *Serwyl (490–525) *Boddw (525–560) *Arthfoddw (560–595) *Arthlwys (595–630) *Clydog I (630–665)

Dyfed

* Anwn Ddu (Welsh rendering of ''Antonius the Black''). According to Welsh legend, born in Greece, and later appointed to the rule of Demetia (Dyfed) by

Magnus Maximus Magnus Maximus (; cy, Macsen Wledig ; died 8 August 388) was Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 383 to 388. He usurped the throne from emperor Gratian in 383 through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I. He was made emperor in B ...

. Also known as Anwn Dynod (rendering ''Antonius Donatus''). Realm included Gwent and

Brycheiniog Brycheiniog was an independent kingdom in South Wales in the Early Middle Ages. It often acted as a buffer state between England to the east and the south Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth to the west. It was conquered and pacified by the Norman ...

. * Ednyfed - realm also included the Caer-Went part of Gwent (his brother received the remainder) * Clotri *

Triffyn Farfog Triffyn Farfog ( en, Triffyn the Bearded; born c. AD 385) was a legendary king of Dyfed, son of , a Deisi invader from Ireland, of the dynasty of Eochaid Allmuir. Triffyn married Gwledyr, the heiress of the British kings of Dyfed, in the mid-5 ...

* Aergol Lawhir (?-c. 515) *

Vortiporius Vortiporius or Vortipor ( owl, Guortepir, Middle Welsh ''Gwrdeber'' or ''Gwerthefyr'') was a king of Dyfed in the early to mid-6th century. He ruled over an area approximately corresponding to modern Pembrokeshire, Wales. Records from this era ar ...

(c. 540) * Arthur ap Pedr * Cloten (c. 630) married Ceindrech of Brycheiniog, uniting the two kingdoms of Dyfed and Brycheiniog * Rhain ap Cadwgan (c. 690-740) - also king of Brycheiniog. On his death, his kingdoms were divided again by his sons. * Tewdwr ap Rhain *

Maredudd ap Tewdws Maredudd ap Tewdws ( eng, Meredith son of Theodosius; died c. 797) was a king of Dyfed in South Wales. His father was Tewdws son of Rhain ap Cadwgan. His sons, who both reigned after him, were Rhain and Owain. His lineage is included among the ...

(c. 740–797) *

Rhain ap Maredudd Rhain son of Maredudd ( cy, Rhain ap Maredudd; died c. 808) was a king of Dyfed. He ruled following his father Maredudd ap Tewdws and was succeeded by his brother Owain. His son Triffyn then succeeded Owain. His lineage is included among the Ha ...

(c. 797–808) * Owain ap Maredudd (c. 808–810) *

Triffyn ap Rhain Triffyn son of Rhain ( cy, Triffyn ap Rhain; died c. 814) was an 8th- and 9th-century king of Dyfed. He was the son of Rhain ap Maredudd. On the death of his father, Triffyn did not succeed himinstead, his uncle Owain did. After Triffyn succe ...

(?-c. 814) * Hyfaidd * Llywarch ap Hyfaidd (c. 893-904) *

Rhodri ap Hyfaidd Rhodri ap Hyfaidd (died 905) was briefly the king of Dyfed. After his brother Llywarch was killed by Hywel Dda and his father Cadell, Rhodri reigned briefly before he himself was killed and the throne was usurped by Hywel, under whom the king ...

(c. 904-905) * Hywel Dda ("Hywel the Good") (c. 905-909), an invader from Seisllywg who conquered Dyfed (but later chronicles claim he acquired it by marrying Llywarch's daughter)

Seisyllwg

* Seisyll ap Clydog, prince of Ceredigion (eponym and possibly founder of Seisyllwg) * Arthen (?-807) * DyfnwallonHeritage Consulting. Millennium File atabase on-line Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2003. *

Meurig of Seisyllwg Meurig is a Welsh name of Brittonic origin and may refer to: *Meurig ap Tewdrig (, the son of Tewdrig (St. Tewdrig), and a king of the early Welsh kingdoms of Gwent and Glywysing * Meurig ap Idnerth, king of Buellt, a Welsh kingdom from c. 510 to 5 ...

Gwgon of Seisyllwg Gwgon ap Meurig (died ) was a 9th-century king of Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi (i.e., Seisyllwg) in southwest Wales. Gwgon was the son of the former king Meurig or Morydd ap Llywarch Llwyd and inherited the realm on the death of his father. Gwg ...

(?-c. 870/871) ''House Manaw'' *

Angharad ferch Meurig Angharad ferch Meurig was a 9th-century Welsh noblewoman. She was the wife of Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd, and mother of Anarawd (Rhodri's successor), Cadell ap Rhodri, and Merfyn. Life Angharad was the daughter of Meurig, evidently the King ...

(?-872) and

Rhodri the Great Rhodri ap Merfyn ( 820 – 873/877/878), popularly known as Rhodri the Great ( cy, Rhodri Mawr), succeeded his father, Merfyn Frych, as King of Gwynedd in 844. Rhodri annexed Powys c. 856 and Seisyllwg c. 871. He is called "King of the Britons ...

(?–873/877/878) - stewards *

Cadell ap Rhodri Cadell ap Rhodri (854–909) was King of Seisyllwg, a minor kingdom in southwestern Wales, from about 872 until his death. Life Cadell was the second son of King Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd and Angharad, a princess from Seisyllwg. In 872 Ang ...

, second son of Anghared and Rhodri (872–909) * Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (909-920) - he ruled Seisyllwg in 920 and shortly thereafter merged it with Dyfed into

Deheubarth

* Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (920–950) * His son, Owain ap Hywel (950–986) **

Rhodri ap Hywel Rhodri ap Hywel (died 964) was a King of Deheubarth in South Wales, and son of Hywel Dda. On Hywel's death in 950 Deheubarth was shared between Rhodri and his two brothers, Edwin and Owain. The sons of Hywel were not able to keep hold of Gwynedd ...

(950–953) ''and'' **

Edwin ap Hywel Edwin ap Hywel (died ) was a 10th-century king of Deheubarth in Wales of the High Middle Ages. One of three sons of Hywel Dda, he divided his father's realm with his brothers Rhodri and Owain according to Welsh law. The sons of Idwal were abl ...

(950–954) * Owain ap Hywel's son, Maredudd ab Owain (986–999) * Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (999–1005) * the sons of Einion ab Owain (brother of Maredudd ab Owain), who ruled jointly: ** Edwin ab Einion (1005–1018) ** Cadell ab Einion (1005–1018) * Llywelyn ap Seisyll, prince of Gwynedd (1018–1023) *

Rhydderch ap Iestyn Rhydderch ap Iestyn (died 1033) was king of Gwent and Morgannwg in south Wales and later took over the kingdom of Deheubarth and controlled Powys. Comparatively little has been recorded about Rhydderch ab Iestyn in the annals. He appears to hav ...

, prince of Glywysing (1023–1033) * Edwin ab Einion's son,

Hywel ab Edwin Hywel ap Edwin (died 1044) was king of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1033 to 1043. Hywel was the son of Edwin ap Einion and great-grandson of Hywel Dda. When the previous king, Rhydderch ap Iestyn, who had usurped the throne, died in 1033 Hywel ...

(1033–1044) * Rhydderch ap Iestyn's son, Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (1047–1055) * Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) * Edwin ab Einion's grandson,

Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin (died 1072) was a prince of the kingdom of Deheubarth in south west Wales. Maredudd was the son of Owain ab Edwin and was hence the male-line heir of Hywel Dda. The throne had been seized from the previous king of this ...

(1063–1072) * his brother,

Rhys ab Owain Rhys ab Owain (died 1078) was a king of Deheubarth in southern Wales. Rhys was the son of Owain ab Edwin of the line of Hywel Dda, and member of the Dinefwr dynasty. He followed his brother Maredudd as king of Deheubarth in 1072. Together with ...

(1072–1078) * his second cousin, Rhys ap Tewdwr (1078–1093) ''Deheubarth was in the possession of the

Normans The Normans ( Norman: ''Normaunds''; french: Normands; la, Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Franks and Gallo-Romans. ...

from 1093 to 1155'' * Gruffydd ap Rhys (1116–1137) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth with Norman permission'' * his son, Anarawd ap Gruffydd (1136–1143) * his brother,

Cadell ap Gruffydd Cadell ap Gruffydd (died 1175) was prince of the Kingdom of Deheubarth in Southwest Wales. Cadell was the son of Gruffydd ap Rhys, who held part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth with the remainder in the hands of various Norman lords. Gruffydd died i ...

(1143–1151) * his brother, Maredudd ap Gruffydd (1151–1155) * his brother, The Lord Rhys (Rhys ap Gruffydd) (1155–1197) * his son, Gruffydd ap Rhys (1197–1201) ''who for a time ruled jointly with his brother,'' * Maelgwn ap Rhys (1199–1230) ''who disputed the territory with his brother,'' * Rhys the Hoarse (

Rhys Gryg Rhys Gryg ('Rhys the Hoarse') (died 1234), real name Rhys ap Rhys, also known as Rhys Fychan ('Rhys the Younger') was a Welsh prince who ruled part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth. Lineage Rhys was the fourth son of Rhys ap Gruffydd (The Lord R ...

) (1216–1234) ''From 1234 to 1283, Deheubarth was subject to the princes of Gwynedd'' * Rhys the Hoarse's son, Rhys Mechyll (1234–1244) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth'' * his brother, Maredudd ap Rhys (1244–1271) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth'' * his son, Rhys ap Maredudd (1271–1283) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth''

Gwynedd

Kings of Gwynedd

* Cunedda ''Wledig'' ap Edern (Cunedda the Imperator) (c. 450–c. 460) * Einion ''Yrth'' ap Cunedda (Einion the Impetuous) (c. 470–c. 480) **

Owain Ddantgwyn Owain Danwyn (fl. 440) was a king of Rhos in Gwynedd, Wales, in the mid-5th century. He was the son of Einion Yrth and the father of Cynlas Goch, probably the Cuneglasus excoriated by Gildas. Very little is known of his life. Graham Phillips and ...

( Rhos; late 5th century) ** Cynlas Goch ( Rhos) & St Einion ( Llŷn) ap Owain (late 5th and early 6th century) * Cadwallon ''Lawhir'' ap Einion (Cadwallon Long Hand) (c. 500–c. 534) * Maelgwn ''Hir'' ap Cadwallon (Maelgwn the Tall) (c. 520–c. 547) * Rhun ''Hir'' ap Maelgwn (Rhun the Tall) (c. 547–c. 580) *

Beli ap Rhun Beli ap Rhun (c. 517 – c. 599) was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 586 – c. 599). Nothing is known of the person, and his name is known only from Welsh genealogies, which confirm that he had at least two sons. He succeeded his father Rhun ...

(c. 580–c. 599) * Iago ap Beli (c. 599–c. 616) * Cadfan ap Iago (c. 613–c. 625) * Cadwallon ap Cadfan (c. 625–634) * Cadafael ''Cadomedd'' ap Cynfeddw (Cadfael the Battle-Shirker) (634–c. 655) * Cadwaladr ''Fendigaid'' ap Cadwallon (Cadwallader the Blessed) (c. 655–c. 682) * Idwal ''Iwrch'' ap Cadwaladr (Idwal Roebuck) (c. 682–c. 720) * Rhodri ''Molwynog'' ap Idwal (Rhodri the Bald and Gray) (c. 720–c. 754) *

Caradog ap Meirion Caradog ap Meirion (died ) was an 8th-century king of Gwynedd in northwest Wales. This era in the history of Gwynedd was not notable and, given the lack of reliable information available, serious histories such that as by Davies do not mention ...

(c. 754–c. 798) * Cynan ''Dindaethwy'' ap Rhodri (c. 798–816) *

Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog as he was improperly called due to lack of knowledge of the genealogies by men like John Edward Lloyd, but in fact was Hywel ap Caradog ( en, Hywel, son of Caradog ap Meirion) was King of Gwynedd (reigned 816–825). He rose ...

(814–825) * Merfyn ''Frych'' ap Gwriad (Merfyn the Freckled) (825–844) * Rhodri ''Mawr'' ap Merfyn (Rhodri the Great) (844–878) *

Anarawd ap Rhodri Anarawd ap Rhodri (died ) was a King of Gwynedd, referenced as " King of the Britons" in the ''Annales Cambriae'' (''The Annals of Wales''). Anarawd's father Rhodri the Great, by conquest and alleged inheritances, had become ruler of most of nor ...

(878–916) (establishes the Aberffraw dynasty, the senior branch of descendants from Rhodri Mawr) * Idwal Foel ab Anarawd (Idwal the Bald) (916–942) * Hywel ''Dda'' ap Cadell (Howell the Good) (942–950) ( Dinefwr dynasty of Rhodri Mawr's descendants usurp from Aberffraw) * Iago ab Idwal (950–979) (return to the Aberffraw branch) *

Ieuaf ab Idwal Idwal ab Idwal ( en , Idwal son of Idwal, died 988), usually known as Ieuaf ( cy, Junior) to distinguish him from his father Idwal Foel, was joint king of Gwynedd in northern Wales from 950 to 969. He possibly also ruled Powys for some time. Ieua ...

(950–969) * Hywel ab Ieuaf (974–985) *

Cadwallon ab Ieuaf Cadwallon ap Ieuaf (died 986) was a King of Gwynedd. Cadwallon was the son of Ieuaf ab Idwal and succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd on the death of his brother Hywel ab Ieuaf in 985. He only reigned for a year, for in 986 Maredudd ab Owain of Deh ...

(985–986) * Maredudd ab Owain (986–999) (return to Dinefwr dynasty) * Cynan ap Hywel (999–1005) (return to the Aberffraw dynasty) * Aeddan ap Blegywryd (1005–1018) (usurpation from the Aberffraw dynasty) * Llywelyn ap Seisyll (1018–1023) (cadet branch of Mathrafal dynasty from Powys usurps from Aeddan ap Blegywryd) * Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig (1023–1039) (return to Aberffraw dynasty) * Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (1039–1063) (usurpation from Aberffraw dynasty) * Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (1063–1075) (Mathrafal dynasty of Powys "receives" Gwynedd from the English King) * Trahaearn ap Caradog (1075–1081) * Gruffudd ap Cynan (1081–1137) (return to Aberffraw dynasty) * Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd (1137–1170) (first to style himself ''Princeps Wallensium''Davies, John ''A History of Wales,'' the title ''Princeps Wallensium'') * Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1173) * Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1195) ''(in the east)'' * Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1190) ''(in the west)'' * Llywelyn ''Fawr'' ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) (1195–1240) * Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1240–1246) (used title ''Prince of Wales'' from 1244 onwards) * Owain Goch ap Gruffydd (Owen the Red) (1246–1255) * Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn the Last) (1246–1282) (used title ''Prince of Wales'' from 1258 onwards) *

(1282–1283) (not crowned but claimed the title) * Madog ap Llywelyn (1294–1295) (not crowned but claimed the title) * Owain ap Tomas ap Rhodri (Owen the Red Hand) (1372–1378) (in exile but claimed the title)

Morgannwg

The kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the union of the kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. Over time, in a few instances, the kingdoms were separate and independent.

Glywysing

Eugenius Eugenius (died 6 September 394) was a usurper in the Western Roman Empire (392–394) against Emperor Theodosius I. While Christian himself, Eugenius capitalized on the discontent in the West caused by Theodosius' religious policies targeting p ...

, son of

* Marius, son of Eugenius * Solar, son of Marius * Glywys, son of Solar (c. 470–c. 480), who gave his name to the kingdom ** Gwynllyw, son of Glywys, ruler of Gwynllwg (c. 480–523), cantref of Glywysing **

Pawl A pawl is a movable lever that engages a fixed component to either prevent movement in one direction or restrain it altogether. As such, it is a type of latch and can also be considered a type of dog. It typically consists of a spring-loaded ...

, son of Glywys, ruler of

Penychen Penychen was a possible minor kingdom of early medieval Wales and later a cantref of the Kingdom of Morgannwg. Penychen was one of three cantrefi that made up the kingdom of Glywysing, lying between the rivers Taff and Thaw, the other two being ...

(c. 480–540), cantref of Glywysing ** Mechwyn, son of Glywys, ruler of

Gorfynydd Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg. Name and ...

(c. 480–c.500), cantref of Glywysing * Cadoc, son of Gwynllyw, ruler of Gwynllwg (523–580) and Penychen (540–580), died without heirs Glywysing is ruled by the Kings of Gwent until Rhys ap Ithel * Rhys ap Ithel/

Rhys ab Idwal Rhys or Rhŷs is a popular Welsh given name (usually male) that is famous in Welsh history and is also used as a surname. It originates from Deheubarth, an old region of South West Wales, with famous kings such as Rhys ap Tewdwr. It is pronounce ...

, son of the Kings of Gwent (c. 755–785), with brothers, Rhodri and Meurig *

Arthfael Hen ap Rhys Arthfael Hen ap Rhys, also called Arthfael the Old, was the king of the Kingdom of Glywysing (in modern-day Wales) between 785 and approximately 825 AD. History Arthfael was the second son of Gweirydd ap Brochfael and a descendant of Saint Tewdr ...

(Arthfael the Old) (785–c. 825) with Brochfael ap Rhys *

Rhys ap Arthfael Rhys or Rhŷs is a popular Welsh given name (usually male) that is famous in Welsh history and is also used as a surname. It originates from Deheubarth, an old region of South West Wales, with famous kings such as Rhys ap Tewdwr. It is pronounce ...

, (c. 830–c. 840) * Hywel ap Rhys, (c. 840–886) * Owain ap Hywel (886–) **

Gruffydd ab Owain Gruffydd ab Owain (died ) was a joint king of Glywysing in Wales along with his brother Cadwgan. His other brother Morgan Morgan may refer to: People and fictional characters * Morgan (given name), including a list of people and fictional ch ...

(–934) King of Gower **

Cadwgan ab Owain Cadwgan ab Owain (died 951) was a joint king of Glywysing in Wales of the High Middle Ages along with his brother Gruffydd.Charles-Edwards, T. ''Wales and the Britons, 350–1064'', pp517537 Oxford Univ. Press, 2012. Accessed 20 Feb 2013. His ot ...

(–950) King of West Glywysing * Morgan the Old ( Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain or Moragn Hen Fawr) (930–974) united the former kingdoms of Gwent and Glywysing in 942 under the name of Morgannwg, but they were broken up again immediately after his death, remaining separate until about 1055 * Morgan the Old's son, Owain ap Morgan (974–c. 983) * brothers of Owain ap Morgan (Idwallon, Hywel and Cadell) (dates unknown) * his son, Rhys ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1000) who ruled Glywysing jointly with his brothers * Ithel the Black, son Idwallon (990) **

Hywel ab Owain Hywel ab Owain was a Welsh king of a part of Glywysing Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently i ...

(c. 990–c. 1043) and ** Iestyn ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1015) * his son,

(c. 1015–1033) * his son, Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (1033–1055) * Gwrgant ab Ithel the Black (1033 - 1070) * Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) * Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, Caradog ap Gruffydd (1063–1081) who was a subject of the King of Gwent and King of Morgannwg Cadwgan ap Meurig before he deposed him and took the kingdom for himself * Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t) (1081–1091), the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the

and became the lordship of Glamorgan

Gwent

* Anwn Ddu (the same person as ruled Dyfed at this time). Welsh legend claims he was appointed by

, who later became Roman Emperor (and hence referred to in Welsh as ''Macsen Wledig'' - ''Maximus the Emperor''). Some genealogies claim him to be Magnus' son. His realm was divided upon his death between his sons Edynfed and Tudwal.

= in Caer-Went

= *Edynfed ap Anwn - also ruler of Dyfed * ap Ednyfed, and his wife - St

Madrun Saint Materiana is a Welsh saint, patron of two churches in Cornwall and one in Wales. Alternative spellings are Madrun and Madryn. The name was corrupted to "Marcelliana" in medieval times. Another spelling of her name sometimes used is "Mertheri ...

ferch Gwerthefyr (Welsh rendering of ''Honorius'') * Iddon ap Ynyr (480 - 490) * Caradog (Strongarm) * Meurig ap Caradog and his wife - Dyfwn ferch Glywys * Erbic ap Meurig ?

= in Caer-Leon

= * Tudwal ap Anwn * Teithrin ap Tudwal * Teithfallt ap Teithrin (Welsh rendering of ''Theudebald'') * Tewdrig, son of Teithfallt (490 – 493/517) (Welsh rendering of ''Theodoric''). Traditionally, Tewdrig had a daughter - Marchell verch Tewdrig - for whom he carved out

as a dowry. * Meurig ap Tewdrig King of Gwent (493/517 – 530–540) * Athrwys ap Meurig King of Gwent (530–540 - 573) * Frioc ap Meurig, with Idnerth ap Meurig ? * Ithel ap Athrwys * Morgan the Great ? * Morgan the Courteous and Benefactor ? (-654) * Anthres ap Morcant ? (654-663) * Morgan the Generous (-730) *

Ithel ap Morgan Ithel or Idwal ap Morgan was a king of Gwent and Glywysing (i.e., Morgannwg) in southeastern Wales. His father was Morgan the Generous, the probable namesake of the later realm of Morgannwg (whence modern Glamorgan).Lloyd, John E. ''A History o ...

(710/715 - 735/740/745/755) *

Ffernfael ab Idwal Ffernfael ab Idwal or Ithel (died ) was a late 8th-century king of Gwent in southeast Wales. His name seems to mean "strong ankles".Todd, James H. & al. (trans.) ''Leabhar breathnach annso sis'': the Irish version of the ''Historia Britonum' ...

(-774/777) * Athrwys ap Ffernfael (774-810) * Idwallon ap Gwrgant (810-842) *

Ithel ap Hywel Ithel or Idwal ap Hywel (died ) was a king of Gwent in southeastern medieval Wales. He was called king of Gwent and Morgannwg (i.e., Glywysing) by the Chronicle of the Princes.''Archæologia Cambrensis'', Vol. X, 3rd Series. "Chronicle of the P ...

or ap Athrwys ?(842-848) * Meurig ap Hywel or ap Ithel ? (848-849) *

Meurig ap Arthfael Hen Meurig is a Welsh name of Brittonic origin and may refer to: *Meurig ap Tewdrig (, the son of Tewdrig (St. Tewdrig), and a king of the early Welsh kingdoms of Gwent and Glywysing * Meurig ap Idnerth, king of Buellt, a Welsh kingdom from c. 510 to 5 ...

(849-874) * Ffernfael ap Meurig (874-880) * Brochfael ap Meurig (880-920) * Arthfael ap Hywel (-916/927) * Owain ap Hywel (920-930) * Cadell ap Arthfael (930-940/943) * Morgan the Old, Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain or Morgan Hen Fawr (940/943–955) united the former kingdoms of Gwent and Glywysing in 942 under the name of Morgannwg but they were broken up again immediately after his death and remained separate until about 1055 ** Nowy ap Gwriad ap Brochfael ap Rhodri ap Arthfael Hen ruled Gwent (c. 950–c. 970) while Glywysing was ruled jointly by brothers of Owain ap Morgan (dates unknown), probably under Morgan the Old * his son, Arthfael ap Nowy (about 970–983) * his cousin, Rhodri ap Elisedd (983–c. 1015) who ruled jointly with his brother, * Gruffydd ap Elisedd (983–c. 1015) * his cousin (?)

Edwyn ap Gwriad Edwyn ap Gwriad was a Welsh king of Gwent from 1015 to 1045. He was imprisoned and blinded by his successor, Meurig ap Hywel, the son of Hywel ab Owain. The Anglo-Saxon name "Edwyn" along with Gwent's proximity to the English marches In med ...

(1015–1045) * Hywel ab Owain's son, Meurig ap Hywel (1045–1055) who ruled jointly with * his son, Cadwgan ap Meurig (1045–1055) * Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) * Cadwgan ap Meurig (1063–1074) who was also King of Morgannwg, ruling Glywysing through * Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, Caradog ap Gruffydd (1075–1081) who seized Gwent and the Kingdom of Morgannwg * Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t) (1081–1091) Iestyn was the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the

and became the lordship of Glamorgan * Owain ap Caradog (1081-1113/1116)

Powys

Kings of Powys

= House of Gwertherion

= * Gwrtheyrn ( High-King Vortigern), married to Sevira, daughter of

Cadeyern Fendigaid Catigern ( cy, Cadeyrn Fendigaid) is a figure of Welsh tradition, said to be a son of Vortigern, the tyrannical King of the Britons, and the brother of Vortimer. A figure of this name also appears in the Welsh genealogies, though he is given diff ...

(c. 430–447), reputed to be the eldest son of Gwrtheyrn, blessed by Saint Germanus *

Cadell Ddyrnllwg Cadell Ddyrnllwg (Welsh for "Cadell of the Gleaming Hilt"; born c. AD 430) was a mid-5th century King of Powys. Cadell appears to have been driven out of his father Cadeyrn's kingdom by Irish pirates during the chaos of the Saxon insurrection i ...

(c. 447–460) *

Rhyddfedd Frych Rhyddfedd Frych (435? -?), sometimes called Rhyddfedd ap Categern was, according to the genealogical lists, a late 5th century Welsh ruler. The name of his father, Categern, has led some scholars to identify him as the son of Cadeyern Fendigaid, ...

(c. 480) *

Cyngen Glodrydd Cyngen Glodrydd was an early 6th-century King of Powys. He was a descendant of King Cadell Ddyrnllwg. Cyngen married St. Tudlwystl, a daughter of Brychan ap Gwyngwen ap Tewdr (often confused with King Brychan Brycheiniog) and they were parents ...

(c. 500) *

Pasgen ap Cyngen Pasgen ap Cyngen was a mid 6th century King of Powys Prior to the Conquest of Wales, completed in 1282, Wales consisted of a number of independent kingdoms, the most important being Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth (originally Ceredigion, Seisyllwg ...

(c. 530) *

Morgan ap Pasgen Morgan ap Pasgen was a mid 6th century King of Powys Prior to the Conquest of Wales, completed in 1282, Wales consisted of a number of independent kingdoms, the most important being Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth (originally Ceredigion, Seisyllwg a ...

(c. 540) * Brochwel Ysgithrog (c. 550) * Cynan Garwyn (?–610) * Selyf ap Cynan (610–613) * Manwgan ap Selyf (613) * Eiludd Powys (613–?) * Beli ap Eiludd (c. 655) *

Gwylog ap Beli Gwylog ap Beli was one of the rulers of the Kingdom of Powys The Kingdom of Powys ( cy, Teyrnas Powys; la, Regnum Poysiae) was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end ...

(695?–725) * Elisedd ap Gwylog (725–755?) *

Brochfael ap Elisedd Brochfael ap Elisedd was a mid 8th century King of Powys Prior to the Conquest of Wales, completed in 1282, Wales consisted of a number of independent kingdoms, the most important being Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth (originally Ceredigion, Seisyl ...

(755?–773) *

Cadell ap Brochfael Cadell ap Brochfael ( en, Cadell, son of Brochfael; died c. 808), also known as Cadell Powys, was an 8th- and 9th-century king of Powys. He was the son of Brochfael ap Elisedd, whom he succeeded to the throne c. 773. The ''Annals of Wales'' me ...

(773–808) * Cyngen ap Cadell (808–854) - throne usurped by Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd and exiled to Rome where the family endured

= House of Manaw

= * Rhodri Mawr (854–878) of Gwynedd, allegedly inheriting through his mother Nest, according to some manuscripts. Other manuscripts (eg. Mostyn manuscript 117) have his mother as Essyllt ferch Cynan (thought to be the daughter of Cynan Dindaethwy of Gwynedd). * Merfyn ap Rhodri (878–900) (house of Aberffraw) *

Llywelyn ap Merfyn Llywelyn ap Merfyn (died 942) was an early 10th-century King of Powys, son of Merfyn ap Rhodri, and grandson of Rhodri the Great Rhodri ap Merfyn ( 820 – 873/877/878), popularly known as Rhodri the Great ( cy, Rhodri Mawr), succeeded his fa ...

(900–942) (house of Aberffraw) * Hywel Dda (942–950) (house of Dinefwr usurped from the Aberffraw line of Manaw) * Owain ap Hywel (950–986) ( Mathrafal dynasty,

cadet branch In history and heraldry, a cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch's or patriarch's younger sons ( cadets). In the ruling dynasties and noble families of much of Europe and Asia, the family's major assets— realm, t ...

of the House of Dinefwr) *

Maredudd ap Owain Maredudd ab Owain (died ) was a 10th-century king in Wales of the High Middle Ages. A member of the House of Dinefwr, his patrimony was the kingdom of Deheubarth comprising the southern realms of Dyfed, Ceredigion, and Brycheiniog. Upon the de ...

(986–999) * Llywelyn ap Seisyll (999–1023), husband of Angharad, daughter of Maredudd ab Owain *

(1023–1033) *

Iago ap Idwal Iago ab Idwal was a King of Gwynedd (r. 950 979) and possibly Powys. Iago was the son of the earlier King Idwal the Bald but, upon Idwal's death in combat in 942, his uncle Hywel the Good invaded Gwynedd and seized the throne. On Hywel's ...

(1033–1039) * Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1039–1063)

Mathrafal Princes of Powys

* Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (1063–1075) *

Iorwerth ap Bleddyn Iorwerth ap Bleddyn (1053–1111) was a prince of Powys in eastern Wales. Iorwerth was the son of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn who was king of both Powys and Gwynedd. When Bleddyn was killed in 1075, Powys was divided between three of his sons, Iorwerth, Cad ...

(1075–1103 (part)) * Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (1075–1111 (part)) * Owain ap Cadwgan (1111–1116 (part)) * Maredudd ap Bleddyn (1116–1132) * Madog ap Maredudd (1132–1160) From 1160 Powys was split into two parts. The southern part was later called Powys Wenwynwyn after Gwenwynwyn ab Owain "Cyfeiliog" ap Madog, while the northern part was called Powys Fadog after Madog ap Gruffydd "Maelor" ap Madog.

Notes

References

Lives of the Cambro British saints

William Jenkins Rees William Jenkins Rees (10 January 1772 – 18 January 1855) was a Welsh cleric and antiquary.Dictionary of ...

, Thomas Wakeman, 1835
A history of Wales from the earliest times

John Edward Lloyd Sir John Edward Lloyd (5 May 1861 – 20 June 1947) was a Welsh historian, He was the author of the first serious history of the country's formative years, ''A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest'' (1911). Ano ...

, 1911
The Cambrian, A Bi-Monthly Published in the interest of the Welsh people and their descendantsin the United States, 1881, Vol. 1, 1881Biography from the Dictionary of Welsh Biography
*The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales, University of Wales Press, 2008, {{ISBN, 978-0-7083-1953-6 List

Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in ...

Rulers

Title of "King of Wales"

Before Welsh Kings

List of titleholders of "King of Wales"

Native title of "Prince of Wales"

Evolution from King to Prince

End of native Welsh Princes

Regional Kingdoms of Wales

Deheubarth

Ceredigion

Dyfed

Seisyllwg

Deheubarth

Gwynedd

Kings of Gwynedd

Morgannwg

Glywysing

Gwent

= in Caer-Went

= in Caer-Leon

Powys

Kings of Powys

= House of Gwertherion

= House of Manaw

Mathrafal Princes of Powys

See also

Notes

References