While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different

genetic code The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links ...

s. When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI. * Translation table 1: The standard code * Translation table 2: The vertebrate mitochondrial code * Translation table 3: The yeast mitochondrial code * Translation table 4: The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code * Translation table 5: The invertebrate mitochondrial code * Translation table 6: The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code * Translation table 7: The kinetoplast code; ''cf''. table 4. * Translation table 8: ''cf''. table 1. * Translation table 9: The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code * Translation table 10: The euplotid nuclear code * Translation table 11: The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code * Translation table 12: The alternative yeast nuclear code * Translation table 13: The ascidian mitochondrial code * Translation table 14: The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code * Translation table 15: The ''Blepharisma'' nuclear code * Translation table 16: The chlorophycean mitochondrial code * Translation table 21: The trematode mitochondrial code * Translation table 22: The ''Scenedesmus obliquus'' mitochondrial code * Translation table 23: The ''Thraustochytrium'' mitochondrial code * Translation table 24: The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code * Translation table 25: The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code * Translation table 26: The ''Pachysolen tannophilus'' nuclear code * Translation table 27: The

karyorelict nuclear code The karyorelictid nuclear code (translation table 27) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate ''Parduczia'' sp. The code (27) : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYQQCCWWLLLAPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAAD ...

* Translation table 28: The ''Condylostoma'' nuclear code * Translation table 29: The ''Mesodinium'' nuclear code * Translation table 30: The Peritrich nuclear code * Translation table 31: The ''Blastocrithidia'' nuclear code * Translation table 32: The Balanophoraceae plastid code * Translation table 33: The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code The alternative translation tables (2 to 33) involve codon reassignments that are recapitulated in the list of all known alternative codons.

Table summary

Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (using IUPAC amino acid codes):

Notes

Three translation tables have a peculiar status: * Table 7 is now merged into translation table 4. * Table 8 is merged to table 1; all plant chloroplast differences due to RNA edit. * Table 15 is deleted in the source but included here for completeness. Other mechanisms also play a part in protein biosynthesis, such as

post-transcriptional modification Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, fu ...

References

External links

NCBI List of Alternative Codes

Table summary

Notes

References

See also

External links

Further reading