Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. A number of specialties have evolved to apply statistical and methods to various disciplines. Certain topics have "statistical" in their name but relate to manipulations of probability distributions rather than to statistical analysis. * Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the

insurance Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge ...

and finance industries. *

Astrostatistics Astrostatistics is a discipline which spans astrophysics, statistical analysis and data mining. It is used to process the vast amount of data produced by automated scanning of the cosmos, to characterize complex datasets, and to link astronomical d ...

is the discipline that applies statistical analysis to the understanding of astronomical data. * Biostatistics is a branch of

biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary i ...

that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis, and includes

medical statistics Medical statistics deals with applications of statistics to medicine and the health sciences, including epidemiology, public health, forensic medicine, and clinical research. Medical statistics has been a recognized branch of statistics in the Un ...

. *

Business analytics Business analytics (BA) refers to the skills, technologies, and practices for continuous iterative exploration and investigation of past business performance to gain insight and drive business planning. Business analytics focuses on developing ne ...

is a rapidly developing business process that applies statistical methods to data sets (often very large) to develop new insights and understanding of business performance & opportunities *

Chemometrics Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, a ...

is the science of relating measurements made on a

chemical A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., w ...

system or process to the state of the system via application of mathematical or statistical methods. *

Demography Demography () is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and dynamics of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as edu ...

is the statistical study of all

population Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using a ...

s. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time or space. *

Econometrics Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. M. Hashem Pesaran (1987). "Econometrics," '' The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 2, p. 8 p. 8 ...

is a branch of

economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...

that applies statistical methods to the empirical study of economic theories and relationships. *

Environmental statistics Environment statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science. It covers procedures for dealing with questions concerning the natural environment in its undisturbed state, the interaction of humanity with the environmen ...

is the application of statistical methods to environmental science. Weather, climate, air and water quality are included, as are studies of plant and animal populations. *Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. *Forensic statistics is the application of probability models and statistical techniques to scientific evidence, such as DNA evidence, and the law. In contrast to "everyday" statistics, to not engender bias or unduly draw conclusions, forensic statisticians report likelihoods as likelihood ratios (LR). *Geostatistics is a branch of geography that deals with the analysis of data from disciplines such as petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geography. *Jurimetrics is the application of probability and statistics to law. *Machine learning is the subfield of computer science that formulates algorithms in order to make predictions from data. *Operations research (or operational research) is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex problems; Management science focuses on problems in the business world. *Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment (biophysical), environment. *Psychometrics is the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. *Quality control reviews the factors involved in manufacturing and production; it can make use of Sampling (statistics), statistical sampling of product items to aid decisions in process control or in accepting deliveries. *Quantitative psychology is the science of statistically explaining and changing mental processes and behaviors in humans. *Reliability engineering is the study of the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time *Statistical finance, an area of econophysics, is an empirical attempt to shift finance from its Normative economics, normative roots to a positivist framework using exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets. *Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. *Statistical physics is one of the fundamental theories of physics, and uses methods of probability theory in solving physical problems. *Statistical signal processing utilizes the statistical properties of signals to perform signal processing tasks. *Statistical thermodynamics is the study of the microscopic behaviors of thermodynamic systems using probability theory and provides a molecular level interpretation of thermodynamic quantities such as Work (thermodynamics), work, heat, Thermodynamic free energy, free energy, and entropy.

See also