Aldrin Looks Back at Tranquility Base - GPN-2000-001102

This is a list of all crewed spacecraft types that have flown into space, including sub-orbital flights above 80 km, Space Stations that have been visited by at least one crew, and spacecraft currently planned to operate with crew in the future. It does not contain spacecraft that have only flown un-crewed and have retired from service, even if they were designed for crewed flight, such as Buran, or crewed flights by spacecraft below 80 km. There is some debate concerning the height at which space is reached (the Karman Line), the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) recognise 100 km,

NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil List of government space agencies, space program ...

, and the

USAF The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Aerial warfare, air military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part ...

recognise this as 50 miles (approx 80 km) - this article choses the latter, to include the widest possible definition. Since the first crewed spaceflight of

Vostok 1 Vostok 1 (russian: link=no, Восток, ''East'' or ''Orient'' 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first human orbital spaceflight in history. The Vostok 3KA space capsule was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on Apr ...

in 1961 there have been 13 types of spacecraft that have made crewed flights into space - nine American, three Russian, and one Chinese. There are currently five operational crewed spacecraft, which form the first part of the list below; the eight retired spacecraft types are listed in the next section; and crewed spacecraft currently in development are listed last. Space Stations are listed beneath each appropriate section, dates of operation reflect when the first and last crews visited, not when they were launched and deorbited. There are currently two space stations in orbit around Earth, the

International Space Station The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ( ...

and the Chinese Tiangong space station. Crewed spacecraft are designed to support human life for the human spaceflight portion of the mission. Spacecraft for human spaceflight must have a human-rating certification as fit for purpose. Crewed spacecraft must have a breathable atmosphere, pressurised (usually between 345

mbar The bar is a metric unit of pressure, but not part of the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as exactly equal to 100,000 Pa (100 kPa), or slightly less than the current average atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea lev ...

and 1 bar (1 atmosphere)); and be temperature-regulated (usually ). Crewed spacecraft include

space capsule A space capsule is an often-crewed spacecraft that uses a blunt-body reentry capsule to reenter the Earth's atmosphere without wings. Capsules are distinguished from other satellites primarily by the ability to survive reentry and return a payl ...

spaceplane A spaceplane is a vehicle that can fly and glide like an aircraft in Earth's atmosphere and maneuver like a spacecraft in outer space. To do so, spaceplanes must incorporate features of both aircraft and spacecraft. Orbital spaceplanes te ...

s, and space stations.

Comparison

Currently operational crewed spacecraft

Soyuz (1967)

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

n three person Earth orbital spacecraft; Early versions were operated by the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

and later versions by

after 1991. As of December 2021,

Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз ( Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...

has made 147 crewed spaceflights, including two emergency sub-orbital flights,

Soyuz 18a Soyuz 7K-T No.39, (also named Soyuz 18a or Soyuz 18-1 by some sources and also known as the April 5 Anomaly) was an unsuccessful launch of a crewed Soyuz spacecraft by the Soviet Union in 1975. The mission was expected to dock with the orbiting ...

and

Soyuz MS-10 Soyuz MS-10 was a crewed Soyuz MS spaceflight that aborted shortly after launch on 11 October 2018 due to a failure of the Soyuz-FG launch vehicle boosters. MS-10 was the 139th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft. It was intended to transport two me ...

. There have been two accidental spacecraft losses resulting in the deaths of four cosmonauts,

Soyuz 1 Soyuz 1 (russian: Союз 1, ''Union 1'') was a crewed spaceflight of the Soviet space program. Launched into orbit on 23 April 1967 carrying cosmonaut colonel Vladimir Komarov, Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft. Th ...

and

Soyuz 11 Soyuz 11 (russian: link=no, Союз 11, lit=Union 11) was the only crewed mission to board the world's first space station, Salyut 1 ( Soyuz 10 had soft-docked, but had not been able to enter due to latching problems). The crew, Georgy Dob ...

. Soyuz is the only spacecraft to have successfully saved the lives of a crew using the rocket launch escape system, when in 1983

Soyuz T-10-1 Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L, sometimes known as Soyuz T-10a or Soyuz T-10-1, was an unsuccessful Soyuz mission intended to visit the Salyut 7 space station, which was occupied by the Soyuz T-9 crew. However, it never finished its launch countdown; the ...

exploded on the launchpad. This spacecraft type has flown into space more times than any other spacecraft.

Shenzhou (2003)

* Chinese three person Earth orbital spacecraft. Shenzhou is China's first crewed spacecraft. On 15 October 2003, Yang Liwei was carried into space by Shenzhou 5 becoming China's first Taikonaut. The spacecraft has gone on to fly crews to China's

Tiangong-1 Tiangong-1 () was China's first prototype space station. It orbited Earth from September 2011 to April 2018, serving as both a crewed laboratory and an experimental testbed to demonstrate orbital rendezvous and docking capabilities during its ...

and

Tiangong-2 Tiangong-2 () was a Chinese space laboratory and part of the Project 921-2 space station program. Tiangong-2 was launched on 15 September 2016. It was deorbited as planned on 19 July 2019. Tiangong-2 was neither designed nor planned to be a ...

space labs. Since Jun 2021, Shenzhou has been used as the vehicle to send crews to China's new modular Tiangong space station and back. As of June 2022, Shenzhou has made 10 successful crewed spaceflights.

SpaceShipTwo (2018)

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

eight person air-launched sub-orbital space plane operated by Virgin Galactic aimed at the

space tourism Space tourism is human space travel for recreational purposes. There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism. During the period from 2001 to 2009, seven space tourists made eight s ...

market. Four crewed flights above 80 km as of July 2021. On 31 October 2014 during a test flight, VSS ''Enterprise'', the first SpaceShipTwo craft, broke up in flight and crashed in the

Mojave Desert The Mojave Desert ( ; mov, Hayikwiir Mat'aar; es, Desierto de Mojave) is a desert in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada mountains in the Southwestern United States. It is named for the indigenous Mojave people. It is located primarily ...

. One pilot was killed. On 13 December 2018, SpaceShipTwo flew to an altitude of 82.7 km which is recognised as space by the FAA,

, and the

(although not the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) This was the first time an American spacecraft had sent astronauts to space since the final Space Shuttle flight in 2011. On 11 July 2021 a fourth test flight was made above 80 km with six crew aboard, including the company owner Richard Branson.

Crew Dragon (2020)

four person (initially seven) Earth orbital spacecraft designed by SpaceX to transport astronauts to the

under the

Commercial Crew Contract (

CCDev Development of the Commercial Crew Program began in the second round of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, which was rescoped from a technology development program for human spaceflight to a competitive development program that woul ...

). As of April 2022, Crew Dragon has made 7 crewed spaceflights.

Crew Dragon Dragon 2 is a class of partially reusable spacecraft developed and manufactured by American aerospace manufacturer SpaceX, primarily for flights to the International Space Station (ISS). SpaceX has also launched private missions such as Ins ...

is capable of operating beyond Earth orbit. The first crewed flight,

Crew Dragon Demo-2 Crew Dragon Demo-2 (officially Crew Demo-2, SpaceX Demo-2, or Demonstration Mission-2) was the first crewed test flight of the Crew Dragon spacecraft. The spacecraft, named '' Endeavour'', launched on 30 May 2020 on a Falcon 9 booster, and ca ...

, launched on 30 May 2020 and returned to Earth on 2 August 2020. This was the first time an American spacecraft had sent astronauts to orbit since the final Space Shuttle flight in July 2011. The first operational flight of the Crew Dragon launched on 15 November 2020 with

SpaceX Crew-1 SpaceX Crew-1 (was also known as USCV-1 or simply Crew-1) was the first operational crewed flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the maiden flight of the Crew Dragon ''Resilience'' spacecraft. It was also the second crewed orbital flight l ...

, making it the only reusable orbital crewed spacecraft currently in operation.

New Shepard (2021)

six person capsule mounted on a reusable vertical launch sub-orbital rocket aimed at the space tourism market. As of June 2022, there have been 19 successful flights since 2015, with 18 successful rocket booster landings, including 5 crewed flights, carrying a total of 14 passengers into space. First crewed test-flight flew on July 20, 2021. NS-18 Inflight

Currently operational space stations

International Space Station (ISS) (2000)

* Multinational

low Earth orbit A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less than 0.25. Most of the artificial objects in outer space are in LEO, with an altitude never mor ...

modular space station. The International Space Station is a joint project among five participating space agencies:

Roscosmos The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos" (russian: Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), commonly known simply as Roscosmos (russian: Роскосмос) ...

, JAXA, European Space Agency (ESA), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA). Uncrewed initial assembly 1998–2000. Continuously crewed since November 2000. As of June 2022, ISS has been visited by 105 crewed spacecraft (66 Soyuz, 35 Space Shuttle, and 5 Crew Dragon). The ISS is the largest space station yet constructed. Planned to operate until 2028, with a possible extension to 2030.

Tiangong Space Station (2021)

* Chinese low Earth orbit modular space station. The ''Tianhe'' core module was launched on 29 April 2021. The first crewed flight Shenzhou 12 with 3 astronauts arrived at the station in June 2021. The space station has three modules: the ''Tianhe'' core module, and two Laboratory Cabin Modules. The ''Wentian'' module docked to the station on 24 July 2022, and the ''Mengtian'' module docked on 31 October 2022.

Former crewed spacecraft

Vostok (1961–1963)

* Soviet single-person Earth orbital spacecraft 6 flights. On 12 April 1961

carried the first human into space,

Cosmonaut An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek (), meaning 'star', and (), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally r ...

Yuri Gagarin Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin; Gagarin's first name is sometimes transliterated as ''Yuriy'', ''Youri'', or ''Yury''. (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space. T ...

. On 16 June 1963,

Vostok 6 Vostok 6 (russian: Восток-6, ''Orient 6'' or ''East 6'') was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space. Mission The spacecraft was launched on 16 June 1963. While Vostok 5 had been delayed by ...

carried the first woman into space, Cosmonaut

Valentina Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova ( rus, Валентина Владимировна Терешкова, links=no, p=vɐlʲɪnʲˈtʲinə vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvnə tʲɪrʲɪʂˈkovə, a=Valentina Tereshkova.ogg; born 6 March 1937) is an engine ...

Mercury (1961–1963)

single-person Earth orbital spacecraft 6 flights (including 2 sub-orbital). Mercury was the United States first crewed spacecraft. On 5 May 1961

Mercury-Redstone 3 Mercury-Redstone 3, or ''Freedom 7'', was the first United States human spaceflight, on May 5, 1961, piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard. It was the first crewed flight of Project Mercury. The project had the ultimate objective of putting an as ...

carried the first American,

Alan Shepard Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, test pilot, and businessman. In 1961, he became the second person and the first American to travel into space and, in 1971, he beca ...

, into space on a sub-orbital flight. On 20 February 1962,

Mercury-Atlas 6 Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) was the first crewed American orbital spaceflight, which took place on February 20, 1962. Piloted by astronaut John Glenn and operated by NASA as part of Project Mercury, it was the fifth human spaceflight, preceded by Sovi ...

carried the first American, John Glenn, into Earth orbit.

X-15 (1962–1968)

single seat, air-launched sub-orbital spaceplane; two X-15 flights above the 100 km Kármán line occurred in 1963, an additional 11 flights between 1962 and 1968 reached altitudes between 80–100 km which were recognised as spaceflights by U.S. authorities.

Voskhod (1964–1965)

* Soviet three person Vostok derivative made 2 flights. On 18 March 1965, Alexei Leonov performed the first spacewalk in history, from

Voskhod 2 Voskhod 2 (russian: Восход-2, , ''Sunrise-2'') was a Soviet crewed space mission in March 1965. The Vostok-based Voskhod 3KD spacecraft with two crew members on board, Pavel Belyayev and Alexei Leonov, was equipped with an inflatable ai ...

Gemini (1965–1966)

two person Earth orbital spacecraft 10 flights. On 3 June 1965, Ed White made America's first spacewalk, from

Gemini 4 Gemini 4 (officially Gemini IV) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations. was the second crewed spaceflight in NASA's Project Gemini, occurring in June 1965. It was the tenth crewed American spaceflight (in ...

Apollo (1968–1975)

Apollo 17 Command Module AS17-145-22261HR

three person lunar-capable spacecraft. 15 flights; including nine lunar missions (with six lunar landings). It was the

Apollo spacecraft The Apollo spacecraft was composed of three parts designed to accomplish the American Apollo program's goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by the end of the 1960s and returning them safely to Earth. The expendable (single-use) spacecraft ...

that enabled America to win the Space Race. In December 1968, Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit the Moon. On 21 July 1969, Neil Armstrong, the Commander of

Apollo 11 Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969) was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module ''Eagle'' on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, ...

, and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon. The Apollo Spacecraft comprised: ** The

Apollo command and service module The Apollo command and service module (CSM) was one of two principal components of the United States Apollo spacecraft, used for the Apollo program, which landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The CSM functioned as a mother sh ...

(1968–1975), three person Earth and lunar orbital craft ** The Apollo Lunar Module (1969–1972), two person lunar lander

SpaceShipOne (2004)

single pilot +two passengers, air-launched sub-orbital spaceplane; three flights above the Kármán line occurred in 2004.

Space Shuttle (1981–2011)

eight person Earth orbital spacecraft; first orbit-capable

; first reusable orbital spacecraft. Largest cargo capacity to orbit. 135 spaceflights were made in five shuttles; '' Columbia'', '' Challenger'', '' Discovery'', ''

Atlantis Atlantis ( grc, Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, , island of Atlas) is a fictional island mentioned in an allegory on the hubris of nations in Plato's works '' Timaeus'' and '' Critias'', wherein it represents the antagonist naval power that b ...

'', and '' Endeavour'', of which two (''Challenger'' and ''Columbia'') were accidentally destroyed resulting in the deaths of 14 astronauts during missions STS-51-L and

STS-107 STS-107 was the 113th flight of the Space Shuttle program, and the 28th and final flight of Space Shuttle ''Columbia''. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on January 16, 2003, and during its 15 days, 22 hours, 20 minutes ...

Former space stations

Salyut (1971–1986)

* Soviet/

space stations.

Salyut 1 Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (russian: Салют-1) was the world's first space station launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971. The Salyut program followed this with five more successful launches of seven more stations. The f ...

(1 crew 1971), Salyut 4 (2 crews 1975),

Salyut 6 Salyut 6 (russian: Салют-6; lit. Salute 6), DOS-5, was a Soviet orbital space station, the eighth station of the Salyut programme. It was launched on 29 September 1977 by a Proton rocket. Salyut 6 was the first space station to recei ...

(6 crews 1977-1981), and Salyut 7 (12 crews 1982-1986). All now de-orbited.

Almaz (1974–1977)

* Soviet military reconnaissance low Earth orbit space stations. Badged as

Salyut 3 Salyut 3 (russian: Салют-3; en, Salute 3; also known as OPS-2 or Almaz 2Portree (1995).) was a Soviet space station launched on 25 June 1974. It was the second Almaz military space station, and the first such station to be launched successf ...

(1 crew 1974), and Salyut 5 (2 crews 1976-1977), as disinformation. Both now deorbited.

Skylab (1973–1974)

low Earth orbit space station. First United States space station. Visited by 3 crews 1973-1974. It deorbited in 1979.

Mir (1986–2000)

* Soviet/

n low Earth orbit modular space station. The first modular space station in history. Twenty-eight crews 1986-2000. ''Mir'' was visited by 29 Soyuz and 7 Space Shuttle missions. Mir was deorbited in 2001.

Tiangong program (2012–2016)

* Chinese low Earth orbit space laboratories.

Tiangong 1 Tiangong-1 () was China's first prototype space station. It orbited Earth from September 2011 to April 2018, serving as both a crewed laboratory and an experimental testbed to demonstrate orbital rendezvous and docking capabilities during its ...

was China's first space station; launched in 2011, visited by 2 crews 2012-2013, deorbited in 2018. Tiangong 2 was launched in 2016, visited by 1 crew in 2016, deorbited in 2019. Both vehicles were single-module laboratories, precursors to the modular Tiangong space station, which is planned to have modules derived from Tiangong 1 and 2.

Crewed spacecraft in development

Starliner

* United States five person (initially seven) Earth orbital spacecraft designed to transport astronauts to the

under the

Commercial Crew Program The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides commercially-operated crew transportation service to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the expeditions of the International S ...

. Following several technical problems on the first uncrewed test flight in December 2019, a second uncrewed test flight launched in May 2022, with the first crewed flight test (CFT) scheduled for no earlier than February 2023.

Orion

* A spacecraft capable of lunar missions with a crew of four, planned to be used as part of

Artemis program The Artemis program is a robotic and human Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) along with three partner agencies: European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration ...

. Consisting of two components – a Crew Module (CM) manufactured by Lockheed Martin, and a

European Service Module The European Service Module (ESM) is the service module component of the Orion spacecraft, serving as its primary power and propulsion component until it is discarded at the end of each mission. In January 2013, NASA announced that the European ...

(ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space – the spacecraft are designed to support crewed exploration beyond

. Orion is equipped with solar power, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and can support a crew of six in low Earth orbit and a crew of four in lunar orbit, up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines and six pods of custom

reaction control system A reaction control system (RCS) is a spacecraft system that uses thrusters to provide attitude control and translation. Alternatively, reaction wheels are used for attitude control. Use of diverted engine thrust to provide stable attitude cont ...

(RCS) engines developed by

Airbus Airbus SE (; ; ; ) is a European multinational aerospace corporation. Airbus designs, manufactures and sells civil and military aerospace products worldwide and manufactures aircraft throughout the world. The company has three divisions: ' ...

provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Although compatible with other

launch vehicle A launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket designed to carry a payload ( spacecraft or satellites) from the Earth's surface to outer space. Most launch vehicles operate from a launch pads, supported by a launch control center and ...

s, Orion is primarily designed to launch atop the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. The first crewed mission Artemis 2 is planned for 2024 and will slingshot around the Moon. The following crewed

Artemis 3 Artemis 3 (officially Artemis III) is planned as the first crewed Moon landing mission of the Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Starship HLS lander. Scheduled for launch in 2025, Artemis 3 is planned to be the second crewed Art ...

flight is planned for 2025 and will be a lunar landing mission.

Starship

* Planned to be a fully reusable interplanetary spacecraft capable of carrying 100 passengers or cargo. Primarily designed for

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin at ...

missions it is to be capable of landing on all rocky planets or moons in the

Solar System The Solar System Capitalization of the name varies. The International Astronomical Union, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects but uses mixed "Solar ...

except

Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus (like Mercury) appears in Earth's sky never f ...

. For

Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...

launches Starship will need a two-stage configuration with the addition of a powerful first stage booster called Super-Heavy. Flights from all other planetary bodies will not require a first stage booster. Starship will require refuelling in Earth orbit to enable it to reach other Solar System destinations.. Uncrewed test flights commenced in 2020 from Boca Chica, Texas. A private crewed mission to slingshot around the Moon, the

dearMoon project The ''dearMoon'' project is a lunar tourism mission and art project conceived and financed by Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa. It will make use of a SpaceX Starship spacecraft on a private spaceflight flying a single circumlunar trajectory ...

, is slated for 2023. A custom crewed lunar version of Starship— Starship HLS—was selected in 2021 from three companies that developed design proposals for NASA's Human Landing System for

, with a view to land one uncrewed mission plus one crewed mission on the Moon no earlier than 2025. SpaceX plans at least five variants of Starship, two of them intended to carry crew: Cargo flights, crewed flights (except HLS), a fuel depot, a tanker version, and HLS.

Gaganyaan

* A three-person Earth orbital spacecraft intended to be the first crewed spacecraft of the

Indian Human Spaceflight Programme The Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (IHSP) was initiated in 2007 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to develop the technology needed to launch crewed orbital spacecraft into low Earth orbit. The first uncrewed flight, named Ga ...

. Gaganyaan will be capable of operating at

for up to 7 days. The upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capabilities. Its first crewed flight is planned for 2023 and four Indian astronauts have begun flight training in Russia.

New unnamed Chinese spacecraft

* Chinese replacement for Shenzhou is a six-person lunar capable spacecraft. An uncrewed flight took place on 5 May 2020, with a crewed flight possible by 2025. Initial flights will be to the new Chinese space station, lunar missions are expected in the 2030s.

Dream Chaser

seven person Earth orbital space plane. An uncrewed cargo version is scheduled to fly in space in 2023, and a crewed version is planned to fly by 2025.

Orel

n four person lunar-capable spacecraft to enable the retirement of Soyuz. The first crewed flight is planned for 2025.

SpaceShip III

* American eight person suborbital spaceplane for use in space tourism and tended research flights.

Crewed spacecraft (planned)

* The Chinese company Space Transportation is developing a winged rocket for suborbital space tourism. As of January 2022, a first flight is planned for 2024. *

Copenhagen Suborbitals Copenhagen Suborbitals is an amateur, crowd-funded, and open-source human space program. Since its beginning in 2008, Copenhagen Suborbitals has flown five home-built rockets and two mock-up space capsules. Their stated goal is to have one of th ...

Tycho Brahe Micro Spacecraft (MSC) - a non-profit, all volunteer project that aims to launch the first crewed amateur spacecraft into suborbital space. The project is being financed entirely through crowd-funding. If successful, this project will also make Denmark one of the few countries in the world that has a form of independent crewed spaceflight capabilities. * Dynetics HLS, a planned

-contracted Human Landing System to be used on and around the Moon for NASA's

being developed by

Dynetics Dynetics is an American applied science and information technology company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. Its primary customers are the United States Department of Defense (DoD), the United States Intelligence Community, and National Ae ...

and Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC). Was not selected for HLS program. * Integrated Lander Vehicle - a planned NASA-contracted, Blue Origin lead, Human Landing System to be used on and around the Moon for

. Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and

Draper Laboratory Draper Laboratory is an American non-profit research and development organization, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts; its official name is The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc (sometimes abbreviated as CSDL). The laboratory specialize ...

are also developing key features of the vehicle. Was not selected for HLS program. * Pegasus is a Japanese sub-orbital rocket plane currently being developed by PD AeroSpace. * RSSC - a Russian reusable sub-orbital space complex, currently being developed by a private company KosmoKurs. * Selena - NPO Aerospace Technologies (НПО «Авиационно-космические технологии»), suborbital space yacht. * Susie - Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration - a 2022

Arianespace Arianespace SA is a French company founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial launch service provider. It undertakes the operation and marketing of the Ariane programme. The company offers a number of different launch vehicles: the heavy ...

proposal for a fully reusable five person craft for use by

ESA , owners = , headquarters = Paris, Île-de-France, France , coordinates = , spaceport = Guiana Space Centre , seal = File:ESA emblem seal.png , seal_size = 130px , image = Views in the Main Control Room (120 ...

for low earth orbit.

Space stations in development

Bigelow Commercial Space Station The Bigelow Next-Generation Commercial Space Station was a private orbital space station under conceptual development by Bigelow Aerospace in the 2000s and 2010s. Previous concepts of the space station had included multiple modules such as two ...

or ''Space Complex Alpha'', proposed private space habitat scheduled for 2021 initial deployment although this is currently on hold as a result of Bigelow temporarily laying off their entire staff due to the

COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease quickly ...

pandemic. A Bigelow test module is currently installed on the

* Gateway - A

driven, under construction, international crewed space station orbiting the Moon to be assembled by commercial launch vehicles from 2024. * Russian Orbital Service Station is Russia's planned Next Generation space station, designed and intended to replace the

Russian Orbital Segment The Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) is the name given to the components of the International Space Station (ISS) constructed in Russia and operated by the Russian Roscosmos. The ROS handles Guidance, Navigation, and Control for the entire Station ...

of the International Space Station. * Axiom Station is a planned private space station by the company

Axiom Space Axiom Space, Inc., also known as Axiom, is an American privately funded space infrastructure developer headquartered in Houston, Texas. Founded in 2016 by Michael T. Suffredini and Kam Ghaffarian, the company first flew a spaceflight in 2 ...

. The initial modules are planned to be launched and docked with the international segment of the ISS before breaking off and forming a new, free-flying space station before the ISS is deorbited in the late 2020s. * Starlab Space Station is an in-development, private space station being developed by the company

Nanoracks Nanoracks LLC is a private in-space services companywhich builds space hardware and in-space repurposing tools.The company also facilitates experiments and launches of CubeSats to Low Earth Orbit. Nanoracks's main office is in Houston, Texa ...

in cooperation with Lockheed Martin. This free-flying space station was announced by the company on October 21, 2021, with a planned launch date of 2027. * Orbital Reef Station is a planned, private space station currently in development by Blue Origin and Sierra Nevada Corporation. This modular space station is being designed for commercial and space tourism missions and uses. Preliminary plans were unveiled on October 25, 2021 with a planned launch in the late 2020s.

Cancelled crewed spacecraft and space stations

* The X-20 Dyna-Soar was a

United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Aerial warfare, air military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part ...

spaceplane intended to be used for military missions. The program to develop the spaceplane began in 1957 and was canceled in 1963. * MOL, crewed space station operated by the

United States Armed Forces The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is ...

derived from the

's Gemini spacecraft. Cancelled in 1969. * LK, crewed Lunar lander for the

Soviet crewed lunar programs The Soviet crewed lunar programs were a series of programs pursued by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon, in competition with the United States Apollo program. The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competitio ...

. Several LK landers were flown in space with no crew. Cancelled in 1976 with the rest of the program. *

CSTS Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS), or Advanced Crew Transportation System (ACTS), was a proposed design for a crewed spacecraft for low Earth orbit operations such as servicing the International Space Station, but also capable of explora ...

, a proposed collaborative effort between the European Space Agency and Roscosmos. Originally designed as an answer to the Orion program of NASA, the project was eventually cancelled and most of the designs were incorporated into Russia's next generation crewed spacecraft:

Orel (spacecraft) Orel (russian: Орёл, , Eagle) or Oryol, formerly Federation (russian: Федерация, Federatsiya}), and PPPTS (russian: Перспективная Портативный Пилотируемая Транспортная Система, ...

. * OPSEK was a proposed successor to Russia's involvement in the International Space Station Programme. Cancelled in 2017 by Roscosmos. * Altair, (also known as the "Lunar Surface Access Module" or "LSAM" for short) was the planned lunar lander compoment of the Constellation Program. It would've been launched on the Ares V cargo launch vehicle and it, alongside an Earth Departure Stage would've awaited an Orion Spacecraft to launch and rendezvous with the spacecraft before the EDS sends it and Orion to the Moon with a crew of 4 astronauts for a lunar landing mission. Cancelled in 2010 alongside the rest of the Constellation program.

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* {{Portal bar, Spaceflight *

Crewed spacecraft This is a list of all crewed spacecraft types that have flown into space, including sub-orbital flights above 80 km, Space Stations that have been visited by at least one crew, and spacecraft currently planned to operate with crew in the f ...