Italian War of 1494–98

* ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari * 5–8 September 1494:

Battle of Rapallo The Battle of Rapallo, was fought between Swiss mercenaries on French pay and their Genoese-Milanese allies led by Louis d'Orleans against Neapolitan forces led by Giulio Orsini on 5 September 1494 near Rapallo. Rapallo was occupied by 4,000 Nea ...

* 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno * 19–21 October 1494: * 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano * 8–9 November 1494: Florentine revolt against de' Medici * Mid-November – 28 November 1494: French occupation of Florence * ? 1495: French conquest and destruction of the

Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano The Castle of Monte San Giovanni is a medieval fortress in Monte San Giovanni Campano, Lazio, central Italy, built in the 11th century. The castle is known as the place where Thomas Aquinas was imprisoned by his family ca. 1240 to 1242 in an a ...

* ? 1495: French sack of

Tuscania Tuscania is a town and '' comune'' in the province of Viterbo, Lazio Region, Italy. Until the late 19th century the town was known as Toscanella. History Antiquity According to the legend, Tuscania was founded by Aeneas' son, Ascanius, wh ...

(

Province of Viterbo Viterbo ( it, provincia di Viterbo) is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Viterbo. Geography Viterbo is the most northerly of the provinces of Lazio. It is bordered to the south by the Metropolitan City of Rome ...

) * 22 February 1495: French capture of Naples * 2 May 1495: Battle of Rapallo (1495) * 11 June 1495: French occupation of Novara * 28 June 1495:

Battle of Seminara The Battle of Seminara, part of the First Italian War, was fought in Calabria on 28 June 1495 between a French garrison in recently conquered Southern Italy and the allied forces of Spain and Naples which were attempting to reconquer these te ...

* 1 July 1495: Skirmish near Giarolo * 6 July 1495:

Battle of Fornovo The Battle of Fornovo took place 30 km (19 miles) southwest of the city of Parma on 6 July 1495. It was fought as King Charles VIII of France left Naples upon hearing the news of the grand coalition assembled against him. Despite the numerical ...

* 6–7 July 1495: Neapolitan recapture of Naples * 6 July – 8 December 1495: Siege of the

Castel Nuovo Castel Nuovo (; "New Castle"), often called Maschio Angioino (; " Angevin Keep"), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall ( Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Campania, Italy. Its scenic location and ...

(Maschio Angioino) in Naples * 19 July – 21/24 September 1495:

Siege of Novara (1495) The siege of Novara was a battle that took place in the summer and autumn of 1495 during the Italian War of 1494–1495. While king Charles VIII of France was retreating to the north after facing rebellions in the recently conquered Kingdom of N ...

* July–August 1496: Siege of Atella * 1497: Siege of Ostia

Italian Wars of 1499–1504

;Second Italian War (1499–1501) * September 1499: Venetian invasion of the Duchy of Milan and anti-Sforza revolt inside the city of Milan; the rebels opened the gates to the Venetian army commanded by

Gian Giacomo Trivulzio Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 – December 5, 1518) was an Italian aristocrat and ''condottiero'' who held several military commands during the Italian Wars. Biography Trivulzio was born in Milan, where he studied, among others, w ...

. * 19 December 1499 – 12 January 1500: . Franco-Papal victory by

Cesare Borgia Cesare Borgia (; ca-valencia, Cèsar Borja ; es, link=no, César Borja ; 13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507) was an Italian ex-cardinal and ''condottiero'' (mercenary leader) of Aragonese (Spanish) origin, whose fight for power was a major i ...

over

Caterina Sforza Caterina Sforza (1463 – 28 May 1509) was an Italian noblewoman, the Countess of Forlì and Lady of Imola, firstly with her husband Girolamo Riario, and after his death as a regent of her son Ottaviano. Caterina was a noblewoman who lived a l ...

. * 5 February 1500: Ludovico Sforza's Swiss mercenary army retook the city of Milan from the French. * 21 March 1500: The Sforzescan army retook Novara from the French. * 8–10 April 1500:

Battle of Novara (1500) The Battle of Novara was fought on 8 April 1500 between the forces of King Louis XII of France and the forces of Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan. On 24 March 1500, Louis II de la Trémoille joined the main French army at Mortara, Lombardy ...

. French victory over Ludovico Sforza. * 1501: Sack of Capua. * July 1501: Franco-Aragonese forces occupied Naples. ;Third Italian War (1502–1504) * 25 December 1502: . French victory over Spain. * 13 February 1503:

Challenge of Barletta The Challenge of Barletta (Italian: ''Disfida di Barletta'') was a duel fought in the countryside of Trani, near Barletta, southern Italy, on 13 February 1503, during the Third Italian War, on the plains between Corato and Andria. Overview T ...

. Italian knights in Spanish service won a duel against French knights. * 23 February 1503:

Battle of Ruvo The Battle of Ruvo was fought on 23 February 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and Diego de Mendoza, and a French army commanded by Jacques de la Palice. The battle was part of the Second Italian War and was fought ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 21 April 1503: Battle of Seminara (1503). Spanish victory over France. * 28 April 1503:

Battle of Cerignola The Battle of Cerignola was fought on 28 April 1503 between Spanish and French armies outside the town of Cerignola, Apulia, Kingdom of Naples (now in modern-day Italy), approximately west of Bari. The Spanish force under the command of G ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 29 December 1503:

Battle of Garigliano (1503) The Battle of Garigliano was fought on 29 December 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquis of Saluzzo. Preliminary phase In mid-November 1503, the French and Span ...

. Spanish victory over France and Saluzzo.

War of the League of Cambrai

;Prelude (1506–1508) * July 1506 – March 1507: A popular revolt in Genoa expelled the city's pro-French nobility to Savona. * 22–29 April 1507: Siege of Genoa. French victory over the Genoese revolutionaries. * Early February 1508: Maximilian declared war on Venice. Venice requested France, then still their ally, to send aid, which Chaumont did in the form of several thousand troops from Milan. * 20–21 February 1508: Imperial troops invaded Venice, sacking

Ampezzo Ampezzo ( fur, Dimpeç, german: Petsch) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about northwest of Trieste and about northwest of Udine. As of 31 December 2004, it had a popula ...

and besieging the Castello di Botestagno. * 23 February 1508: Imperials captured

Pieve di Cadore Pieve di Cadore is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the province of Belluno in the Italian region of Veneto, about north of Venice and about northeast of Belluno. "Pieve" means "Parish church". It is the birthplace of the Italian painter Titian ...

. * 24 February 1508: Skirmish at Chiusa di Venas, Imperial victory over Venice. * 27 February 1508: Imperials captured Castello di Botestagno. * 2 March 1508: Battle of Cadore. Venetian victory over the Emperor. * March–May 1508: Successful Venetian counter-offensives into Imperial territory. The Venetians captured Trieste on 6 May. ;War of the League of Cambrai proper (1508–1510) * 14 May 1509:

Battle of Agnadello The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was one of the most significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars. Background On 15 April 1509, a French army under the command of Louis ...

. French (Cambrai) victory over Venice. * 15–30 September 1509:

Siege of Padua The siege of Padua was a major engagement early in the War of the League of Cambrai. Imperial forces had captured the Venetian city of Padua in June 1509. On 17 July, Venetian forces commanded by Andrea Gritti marched quickly from Treviso wit ...

. Venetian victory over the League of Cambrai. * 22 December 1509: Battle of Polesella. Ferrarese (Cambrai) victory over Venice. * May 1510: French, Ferrarese, and Imperial troops invaded Venice. * July 1510: The Pope and Venice formed an alliance and went on a counter-offensive. ;Ferrarese War (1510–1511) * August 1510: Failed Papal attack on Ferrara. * 17 August 1510: Papal–Venetian troops captured Modena. * October 1510: French troops were repulsed at Bologna. * December 1510: Papal troops captured Concordia. * 2–19 January 1511: Siege of Mirandola (1511). Papal victory over Ferrara. * 23 May 1511: French troops captured Bologna after an anti-Papal revolt. * Late May 1511: French troops recaptured Mirandola. ;War of the Holy League proper (1511–1514) * 18 February 1512: Sack of Brescia. French victory over Venice. The city of

Brescia Brescia (, locally ; lmo, link=no, label= Lombard, Brèsa ; lat, Brixia; vec, Bressa) is a city and '' comune'' in the region of Lombardy, Northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, a few kilometers from the lakes Garda and Iseo ...

had revolted against French control, garrisoning itself with

Venetian Venetian often means from or related to: * Venice, a city in Italy * Veneto, a region of Italy * Republic of Venice (697–1797), a historical nation in that area Venetian and the like may also refer to: * Venetian language, a Romance language s ...

troops. Gaston de Foix, recently arrived to command the French armies in Italy, ordered the city to surrender; when it refused, he attacked it with around 12,000 men. The French attack took place in pouring rain, through a field of mud; Foix ordered his men to remove their shoes for better traction. The defenders inflicted heavy casualties on the French, but were eventually overrun, suffering 8,000 – 15,000 casualties. The Gascon infantry and

landsknechts The (singular: , ), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were Germanic mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period. Consisting predominantly of pikemen and supporting foot soldiers, their front line wa ...

then proceeded to thoroughly sack the city, massacring thousands of civilians over the next five days. Following this, the city of

Bergamo Bergamo (; lmo, Bèrghem ; from the proto- Germanic elements *''berg +*heim'', the "mountain home") is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy, approximately northeast of Milan, and about from Switzerland, the alpine lakes Com ...

paid some 60,000

ducat The ducat () coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages from the 13th to 19th centuries. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained ...

s to the French to avoid a similar fate. * 11 April 1512: Battle of Ravenna (1512). Franco-Ferrarese victory over the Pope. * May 1512: Holy League troops drove French troops out of Milan. * June 1512 – June 1515:

Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1524. Ferdinand was both the king of Aragon a ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 10 August 1512: Battle of Saint-Mathieu. English victory over France. * 6 June 1513:

Battle of Novara (1513) The Battle of Novara (also known as the battle of Ariotta) was a battle of the War of the League of Cambrai fought on 6 June 1513, near Novara, in Northern Italy. A French attacking force was routed by allied Milanese–Swiss troops, the conseq ...

. Milanese–Swiss victory over France. * 16 August 1513:

Battle of the Spurs The Battle of the Spurs or (Second) Battle of Guinegate (, "Day of the Spurs"; ''deuxième bataille de Guinegatte'') took place on 16 August 1513. It formed a part of the War of the League of Cambrai, during the Italian Wars. Henry VIII and ...

(Guinegate). Anglo-Imperial victory over France. * 8–13 September 1513:

Siege of Dijon The siege of Dijon between 8 and 13 September 1513 was a successful campaign of the Swiss army against the French city of Dijon during the War of the League of Cambrai. After the French had lost the Battle of Novara, several contingents of ...

. Swiss victory over France. * 9 September 1513:

Battle of Flodden The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton, (Brainston Moor) was a battle fought on 9 September 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, resulting in an English ...

(Flodden Field, Branxton). English victory over Scotland (allied with France). Scotland abandoned France and left the war. The kingdoms of

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

and

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to ...

had traditionally enjoyed a close diplomatic relationship, reflected in a defensive treaty signed between the two kingdoms in 1512. When Henry crossed the

English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" ( Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), ( Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Ka ...

to campaign in France, the

King of France France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I () as the fir ...

activated the treaty, sending arms, money and military advisers to

James IV of Scotland James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sau ...

to encourage him to fulfil his obligations, in the hope that this would draw English resources away from the invasion of France. James crossed the border with a force of some 35,000 men, including 5,000 French advisers. He was opposed by an English force under the Earl of Surrey. During the Battle of Flodden, the Scottish army was heavily defeated, losing some 9,000 men and many nobles, including King James, the King's illegitimate son, and twelve

earl Earl () is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. The title originates in the Old English word ''eorl'', meaning "a man of noble birth or rank". The word is cognate with the Scandinavian form ''jarl'', and meant " chieftain", particu ...

s. * 7 October 1513:

Battle of La Motta (1513) The Battle of La Motta, also known as the Battle of Schio, Battle of Vicenza or Battle of Creazzo, took place at Schio, in the Italian region of Veneto, Republic of Venice, on 7 October 1513, between the forces of the Republic of Venice and a com ...

. Spanish and Imperial victory over Venice (allied with France). Also known as the Battle of Schio, Vicenza or Creazzo. A Venetian army under

Bartolomeo d'Alviano Bartolomeo d'Alviano (c. 1455 – October 1515) was an Italian condottiero and captain who distinguished himself in the defence of the Venetian Republic against the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian. Biography Bartolomeo d'Alviano was born in 1455 t ...

attempted to prevent the Spanish and Imperials under

Ramón de Cardona Ramon Folc de Cardona i Anglesola (Italian: ''Raimondo di Cardona'') (1467 – 10 March 1522) was a Catalan general and politician, who served as the viceroy of Naples during the Italian Wars and commanded the Spanish forces in Italy during the ...

from withdrawing from the

Veneto Veneto (, ; vec, Vèneto ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice while the biggest city is Verona. Veneto was part of the Roman Empire unt ...

, but was defeated and scattered. ;Francis I's First Italian War (1515–1516) * 13–14 September 1515:

Battle of Marignano The Battle of Marignano was the last major engagement of the War of the League of Cambrai and took place on 13–14 September 1515, near the town now called Melegnano, 16 km southeast of Milan. It pitted the French army, composed of the b ...

(Melegnano). Decisive Franco-Venetian victory over Switzerland and Milan. * 4 October 1515: French troops captured Milan and dethroned Sforza.

War of Urbino

* January 1517: Siege of Urbino. Urbinate victory over the Pope.

Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino Francesco Maria I della Rovere (25 March 1490 – 20 October 1538) was an Italian condottiero, who was Duke of Urbino from 1508 to 1516 and, after retaking the throne from Lorenzo II de' Medici, from 1521 to 1538. Biography He was born ...

retook Urbino from occupying Papal troops. * April 1517: Siege of the Mondolfo castle. Urbinate victory over the Pope. * ? 1517: Battle of Monte Imperiale. Urbinate victory over the Pope. * ? 1517: Raids in Tuscany and Umbria. Papal victory over Urbino.

Italian War of 1521–1526

* 20 May 1521: Battle of Pampeluna (also spelled

Pamplona Pamplona (; eu, Iruña or ), historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre, in Spain. It is also the third-largest city in the greater Basque cultural region. Lying at near above ...

). French-backed

Navarrese Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...

victory over Spanish troops during the

. Most Navarrese towns rose at once against the Spanish, who had invaded Navarre in 1512. The Spanish resisted the siege sheltered inside the city castle, but they eventually surrendered and the French-Navarrese took control of the town and the castle of Pamplona. It was at this battle that Inigo Lopez de Loyola, better known as St. Ignatius of Loyola, suffered severe injuries, a Navarrese cannonball shattering his leg. It is said that after the battle the Navarrese so admired his bravery that they carried him all the way back to his home in Loyola. His meditations during his long recovery set him on the road of a conversion of life from soldier to priest. He would eventually found the

Society of Jesus , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...

(the Jesuits), and create the Spiritual Exercises, which is the basis for the idea of "retreats" as an experience of prayer as practiced in the Roman Catholic Church. * ? 1521: Siege of Logroño * 30 June 1521:

Battle of Noáin The Battle of Noáin or the Battle of Esquiroz, fought on 30 June 1521 was the only open field battle in the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. It was a decisive victory for the Spanish against the Franco-Navarrese army. Prelude Navarre h ...

or Noain-Esquiroz near

. A makeshift Spanish army consisting mostly of Castilian troops defeated the Navarrese and French forces sent by Henry d'Albret and commanded by Lesparre, driving them out of Iberian Navarre. * ? 1521: Siege of Mézières. An

Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texas ...

army besieged the city (now part of

Charleville-Mézières or ''Carolomacérienne'' , image flag=Flag of Charleville Mezieres.svg Charleville-Mézières () is a commune of northern France, capital of the Ardennes department, Grand Est. Charleville-Mézières is located on the banks of the river Meuse. ...

), which was defended by French troops under the command of the Chevalier de Bayard and

Anne de Montmorency Anne, Duke of Montmorency, Honorary Knight of the Garter (15 March 1493, Chantilly, Oise12 November 1567, Paris) was a French soldier, statesman and diplomat. He became Marshal of France and Constable of France and served five kings. Early lif ...

; the siege was unsuccessful, and the determined French resistance gave

Francis I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to: * Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407) * Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450 * Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547 * Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lau ...

time to concentrate his forces against

Charles V Charles V may refer to: * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) * Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain * Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise * Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690) * Infa ...

. * November 1521:

Siege of Tournai (1521) Italian War of 1494–98 * ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari * 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo * 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno * 19–21 October 1494: * 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano * ...

. An

army besieged the city of

Tournai Tournai or Tournay ( ; ; nl, Doornik ; pcd, Tornai; wa, Tornè ; la, Tornacum) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It lies southwest of Brussels on the river Scheldt. Tournai is part of Eurome ...

, capturing it from the French in late November; it would remain a

Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

possession until the French conquest of the

Austrian Netherlands The Austrian Netherlands nl, Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; french: Pays-Bas Autrichiens; german: Österreichische Niederlande; la, Belgium Austriacum. was the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797. The pe ...

in 1795. * Operation in Val Vestino (1521) * Siege of Parma (1521) * Battle of Vaprio d'Adda (1521) * 27 April 1522:

Battle of Bicocca The Battle of Bicocca or La Bicocca ( it, Battaglia della Bicocca) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the Italian War of 1521–26. A combined French and Venetian force under Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, was decisively defeated by an I ...

. Imperial–Spanish and Papal victory over France, Venice and Swiss mercenaries. * 20–30 May 1522: Siege of Genoa (1522). An army of the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 unt ...

under the command of the Italian/Spanish General Fernando d'Avalos and Italian condottiero Prospero Colonna besieged the French forces defending the Italian city. Since Genoa had refused to surrender, the Imperial troops were permitted to loot the city once it had fallen. * San Marcial * 1523–1524:

Siege of Fuenterrabía (1523–1524) The siege of the fortress of Fuenterrabía took place when the Franco-Navarrese army had taken it in a new incursion, after the failure of the third attempt to reconquer the Kingdom of Navarre, which had been invaded in 1512 by troops from the ...

. Spanish victory over France and Navarre. * 30 April 1524: Battle of the Sesia (1524). It was fought near the

Sesia River The Sesia (Latin ''Sesites'' or ''Sessites'') is a river in Piedmont, north-western Italy, tributary to the Po. Geography Its sources are the glaciers of Monte Rosa at the border with Switzerland. It flows through the Alpine valley Valsesia ...

, where the Spanish-

forces under Charles de Lannoy inflicted a decisive defeat on the French under Admiral Bonnivet and the Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol, forcing the latter to withdraw from

Lombardy (man), (woman) lmo, lumbard, links=no (man), (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , ...

. * August–September 1524:

Siege of Marseille (1524) Italian War of 1494–98 * ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari * 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo * 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno * 19–21 October 1494: * 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano * ...

. Conducted by an

army under Charles de Bourbon (who had recently betrayed

) and Fernando de Avalos against the French defenders of

Marseille Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fra ...

. Although Avalos heavily looted the surrounding countryside, he was unsuccessful in seizing the city; and, faced with the arrival of French reinforcements, called off the siege in September. * October 1524 – February 1525:

Italian campaign of 1524–1525 The Italian campaign of 1524–1525 was the final significant action of the Italian War of 1521–1526. Prelude The French, in possession of Lombardy at the start of the Italian War of 1521, had been forced to abandon it after their defe ...

. Habsburg Spanish-Imperial victory over France. * 24 February 1525:

Battle of Pavia The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, ...

. Decisive Habsburg Spanish-Imperial victory over France; French king

captured.

War of the League of Cognac

* * * 25 November 1526: * Italian campaign of 1527 (North Italy) * 6 May 1527:

Sack of Rome (1527) The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of the city on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. Despite not being ordered to storm the city, wit ...

* 1–12 October 1527: * 22–23 March 1528: * May – 8 August 1528: * Neapolitan campaign of 1528 (South Italy). * April – August 1528:

Siege of Naples (1528) The siege of Naples was a siege of the Italian city of Naples in 1528 during the War of the League of Cognac. Course In April 1528 the French commander Odet de Foix laid siege to the city while Andrea Doria's nephew Filippino organised a nav ...

* Battle of Aversa * 28–29 April 1528:

Battle of Capo d'Orso The Battle of Capo d'Orso, sometimes known as the Battle of Cava and the Battle of Amalfi was a naval engagement taking place over two days, on April 28 and April 29, 1528. A French fleet inflicted a crushing defeat on the fleet of the Kingdom ...

* 21 June 1529:

Battle of Landriano The Battle of Landriano took place on 21 June 1529, between the French army under Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol and the Imperial–Spanish army commanded by Don Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova in the context of the War of the Leagu ...

* 24 October 1529 – 10 August 1530:

Siege of Florence (1529–1530) The siege of Florence took place from 24 October 1529 to 10 August 1530, at the end of the War of the League of Cognac. At the Congress of Bologna, the Medici Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V agreed to restore the Medici family in Flo ...

. Habsburg-Papal victory over Florence. End of the

Florentine Republic The Republic of Florence, officially the Florentine Republic ( it, Repubblica Fiorentina, , or ), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany. The republic originated in 1115, when the Flo ...

. * 15 March – 28 May 1529: * 3 August 1530: Battle of Gavinana

Italian War of 1536–1538

* March 1536: French invasion of Piedmont. * 3 April 1536: French army captured Turin. * ? 1536: French army failed to capture Milan. * ? 1536: Habsburg invasion of Provence. * August 1536: Habsburg army captured Aix-en-Provence. * August 1536: Franco-Ottoman army and fleet failed to capture Genoa. * Late 1536: Franco-Ottoman army captured Piedmontese towns. * Spring 1537: Battles of Lens, Arras, Crécy and Hesdin. * 1537: Ottoman siege of Corfu.

Italian War of 1542–1546

* July–August 1542: . Guelders-Cleves (allied with France) victory over Imperial-Brabantine army. * July–September 1542:

Siege of Perpignan (1542) The siege of Perpignan took place in 1542, at Perpignan, between a larger French army commanded by Henry, Dauphin of France and the Spanish garrison at Perpignan. The Spaniards resisted until the arrival of the Spanish army under Don Fernando ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 24 November 1542:

Battle of Solway Moss The Battle of Solway Moss took place on Solway Moss near the River Esk on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border in November 1542 between English and Scottish forces. The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Catholic Ch ...

. English victory over Scotland (allied with France). * 25 July 1543: Battle of Muros Bay. Spanish victory over France. * 6–22 August 1543: Siege of Nice. A combined Franco-Ottoman force attacked and captured the

city of

Nice Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative ...

.Arnold, ''Renaissance at War,'' 180; Blockmans, ''Emperor Charles V,'' 72–73; Oman, ''Art of War,'' 213. * Sack of Düren (1543) * May 1543: Siege of Landrecies (1543). French victory over Anglo-Imperial army. * 11 April 1544:

Battle of Ceresole The Battle of Ceresole (; also Cérisoles) took place on 11 April 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, outside the village of Ceresole d'Alba in the Piedmont region of Italy. A French army, commanded by François de Bourbon, Count of ...

. French victory over Hispano-Imperial army. * 2–4 June 1544:

Battle of Serravalle (1544) The Battle of Serravalle took place on 2–4 June 1544 in Serravalle Scrivia, in the Apennine Mountains, between the Imperial-Spanish army commanded by Don Alfonso d'Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, and a force of freshly raised Italian mercenaries i ...

. Imperial-Spanish victory over Italian mercenaries in French service. * July – 17 August 1544: Siege of Saint-Dizier. The

army of

attacked the French city of

St. Dizier Saint-Dizier () is a subprefecture Of the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France. It has a population of 23,382 (2018 figure) and is a subprefecture of the department. Although Saint-Dizier is marginally the most populous commune in Haut ...

at the beginning of its advance into

Champagne Champagne (, ) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, that demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, ...

. Charles V himself joined the siege arrived with an army of 14,100 (including 1600

sapper A sapper, also called a pioneer or combat engineer, is a combatant or soldier who performs a variety of military engineering duties, such as breaching fortifications, demolitions, bridge-building, laying or clearing minefields, preparin ...

s) on 13 July. Imperial commander

René of Châlon René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name (Renée being the feminin ...

Prince of Orange Prince of Orange (or Princess of Orange if the holder is female) is a title originally associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France and subsequently held by sovereigns in the Netherlands. The titl ...

, was wounded on 14 July and died 15 July. On 23 July French outposts near the besieged town were overrun, but a French army under the command of the Dauphin Henry maintained an observing position at Jalons. On 17 August the town surrendered. Charles elected not to attack the Dauphin's army and instead pressed on to

Soissons Soissons () is a commune in the northern French department of Aisne, in the region of Hauts-de-France. Located on the river Aisne, about northeast of Paris, it is one of the most ancient towns of France, and is probably the ancient capital o ...

. * Sack of Lagny-sur-Marne * 10 July – 25 September 1544: Siege of Montreuil. French victory over an English-Burgundian (Habsburg) army led by

Norfolk Norfolk () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and south-west, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the Nor ...

and (count of Roeulx, governor of Flanders and Artois). * 19 July – 14 September 1544: Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546) (1st Boulogne). English victory over France. * October 1544: Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546) (2nd Boulogne). English victory over France. * 18–19 July 1545:

Battle of the Solent The naval Battle of the Solent took place on 18 and 19 July 1545 during the Italian Wars between the fleets of Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, in the Solent, between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The engagement was inconclusi ...

. Indecisive Anglo-French battle. * July 1545: French invasion of the Isle of Wight. English victory over France. ** July 1545:

Battle of Bonchurch The Battle of Bonchurch took place in late July 1545 at Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight. No source gives the precise date, although 21 July is possible from the sequence of events. The battle was a part of the wider Italian War of 1542–1546, ...

. English victory over France. ** July 1545: Battle of Beachy Head (1545). English victory over France.

Italian War of 1551–1559

* 15 August 1551:

Siege of Tripoli (1551) The siege of Tripoli occurred in 1551 when the Ottoman Turks and Barbary pirates besieged and vanquished the Knights of Malta in the Red Castle of Tripoli, modern Libya. The Spanish had established an outpost in Tripoli in 1510, and Charle ...

. Ottomans captured Tripoli from Maltese Knights Hospitaller. * July 1551 – March 1552:

Siege of Mirandola (1551) The siege of Mirandola took part in 1551, carried on by Pope Julius III against the city, which had allied with France during the last of the Italian Wars. As during the War of the League of Cambrai, the fortified city-state of Mirandola ha ...

. French victory over Imperial-Spanish-Papal army. * 19 October 1552 – 2 January 1553:

Siege of Metz (1552) The siege of Metz during the Italian War of 1551–59 lasted from October 1552 to January (1-5), 1553. The so-called Augsburg Interim came to an end when Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League approached Henry II of France and concluded th ...

. French victory over Imperial army. * 5 August 1552:

Battle of Ponza (1552) The Battle of Ponza (1552) was a naval battle that occurred near the Italian island of Ponza. The battle was fought between a Franco-Ottoman fleet under Dragut and a Genoese fleet commanded by Andrea Doria.''The Mediterranean and the Mediterran ...

. Franco-Ottoman victory over Genoa. * 11 April – 20 June 1553: Siege of Thérouanne. Spanish-Imperial victory over France. The Imperials razed Thérouanne to the ground on the orders of Charles V in revenge for the defeat at Metz. * 1553–1559: Invasion of Corsica (1553). Ottomans & French temporarily occupied most of Corsica. * 2 August 1554: Battle of Marciano or Scannagallo. Decisive Florentine-Spanish victory over Siena and France. * 12 August 1554: Battle of Renty. French victory over Imperial army. * September 1556: Spanish invasion and occupation of the Papal States. * August 1557: Siege of Civitella. Spanish victory over France. * 10–27 August 1557: Battle of St. Quentin (1557). Hispano-Savoyard-English victory over France. * September 1557: Spanish occupation of the Papal States. * 1–8 January 1558:

Siege of Calais (1558) The French siege of Calais in early 1558 was part of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between France and England and their respective allies. It resulted in the seizure of the town by France. The Pale of Calais had been ruled by England since ...

. French victory over England. * 17 April – 23 June 1558:

Siege of Thionville (1558) The siege of Thionville was the siege of the town of Thionville during the Italian War of 1551–59. It was held by the Spanish against a French force under Francis, Duke of Guise and others. It lasted from 17 April to 23 June 1558 and resulted i ...

. French victory over Imperial-Spanish army. * 13 July 1558:

Battle of Gravelines (1558) The Battle of Gravelines was fought on 13 July 1558 at Gravelines, near Calais, France. It occurred during the twelve-year war between France and Spain (1547–1559). The battle resulted in a victory by the Spanish forces, led by Lamoral, ...

. Anglo-Spanish victory over France.

Notes

References

* Arnold, Thomas F. ''The Renaissance at War''. Smithsonian History of Warfare, edited by

John Keegan Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan (15 May 1934 – 2 August 2012) was an English military historian, lecturer, author and journalist. He wrote many published works on the nature of combat between prehistory and the 21st century, covering land, ...

. New York: Smithsonian Books / Collins, 2006. . * Baumgartner, Frederic J. ''Louis XII''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. . * Blockmans, Wim. ''Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558''. Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. . * Hackett, Francis. ''Francis the First''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1937. * Guicciardini, Francesco. ''The History of Italy''. Translated by Sydney Alexander. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. . * Norwich, John Julius. ''A History of Venice''. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. . * Oman, Charles. ''A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century''. London: Methuen & Co., 1937. * Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. ''Encyclopedia of Wars.'' Volume 2. New York: Facts on File, 2005. . * * Taylor, Frederick Lewis. ''The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973. .