List of Shan states and rulers

The Shan State, a state of Myanmar (also known as Burma), was once made up of a large number of traditional monarchies or fiefdoms. These are collectively known as Shan States.

Ranks of rulers

Three ranks of chiefs were recognized by the King of Burma and later by the British administration. These ranks were:
#Saopha ( Shan for king or chieftain) or Sawbwa (in Burmese)
#Myosa (Myoza), "duke" or chief of town.
#Ngwegunhmu, silver revenue chief.

Hierarchy and precedence

The distinction in the titles dates from the days of the Burmese monarchy although the same states have not continued to hold the same titles for their chiefs during the centuries -- changes took place according to royal favour, results of battles and later, the decisions of the British authorities. The privileges and titles were so much a matter of royal ordinance that every one of a Sawbwa's symbols of power was laid down in a special book of dispensations granted by the higher court. His regalia and clothes, the guilding and jewel decoration of betel boxes, spittoons, fly-whisks and such articles of use, the dress of ministers, the umbrellas, spears and horses in procession, the caparisoning of the royal elephant, the instruments for processional music, the gateways and the style of residence, all were rigidly prescribed to ensure that the dignity kept up accordance with the status of a royal chieftain, yet did not encroach on the special privileges reserved for the court of Ava itself. The British, whose success in administration was largely bound up with observance, of precedence in a hierarchy, listed states also as Sawbaships, Myosaships and Ngwegunhmuships.

The following lists the Sawbwas in order of the precedence, at the time of the British annexation of the Shan States.

Shan states

Maw (Baw)

Last Sawbwa – Sao Hkun Aung

Hopong (Hopon)

Rulers (title Ngwegunhmu)

* 1783–1818 Hkun Kya
* 1818–1833 Hkun Sin
* 1833–184 Hkun Nun
* 1845 Hkun La
* 1845–1851 Hkun Lin
* 1851–1885 Hkun Ti

Rulers (title Myoza)

* 1885–1893 Hkun Wara
* 1893–1900 Hkun Tse
* 1900–1952 Hkun Law (b. 1896 - d. ....)

Hsahtung (Thaton)

* 1781-? Hkun Samu
* ? Descendants of Hkun Samu
* 1839 – ? Hkun Kyaw Le
* ?
* ? – 1905 Hkun Law
* 1905–1930 Sao Hkun Sing
* 1930–1957 Sao Hkun Kyi
* 1957–1959 Sao Aung Myint

Hsamönghkam (Thamaingkan)

Founded before 1700 and under a Myosa, its known rulers were:
* 1807–18.. Maung Shwe Pon
* 1825–1834 Maung Shwe E (1st time)
* 1834–18.. Maung Me (1st time)
* 18..–1847 Maung Shwe E (2nd time)
* 1847–1848 Maung Me (2nd time)
* 1848–1867 Maung Shwe Min (1st time)
* 1867 Maung Lin (1st time)
* 1867–18.. Maung Tha U
* 18..–1876 Maung Kyi
* 1876–18.. Maung Lin (2nd time)
* 18..–1885 Maung Su Ka
* 1885–1886 Maung Shwe Min (2nd time)
* 1886–19.. Maung Hpo
Last – Sao Htun Aye aka. Aungban Sawbwa

Hsawnghsup (Thaungdut)

Founded before 1858 under a Saopha, it ceased to exist in 1893. The rulers were:

Saophas

*1560 - 1580 Sao Hseng Myin
*1580 - 1612 Sao Maung Lwin
*1612 - 1628 Sao Shwe Yi
*1628 - 1650 Sao Khan Möng
*1650 - 1659 Sao Shwe Wad 1st time
*1659 - 1663 Sao Moud Aung
*1663 - 1689 Sao Shwe Wad 2nd time
*1689 - 1703 Sao Hpo Gyi
*1703 - 1727 Sao Yi Khan Hpa Sunt Aung
*1727 - 1746 Sao Chow Piam Hpa
*1746 - 1757 Sao Hseng Tern Möng
*1757 - 1760 Sao Khan Hpo (d. 1760)
*1760 - .... Sao Hseng Sunt Hpa Wad Möng
*.... - .... Sao Pon Khone Gyi
*.... - 1782 Sao Hti Kyaung
*1782 - 1813 Sao Haw Nga
*1813 - 1827 Sao Leik Hkam
*1827 - 1834 Sao Aung Ba -Regent
*1834 - 22 Oct 1880 Sao Shwe Maung
*1880 - 1893 Sao Nyi Khant
*1893 - 1899 Sao Khan Mun
*1899 - 1910 Sao Myat Htan (b. 1860)
*1910 - 1959 Sao Hkun Hsawng

Hsenwi (Theinni)

Hsenwi sets its legendary foundation before 650. It was ruled by a Saopha and ceased to exist in March 1888, when it was split into North Hsenwi and South Hsenwi. The rulers were:
* 731 – ? Hkun Tai Hkam
* 957 – 958 Hkun Hseng Ai Hom
* ? – 1150 Hkun Yi Hkam Daing
* 1150 – 1201 Hkun Hso Hkwan Hpa (Hkun Yi Kang Hkam) he assassinated his younger brother Hkun Hsam Long Hpa the sawbwa of Mogaung because he doubt his younger brother will be betray him
* 1201 – 1204 Hkun Saw Yiam Hpa moved to Ta Sob Oo
* 1204 – ? Hkun Tai Yiam Hpa
* ? – 1274 Hkun Ngok Sieng Hpa
* 1274 – 1276 Hkun Hso Hom Hpa (Ai Hpoo Hkam)
* 1276 – 1279 Hkun Hkam Tap Hpa
* 1279 – 1318 Hkun Hkam Tep Hpa
* 1319 – 1349 Sao San Nwe 1319-1349
* 1349 – 1374 Hso Yeab Hpa
* 1373 – 1389 Sao Thet Hpa
* 1389 – 1392 Hkam Piam Hpa (second son of Sao Thet Hpa)
* 1392 – 1394 Hkam Perd Hpa (third son of Sao Thet Hpa)
* 1395 – 1405 Nang Hpa Hom Möng (She managed her daughter Nang Hkam Hung married with her younger brother Sao Nwe San Hpa and ordered him to be the Saopha of Hsipaw)
* 1405 – 1428 Hkam Hkaing Hpa
* 1428 – 1440 Hkam Hord Hpa
* 1440 – 1460 Hkam Wad Hpa
* 1460 – 1523 Hkam Heeb Hpa
* 1523 – 1543 Hkam Hsen Hpa
* 1543 – 1549 Hkam Harn Hpa
* 1549 – 1561 Hkam Pak Hpa
* 1565 – 1593 Hsen Kyunt Hpa
* 1593 – 1604 Hkam Hkaing Hpa
* 1604 – 1605 Hkam Hsue and Hkam Nan (the both rulers)
* 1601 – 1605 Hkam Ruea On (Hkam Hkaing Nwe)
* 1605 – 1644 Hso Hong Hpa
* 1644 – 1650 Hso Kaw Hpa
* 1650 – 1683 Hso Hom Hpa
* 1683 – 1686 Se U III -Regent (1st time)
* 1686 – 1721 Hso Hung Hpa
* 1721 Se U III -Regent (2nd time)
* 1721 – 1724 Han Hpa Hko Hkam Hung -Regent
* 1724 – 1730 Hpawng Mong Long Hsung Wat
* 1730 Mong Hkam -Regent
* 1730 Hkam Hong -Regent (1st time)
* 1730 – 1746 Sao Hkam Hsawng Hpa
* 1746 Hkam Hong -Regent (2nd time)
* 1746 – c.1747 Sao Hkun Hseng Hong
* c.1747 – 1750 Mahadevi Wing Hsup Pang -Regent
* 1750 Hkam Hong -Regent (3rd time)
* 1750 – 1751 Sao Mang Te
* 1751 – 1752 Hkam Hong -Regent (4th time)
* 1752 – 1761 Vacant
* 1761 – 1767 Hkun Hseng Awng Tun
* 1767 – 1770 Myauk Win Hmu -Regent
* 1770 – 1772 Sayawadi Wun
* 1772 – 1773 Sety-taw Wun
* 1773 – 1775 U Teng Pong Nya
* 1775 – 1775 Vacant
* 1778 – 1800 Sao Hswe Cheng (Kon)
* 1800 Hsup Pang -Regent
* 1800 – 1815 Sao Hsö Kaw
* 1815 – 1819 Mogaung Wun -Regent
* 1819 – 1821 Sao Naw Möng
* 1821 – 1824 Hkun Hkam Hkawt
* 1824 – 1827 Sao Hkam Pak
* 1827 – 1831 Sao Hkam Nan
* 1831 – 1838 Sao Hkun Maung Lek
* 1838 – 1845 Sao Hkam Leng (Hsö Hkan Hpa) (d. 1847)
* 1845 – 1848 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (1st time) (d. 1864)
* 1848 – 1853 Vacant
* 1853 – 1855 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (2nd time)
* 1855 – 1858 Vacant
* 1858 – 1860 Sao Hpa Mawng Hpa (1st time) (d. 1891)
* 1860 – 1863 Vacant
* 1863 – 1864 Sao Hpa Mawng Hpa (2nd time) (s.a.)
* 1864 – 1866 Shwe Pyi Bo
* 1866 – 1867 U Ma Nga
* 1867 – 1869 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (3rd time) (s.a.)
* 1869 – 1873 Vacant
* 1873 – 1874 Win Hmu
* 1874 – 1875 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (4th time) (s.a.)
* 1875 – 1876 Natsu Letya
* 1876 – 1879 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (5th time) (s.a.)
* 1879 – Mar 1888 Hkun Hsang Tone Hung (b. 1852 – d. 1915)

North Hsenwi

Created in March 1888 from Hsenwi state. the main state was split into two, North and South Hsenwi.
* Mar 1888 – x Hkun Hsang Tone Hung
* 1927 – 1959 Sao Hom Hpa

South Hsenwi

Created in March 1888 by the splitting of the Hsenwi state. The state is also known as Mong Yai. The rulers were:
* 1888 – 1913 Sao Naw Möng
* 1913 – 1946 Hso Hsawng Hpa
* 1946 – 1959 Hso Hom Hpa

Hsihkip (Thigyit)

Founded before 600, it ceased to exist in 1886, when it was incorporated into Yawnghwe. It was ruled by a Myosa and the rulers were:
* 1800? Hkun Chok
* 18..–18.. Hkun Hpe
* 18..–18.. Hkun Daw
* 18..–18.. Maung Paw
* 18..–18.. Maung Paik
* 18..–18.. Hkun Hmom
* 18..–18.. Hkam Lin -Regent
* 184.–184. Hkun Nyun
* 184.–1848 Twet Kye -Regent
* 1848–1851 Hkun Ywe
* 1851–1862 Hkun Ton
* 1863–1870 Son Hkun Hpon
* 1870–1886 Maung Hnya

Hsipaw (Thibaw)

Founded, according to legend, in 58 BC, it was ruled by a Saopha. Its formal name was Dutawadi. For the state capital see Thibaw.
* 58 BC Sao Hkun Hkam Saw 1st
* Sao Hkun Hkam Naw 2nd
* Sao Hkun Hkam Hko 3rd
* 165–201 Sao Hkun Hkam Pan 8th
* 201–250 Paw Aik Phyao 9th
* 250–252 Awk Ai Lung 10th
* Paw Pan (Sao Hpa Lung Hkam Pan) 11th
* Hso Pan Hpa 12th (son of Hso Hom Hpa, the ''saopha'' of Möng Mao
* 957 Hkun Tai Hkam
* 1058 Hso Oom Hpa 38th
* 1395–1410 Nwe San Hpa
* 1410–1424 Sao Hkem Hpa
* 1424–1439 Hso Kawng Hpa 52th
* 1439–1460 Sao Hsan Hpa
* 1460–1473 Hkam Yat Hpa
* 1473–1488 Sao Yak Hpa
* 1488–1500 Sao Yok Hpa
* 1500–1541 Sao Tammara
* 1541–1542 Sao Hkun Naing (son of Sao Tammara)
* 1542–1547 Hso Yeab Hpa
* 1547–1565 Awk Saw Waen Lung
* 1565–1577 Hso Raem Hpa
* 1577–1593 Hso Kaw Hpa 62th (son of Sao Hkun Naing ex-saopha of Mongpai and ex-King Mobye Narapati of Ava)
* 1593–1605 Tap Hseng Hkam
* 1605–1626 Hkam Hkong Hpa (son of Hso Kaw Hpa)
* 1626–1650 Hkun Hkam Hlaing 65th (son of Tap Hseng Hkam)
* 1650–1675 Sao Sai Hkam
* 1675–1702 Hso Waing Hpa
* 1702–1714 Sao Okka Wara
* 1714–1718 Sao Okka Seya
* 1718–1722 Sao Sam Myo
* 1722–1752 Sao Hkun Neng
* 1752–1767 Sawra Tawta
* 1767–1788 Sao Myat San Te
* 1788–1809 Sao Hswe Kya
* 1809–1843 Sao Hkun Hkwi
* 1843–1853 Sao Hkun Paw
* 1853–1858 Sao Kya Htun (d. 1866)
* 1858–1866 Hkun Myat Than
* 1866–1886 Sao Kya Hkeng (deposed 1882-86) (d. 1902)
* Mar 1886–8 May 1902 Sao Hkun Hseng
* 8 May 1902–May 1928 Sao Hkun Hke (b. 1872 - d. 1928) (from 2 Jan 1928, Sir Sao Hke)
* 1928–Jul 1938 I Sao Ohn Kya (b. 1893 - d. 1938)
* 1938–1947 administered by British India
* 1947–1959 Sao Kya Hseng (b. 1924 - d. 1962)

Kehsi Mansam (Kyithi Bansan)

* 1860–1881 Hkun Yawt
* 1881–.... Hkun Yawt Seng

Kengcheng (Kyaingchaing)

* 1813–18xx Hpaya Möng Hkon

Kenghkam (Kyaingkan)

Myosas:
* 1811–1854 Bodaw Sao Hkam Yi
* 1855–1864 Sao Hkun Mwe
* 1864–1870 Naw Hkam Leng
* 1870–1874 Incorporated into Möngnai
* 1874–1878 Sao Hkun Long
* 1878–1882 Incorporated into Möngnai
* 1882–188. Sao Naw Süng
* 188.–19.. Hkun Un

Kenglön (Kyainglon)

Myosas:
* 1857–1873 Maung Pwin
* 1873–1874 Naw Hkam U
* 1874–1888 Hkun Tawn
* 1888–19.. Hkun Mawng

Kengtung (Kyaingtong)

For the state capital see Kengtung.
* 1243–1247 Mang Khum (Delegate of Mang Rai, founder of Kengtung State)
* 1247–1253 Mang Khian
* 1253–1264 Sao Nam Tuam
* 1264–1317 Sao Nam Nan
* 1317–1324 Sao Hsam Muen Hwe
* 1324–1336 Sao Ai Lok
* 1342–1350 Sao Hsai Nan
* 1349–1366 Sao Hsai Yu
* 1379–1387 Sao Sit Pan Tu
* 1387–1390 Sao Ai Awn
* 1390–1403 Ai Wu
* 1403–1460 Yi Hkam Hka
* 1416–1441 Sao Hsam
* 1441–1456 Sao Hsam si-li
* 1456–1474 Ai Lao Hkam Ta
* 1474–1501 Hpaya Lao
* Sao Naw Kiao (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
* Hsai Hkaw (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
* Hsai Hpom (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
* Sao Hsam (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
* Sao Hkam Mu (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
* 1523–1560 Hpaya Kiao (a monk called to rule) aka Sao Town Hkam Fu
* 1560–1598 Sao Kiao Bun Nam
* 1598–1620 Sao Hkam Town
* 1620–1637 Sao Mong Khet (Hso Hkam Saw Hpa)
* 1638–1661 Sao On
* 1662–1678 Sao In Hkam
* 1678–1686 Sao Ram Muen aka Sao Ok Sighn
* 1686–1703 Sao Mong Saik aka Hsa Le Mang
* 1703–1710 Sao Hsam Hpi
* 1710–1728 Sao Mong Chuen
* 1730–1737 Maung Myo (Yawnghwe Shan sent from Ava)
* 1737–1738 Sao Mong Phi
* 1740–1744 Sao Mong Hsam 1st
* 1744–1747 Sao Karng
* 1747–1787 Sao Mong Hsam 2nd
* 1787–1802 Sao Kawng Tai
* 1813–1857 Sao Maha Hkanan aka Sao Dong Hseng
* 1857–1876 Sao Maha Hpom
* 1876–1881 Sao Hseng Hkam
* 1881–1886 Sao Kawng Tai
* 1886–1897 Sao Kawng Hkam Fu
* 1895–1935 Sao Kawng Kiao Intaleng
* 1935–1937 Sao Kawng Tai
* 1937–1959 Sao Sai Long

Kokang

Ruled and founded by the Yang dynasty, it was founded in 1739 by Yang Shien Tsai, Chief of Shin Da Hu. Later his successor Yang Wei Shin expanded his territory and renamed it Kho Kan Shan. Yang Yon Gen then finally renamed it to Kokang. The first 2 reigned as chiefs, the 3rd assumed the title of Heng which was to be held until Yang Chun Yon assumed the Myosa title. Colonel Sao Yang Wen Pin assumed the title of Saopha, after the British recognised Kokang in 1947 as a state for services in the Second World War; it lasted until the state ceased to exist in 1959.
The rulers were:
* 1739–1758 Yang Shien Tsai, Chief of Shin Da Hu
* 1758–1795 Yang Wei Shin, Chief of Kho Kan Shan
* 1795–1840 Yang Yon Gen, Heng of Kokang
* 1840–1874 Yang Guo Hwa, Heng of Kokang
* 1874–1916 Yang Guo Zhen, Heng of Kokang
* 1916–1927 Yang Chun Yon, Heng and Myosa of Kokang
* 1927–1949 Colonel Sao Yang Wen Pin, Saopha of Kokang
* 1949–1959 Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai, Saopha of Kokang.

Kyon

Kyawkku Hsiwan (Kyaukku)

Ngwegunhmus:
* 1783–1820 Nga Kaw Tha
* 1820–1821 Nga Thi Ri
* 1821–1843 Nga Chit Win
* 1844–1852 Nga Shwe Maung I (1st time)
* 1852–1856 Nga Shwe Yit -Regent
* 1856–1863 Nga Shwe Maung I (2nd time)
* 1863–1865 Nga Yan Kon -Regent
* 1865–1873 Nga San
* 1873–1874 Nga Shwe Maung II -Regent
* 1874–1876 Nga Tha U -Regent
* 1876–1877 Nga Tun -Regent
* 1877–1893 Nga Thaing

Laihka (Lègya)

Saophas:
* 1505–1542 Sao Khrua Hpa
* 1542–1579 Hso Naw Hpa
* 1579–1609 Hso Kloung Hpa
* 1609–1628 Hso Hon Hpa
* 1628–1650 Hso Sieng Hpa
* 1650–1670 Sao San Hpa
* 1670–1687 Ngok Shin Hpa
* 1687–1702 Pong Awk Phyu
* 1702–1715 Sao Hkam Pan
* 1715–1745 Sao Perng Long
* 1745–1771 Sao Tern Möng
* 1771–1794 Sao Sai Hkam
* 1794–1803 Hkun Law Hpa
* 1803–1807 Sao Hla Hkam
* 1807–1854 Hkun Lek Hpa
* 1854–1856 Hkun Aung Hkam (Shwe Taung Kyaw)
* 1856–1860 Hkun Long Kyit Hpa
* 1860–1862 Sao Hkam Möng (1st time)
* 1862–1866 Hkun Hkwang Hpa
* 1866–1868 Sao Nang Kyam Faung .... (female)
* 1868–1879 Sao Hkam Möng (2nd time)
* 1879–1882 Vacant
* 1882–1928 Hkun Lai
* 1928–1952 Sao Num

Lawksawk (Yatsauk)

Saophas
* 1630 - 1660 Song Hkem
* 1660 - 1680 Thibawsa
* 1680 - 1707 Pai Hkam
* 1707 - 1729 Shwe Gyaw
* 1729 - 1753 Hkun Shwe Tha
* 1753 - 1760 Tha Pun Minaung
* 1760 - 1763 Maung Gyi
* 1763 - 1780 Shwe Yi
* 1791 - 1792 Maung Kywet
* 1792 - 1811 Hkun Sam Lik
* 1812 - 1813 On Gaing
* 1813 - 1850 Hkun Shwe Ek
* 1850 - Dec 1854 Vacant
* Dec 1854 – 1881 Sao Waing (1st time)
* 1886 – Jan 1887 Sao Waing (2nd time)
* Jan 1887 – Oct 1887 Bo Saing -Regent
* 9 Oct 1887 – 1900 Hkun Nu
* 1900 - 1946 Hkun Hsuik (d.o.b. 1863)
* 1943 - 1958 Hkun (d.o.b 1895)

Loi-ai (Lwe-e)

Ngwegunhmus

* ....–1814 Paw Kyi
* 1814–1834 Maung Shwe
* 1834–1864 Kaw Thaw
* 1864–1868 Maung Kaing
* 1868–1870 Vacant
* 1870–.... Hkun Shwe Kya

Loilong (Lwelong) Loilong (Pinlaung)

Ngwegunhmus

* ....–1854 Hkun Na (died 1854)
* 1854–1856 Hkun San Da (died 1856)
* 1856–1880 Hkun Pu (La Mu) (died 1882)

Myosas

* 1880–1882 Hkun Pu (La Mu) (died 1882)
* 1882–1938 Hkun Hkam Chok (died 16 November 1938)

Loimaw (Lwemaw)

Ngwegunhmus:

* ....–1834 Maung Hpo Gok
* 1834–1844 Maung Hpo Saw
* 1844–1847 Maung Lok
* 1847 Maung Shwe Daung
* 1847–1874 Maung Shwe Pyi (1st time)
* 1874–1876 Vacant
* 1876–1877 Maung Kya
* 12 February 1878 – 1880 Maung Meik
* 1880–1886 Maung Chit
* 1886 Maung At
* 1886–19.. Maung Shwe Pyi (2nd time)

Manglon

Saophas (sawbwas):

* 1814–1822 Hsö Hkam (Ta Awng) (died 1822)
* 1822–1852 Sao Hkun Sang
* 1852–1853 Uyaraza (died 1853)
* 1853–1860 Naw Hpa (died 1860)
* 1860–1881? Tön Hsang
* 1877–1892 Sao Maha (in West Manglön)
* 1892–1919 Tön Hsang Hang
* 1919–1946 Saw Hka Nan (lived 1892–1946)
* 1946–1952 Sao Man Laik (born 1922)

Monghsu

Monglin

Saopha of Monglin
* 1946–1959 Sao Hman Lek (died 1998)

Mongleam

Saopha of MongLeam Sao Mwamp Fa

Mongtorm

Myosa
* 1926–1952 Sao Khun Gee (died 1969)

Mawkmai (Maukme)

Saophas:

* 1800–1818 Hsai Kyaw
* 1818–1824 Awk Hkun
* 1824–1831 Let To
* 1831–1844 Hkam U
* 1844–1867 Ko Lan (1st time)
* 1867–1868 Hkum Hmôm I
* 1868–1887 Ko Lan (2nd time)
* 1887–1888 Hkun Hmôm II (1st time)
* March 1888 – 1888 Hkun Noi Kyu
* 1888–1915 Hkun Hmôm II (2nd time)
* 1915–1952 Hkun Hkaing

Mawnang (Bawnin)

Myosas

* 1774–.... Maung Myat (2nd time)
* ....–.... Naw Hkam Lin
* ....–.... Maung Kaung
* ....–.... Maung Pot
* ....–.... Maung Maung
* ....–1883 Hkun Hkam
* 1883–1886 Hkun Shwe Hkam -Regent
* 1886–.... ....

Mawsön (Bawzaing)

Ngwegunhmus:

* 1784–.... Maung Pwe
* ....–.... Maung Kyaw
* ....–.... Maung Waing
* ....–.... Maung Nyun
* 1878–.... Maung Kya Ywet

Möngkawng (Mogaung)

Mong kong Mong Yawng (1st-Möngkawng) is situated in Hukawng valley, near the Uyu river. Some Tai Leng manuscripts, also, mention about the establishment of Bein Kawng (2nd-Möngkawng) on the west bank of Nam Kawng, near the Kaming but lists of Saophas has not given. 3rd-Möngkawng is situated at a distance of about 9 miles from Mogaung.

Saophas:
* 603–633 Hkun Su (Youngest son of Hkun Lu) 1st-Möngkawng
* 633–653 Sao Hsen Saw (Son of Hkun Lu)
* 653–667 Sao Hkun Kyaw
* 667–668 Sao Hkun Kyun
* 938–9?? Sao Hkaw Hpa (2nd-Möngkawng)
* ---- – ---- Sao Haw Hseng
* ---- – ---- Hso Saw Hpa
* 1150–1201 Sao Sam Lung Hpa Hkun Mong (3rd-Möngkawng)
* 1432/1433–1445 Sao Ngan Hpa
* 1445–1449 Sao Hpi Hpa
* 1449–1495 Hso Pope Hpa
* 1495–1532 Kywansisa (Sao Sai Lung or Mogaung Mintayagyi)
* 1532–1557 Sao Lab Hpa (brother of Sao Sai Lung)
* 1557–1567 Sao Hed Perng
* 1567–1577 Hsawng Hkam Long Sunt (son of Sao Hed Perng)
* 1577–1590 Pan Hlaing Hpa
* 1590–1590 Sao Ngoek Hpa (come from Mongsit) or Mongsitsa
* 1600–1629 Hso Hsung Hpa
------------------------------------------------
* 1629–1645 Hso Hom Hpa
* 1645–1658 Hso Thet Hpa
* 1658–1663 Hso Tamma
--------------------------------------------------
* 1663–1673 Hswe Yawd
* 1673–1729 Hswe Kyeik
* 1729–1739 Haw Hkam
* 1739–1748 Haw Hsein (1st time) (d. 1777)
* 1748–1765 Ta Hkoen Möng
* 1765–1768 Haw Hseng (2nd time)
* 1768–1771 Sao Möng Kaeo
* 1771–1775 Sao Möng Pyi d. 1775
* 1775–1785 Vacant
* 1785–1796 Yawd Pan Soek

Myowuns: Most of them (except Maha Nanda Raza the Saopha of Thonze) were burmese
* 1795–1797 Mye Swane Wunmin
* 1797–1799 Nga Sout Wunmin
* 1799–1804 Ekkabat Myinwun
* 1804–1806 Nemyo Thiri Sithu
* 1806–1807 Shwedaung Letwel Kyaw
* 1807–1808 Maha Nawrahta
* 1808–1809 Maung Hsuan
* 1809–1811 Yegaung Seintathu
* 1811–1812 Shwedaung Thainkhathu and Yegaung Nawrahta
* 1812–1813 Thiri Nawrahta
* 1813–1814 Shwedaung Letwel Kyaw (2nd times)
* 1814–1818 Nemyo Theidi Kyawdin
* 1818–1819 Yedin Kyawdin
* 1819–1820 Yegaung Thura
* 1820–1822 Nemyo Mindin
* 1822–1824 Nemyo Yegaung Nawrahta
* 1824–1826 Nemyo Htinmin
* 1826–1827 Maha Nanda Raza, Saopha of Thonze (shan people) and Nemyo Zeya Kyawgaung
* 1827–1828 Nemyo Minhla
* 1828–1832 Nemyo Nanda Nawrahta, Mingyi Maha Thilawa and Nemyo Zeya Kyawgaung (2nd times)
* 1832–1835 Maha Thiri Kyawdin
* 1835–1836 Nemyo Thiri Thihathu
* 1836–1837 Nemyo Minhtin Sithu
* 1837–1839 Maha Nanda Raza (shan people) the Saopha of Thonze (2nd times)
* 1839–1840 U Mann
* 1840–1841 U Than Twe
* 1841–1845 Brother of Queen Bhamo
* 1845–1846 U Than Twe (2nd times)
* 1846–1848 U Mann (2nd times)
* 1848–1852 U Kyan
* 1852–1854 U Mann (3rd times)
* 1854–1858 U Hla Paw Gyi
* 1858–1859 U Yama and U Shin Gyi (Son of U Yama)
* 1859–1864 U Lat
* 1864–1866 U Maung
* 1866–1867 U Kyae
* 1867–1867 U Lat (2nd times)
* 1867–1868 U Yan Shin
* 1868–1871 U Tha Hton
* 1871–1873 U Moe
* 1873–1875 U Shwe Aung
* 1875–1877 U Hla Paw Kalay (Son of U Shwe Aung)
* 1877–1882 U Boe
* 1882–1883 U Si
* 1883–1885 U Shwe Tha (Father of Waing Hso Saopha)
* 1885–1886 U Kala (Amat of Mogaung)
* 1886–1887 U Pho Saw (Son of U kala)

Mongkung

Myosa

* 1835–1860 Hkun Long

Möngleng (Mohlaing)

Myosas:
* 1840? Kya U
* 18..–1887 Hkam Leng

Mönglong

Myosas

* 1813?- 1842 Hsö Han Hpa
* 1842–1854 Hsö San Hpa (Hkun )
* 1854–1866 Hsö Kawn Kyawng
* 1866–18.. Hkun Nyon
* 18..–1880 Hkun Yawt
* 1880–188. Heng Nga Maung
* 188.–1888 Hkun Saing (Hsawng)
* 1888–1894 Hkun
* 1894–.... Sao Hke

Möngmit (

Momeik)

Saophas:

* 60?–6??: Hkun Han Hpa (6th son of Hkun Lu)
* 939–9??: Sao Ngan Hpa
* 1122–1168: Hkun Hkam Kyen Hken Hpa
* 1168–1185: Hkun Ta Ka
* 1185–1250: Hkun Kome
* 1250–1308: Hkun Yi Khwai Hkam
* 1308–1310: Hkun Hpo Srang Kang
* 1310–1345: Hkun Tai Hkone
* 1345–1380: Hkun Tai Khaing
* 1380–1393: Hkam Plew
* Hkam Wad Hpa
* Hso Loeng Hkam
* Hso Hkoen Möng
* Hso Kyaung Hpa
* Hso Hom Möng
* 1450–1487: Hso Oum Hpa
* 1487–1530: Sao Sai Möng
* 1530–1550: Hkam Hsan Hpa
* 1550–1564: Ngoek Sieng Hpa
* 1564–1568: Hpong Ni Sa
* 1568–1584: Tein-nyin-sa Saing Hkan
* 1584–1600: Hkam Hkon Hpa
* 1600–1628: Hso Hung Hpa
* 1628–1650: Sao Piam Hpa
* Hso Hpa Pa
* Sao Ngauk Hpa
* Hso Ngan Hpa
* Sao Muak Hpa
* Hso Hon Hpa
* Hso Han Hpa
* Hso Paad Hpa
* Hkun Hkam Sunt
* Hkun Hkam Loeng
* Vacant
* 1830–1837; Sao Mawkmai (Sao Mei Hkam)
* 1837–1851: Sao Möng Einth
* 1851–1858: Sao Hkun Te
* 1858–1861: Sao Haw Kyin
* 1862–1868: Sao Möng Nyunt
* 1868–1874: Sao Hkam Möng
* 1874–1886: Vacant
* 1886–1887: Sao Hkam Loeng
* 31 January 1887 – 3 February 1937: Sao Khine Möng Kwe
* 3 February 1937 – 1952: Sao Hkun Hkio (b. 1912)

Mong Nai (Monè)

Saophas:

* 1312–1339 Khun Khrua
* 1542–1567 Hso Pak Hpa
* 1567–1568 Hso Hpoek Hpa
* 1568–1585 Sao Piam Hpa
* 1585–1631 Representative of Myanmar officers
* 1631–1675 Sao Hla Hkam (son of Saopha of Momeik)
* 1675–1678 Sao Kyam Hkam (son of Sao Hla Hkam)
* 1678–1704 Sao Hso Hom (son of Sao Kyam Hkam)
* 1704–1728 Sao Hkun Arn (son of Sao Hso Hom)
* 1728–1746 Sao Hso Hkam (son of Sao Hkun Arn)
* 1746–1772 Shwe Myat Noe (son of Sao Hso Hkam)
* 1772–1790 Shwe Myat Kyaw (son of Shwe Myat Noe)
* 1790–1811 Hkun Shwe Wa (son of Shwe Myat Kyaw)
* 1811–1842 Hkun Hsen Kyung (son of Sao Maha Hpom Saopha of Kyaingtong)
* 1842–1852 Hkun Nu Nom (son of Hkun Kyung)
* 1852–1875 Hkun Hpo On (son of Hkun Nu Nom)
* 1875–1882 Hkun Kyi (1st time) the uncle of Hkun Hpo On
* 1882–1888 Twet Nga Lu (usurper) (d. 1888)
* 1888–1914 Hkun Kyi (2nd time) the uncle of Hkun Hpo On
* 6 May 1914–1928 Hkun Kyaw Sam
* 1928–1949 Hkun Kyaw Ho
* 1949–1958 Sao Pyea (last Saopha of Mone')

Mongnawng

Myosas:
* 1851–1866 Heng Awn
* 1866–1868 Hkun Hkang
* 1868–19.. Hkun Tun

Mong Pai (Mobye)

Saophas:
* 1434 - 1449 Bod Hsang Hom Hkam
* 1449 - 1472 Hsan Meik Hpa Hom
* 1472 - 1510 Hso Nyunt Hpa
* 1510 - 1542 Hso Kyaung Hpa
* 1542 - 1545 Hso Kaw Hpa
* 1545 - 1581 Naw Hsan Hpa
* 1581 - 1614 Lo Hseng Han
* 1614 - 1636 Hso Hsawng Möng
* 1636 - 1661 Hkam Kyen Hpa
* 1661 - 1685 Sai Hkam Mung
* 1685 - 1692 Maing Yin (d. 1692)
* 1692 - 1759 Vacant
* 1759 - c.1763 Nga Hte Mang
Rulers (title Saohpa; ritual style Kambawsa Mahawuntha Thiridamaraza)
* c.1763 - 1766 Thi Gyit
* 1766 - 17.. Ye Kyan Dewa (1st time)
* 17.. - 1783 Sao Dwant Wad
* 1783 - 1803 Ye Kyan Dewa (2nd time)
* 1803 - 1805 Hkun Pya
* 1805 - 1808 Hkan Maung
* 1808 - 1820 Hkan Hlaing (1st time) (d. 1836)
* 1820 - 1823 Nga Kyi -Regent
* 1823 - Jul 1836 Hkan Hlaing (2nd time)
* Jul 1836 - 1890 Hkun Yon (b. 18.. - d. 1900)
* 1890 - 30 Dec 1907 Hkun Hsuriya (b. 1852 - d. 1907)
* 1890 - 1900 Hkun Yon -Regent (s.a.)
* 26 May 1908 - 1952/59 Sao Hkun Ping Nya (b. 1881 - d. 19..)

Möngpan

Myosas:

* ....–1808 Naw Hkam
* 1809–1823 Mana Ne Myo
* 1823–1858 Maung Shwe Hkam
* 1858–1867 Hkun Tun U

Saophas
* 1867–1886 Hkun Tun U
* 1886–.... Hkun Leng
* 1918–1952 Hkun On

Mong Pawn (Maing Pun)

Myosas:

* 1816–1860 Hkun Lek
* 1860–1880 Hkun Ti

Saophas:
* 1880–1928 Hkun Ti
* 1928 – 19 Jul 1947 Sao Sam Htun (died 1947)
* 1947–1952 Sao Hso Hom

Möngping (Maingpyin)

After 1842 this state was occupied by Lawksawk.

Rulers :
* 1835–1842 Hkam Hlaing
* 1842–.... Hkam Kaw

Möngsit (Maingseik)

Myosas
* 1816–18.. ....
* 18..–1857 Sao Haw Pik
* 1857–18.. Hkun Kyaw San
* 18..–1873 Hkun Lu
* 1873–1876 ....
* 1876–1880 ....
* 1880–1883 Vacant
* 1883–.... Hkam Pwin

Möngtung (Maington)

This state was occupied by Hsenwi between 1886 and 1888.

Myosas:
* ....–.... Hkun Sang Kang
* ....–.... Hkun Kyaw Htam
* ....–1886 Hkun
* 1888–1896 Hkun Lun
* 1896–19.. Haw Yawt

Möngyang (Mohnyin)

State existed before 1400 and after 1604 .

Saophas:
* 60?–6?? Hkun Hpa (2nd son of Hkun Lu)
* 940–964 Sao Kyan Hpa
* 1451–1486 Hso Bok Hpa
* 2 April 1486–1533 Hso Hkern Hpa
* 1533–1567 Sao Möng Hkam
* 1567–1603 Sao Pha Hkam
* 1603–1629 Sao Phoo Sing
* 1629–1652 Sing Ngok Hpa
* 1652–1674 Sao Ngum Möng
* 1674–1697 Tue Kyoum Hpa
* 1697–1713 Hso Oum Hpa
* 1713–1733 Hso Hkam Hpa
* 1733–1753 Hso Hkab Hpa
* 1753–1773 Phoo Hkoo Hpa
* 1773–1793 Sao Kyam Hkam
* 1793–1805 Sao Pan Hkam
* 1805–1816 Sao Lai Hkam
* 1816–1833 Sao Haw Lik
* 1833–1845 Sao Pan Serk
* 1845–1876 Sao Sang Hpa
* 1876–1924 Sao Hla Hkam (last saopha)

Myowuns:
* 1853–18?? Nemyo Minhtin Themanta Yaza (Six Myowuns – Mohnyin, Kawng Ton, Shwegu, Moe Ta, Yin khia, Kat )

Möngyawng

Myosas:
* 17..–.... Inta Wasai
* ....–.... ?
* ....–.... Hsen Sulin (Surin Pumintha)
* ....–.... Hsai Ya Kuman
* ....–.... Sao Yawt

Namhkai (Nanke)

Ngwegunhmus:
* 1808–18.. Nga Dammaa
* 18..–1867 Hkun Pe (died 1867)
* 1867–1874 Hkun Pan (1st time) (died 1891)
* 1874–1876 Vacant
* 1876–1888 Hkun Hwaing
* 1888 – 13 Jan 1891 Hkun Pan (2nd time)
* 1891–19.. Hkun Kye

Namhkok (Nankok)

Myosas:
....–.... ....

Namhkom (Nankon)

Rulers:
....–.... ....

Namtok (Nantok)

Rulers:
* ....–.... Maung Shwe Tha
* ....–1816 Tha Zan (died 1816)
* 1816–18.. Maung Yi

Ngegunhmus:
* 18..–18.. Maung Yi
* 18..–18.. Hkun Taw
* 18..–18.. Hkun Pwe
* 18..–18.. Hkun Pwang
* 18..–18.. Hkun Hmam
* 18.. – 9 Oct 1892 Hkun Pu (died 1892)
* 1892–.... Hkun Maung

Namkhok-Nawngwawn

Sao Tun Yean WW2
Sao Noi Nyin

Panglawng

Pangmi

Sao Khun Min

Pangtara (Pindara)

Ngwegunhmus:

* 1420–1444 Sao Hkam Hpong
* 1444–1468 Sao Man Hseng
* 1468–1502 Sao Vieng Hpang
* 1502–1534 Sao Vieng Sang Hpa
* 1534–1574 Sao Man Lung
* 1574–1605 Sao Lik Hpa
* 1605–1624 Sao Larb Hseng Sandi
* 1624–1644 Sao Larb Hpa
* 1644–1663 Sao Yad Hpa
* 1663–1687 Sao Sam Hkè Hpa
* 1687–1705 Sao Lik Man Lung
* 1705–1721 Sao Lak Hti
* 1721–1740 Hso Hen Doen
* 1740–1761 Sao Heb Hpa
* 1761–1782 Sao Hkem Möng
* 1782–1796 Vacant
* 1796–1802 Sao Than Hpa
* 1802–1809 Sao Hpi Hpa I
* 1809–1819 Sao Möng Khant Oo
* 1819–1843 Sao Shwe Meik
* 1843–1847 Sao Nang Thiri Thantha (f)
* 1847–1850 Sao Hpo Aek Hpa
* 1850–1851 Maung Shwe Thi (burmese) -Regent
* 1851–1857 Sao Myat Hpu
* 1857–1859 Sao Hpi Hpa II
* 1859–1860 Sao Hlaing Ya (1st time)
* 1860–1861 Sao Hpong Kone Sam
* 1862–1868 Hso Than Hpa II (1st time) -Regent
* 1868–1869 Sao Hlaing Ya (2nd time)
* 1869–1871 Hso Than Hpa II (2nd time)
* 1871–1877 Vacant
* 1877–1878 Sao Hlaing Ya (3rd time)
* 1878–1880 Vacant
* 1880–188. Sao Hlaing Ya (4th time)
* 188.–1888 Vacant
* 1888 – 6 Jan 1897 Sao Hpo Hkin (died 1897)
* 1897–1938 Sao San Noi (died 9 November 1938)
* Latest Sao Win Kyi (died 2007)

Poila (Pwehla)

Myosas:
Khun Soe Min

Sakoi

Myosas:

* ....–1877 Hkun ....
* 1877–.... Hkun Ton

Samka

Myosas:

* ....–1838 Hkun Ye
* 1838–1858 Hkun Sun (1st time)
* 1858–1860 Hkun Noi (1st time)
* 1860–1872 Hkun Sun (2nd time)
* 1873–1876 Sao Sein Bu (1st time)
* 1876–1883 Hkun Noi (2nd time)
* 1883–1885 Hkun Pwin
* December 1885 – 1915 Sao Sein Bu (2nd time)
* 1915–1952 Hkun Kyi

Saophas (Kyamine-prince):
* 1915–1952 Sao Soe Kyi

Tawngpeng

Saophas:

* 1753–1759 Ta Dwe Ba
* 1760–1764 Ba Hkun Mya
* 1764–1775 Ba Hkun Saing
* 1775–1781 Ba Dwe Taw
* 1781 Ba Loi Lio
* 1781–1819 Ba Hkun Kein Möng
* 1819–1837 Ba Hkun Hso
* 1837–1846 Ba Hkun Tan Möng
* 1847 – 4 Sep 1856 Shwe Ok Hka (Shwe Taung Kyaw)
* 1856–1865 Hkun (Ba Hkam Hkun Shinye)
* 1865–1868 Aung Tha
* 1868–1877 Kwan Kon
* 1877–1887 Hkun Hkam Möng
* 1888–1897 Hkam Tan Möng (Hkun Kyan)
* 1897–1926 Hkun Hsan Gawn
* Aug 1926 – 1952 Hkun Pan Sing

Wanmaw (Bhamo)

This state existed 1470–1772, when it was incorporated into Burma.

Saophas
* 955: Hkun Hkam Hseng
* 1470–1492: Sao Naw Hpa
* 1492–1506: Hso Wad Hpa (b. Hkun Naw Hkam)
* 1506–1517: Hso Hkoen Hpa
* 1517–1534: Naw Jad Hpa
* 1534–1540: Hso Hkam Hpa
* 1540–1549: Hso Hpoek Hpa
* 1549–1574: Ngawk Chew Hpa
* 1574–1601: Awk Htong Lung Sunt
* 1601–1643: U Thit Hpa
* 1643–1685: Sao Ngawk Hpa
* 1685–1706: Sao Hpi Hpa
* 1706–1719: Sao Mauk Hpa
* 1719–1720: Hpo U
* 1720–1727: Sao Muak Hpa
* 1727–1734: Sao Tung Ngai I (d. 1734)
* 1734–1735: Vacant
* 1735–1742: Kit Haw
* 1742–1770: Sao Tung Ngai II
* 1770–1772: Sao Moud Aung (b. 1690 – c. 1772)

Myowuns:
* 1772–17??: Mingyi Wailuthaya (U Shwe Ye)
* 1853–18??: Mingyi Maha Minhtin Yaza
* 1878–18??: U Pho Hla

Wanyin (Banyin)

Rulers:

* 1865–1874 Hkun Saw

Myosas:
* 1874–1893 Hkun Saw
* 1893 – Jul 1897 Hkun Long
* 1897–19.. Hkun Han

Waing Hso (Wynn Tho)

Saophas:
* 941–955 Sao Hon Hpa
* 955–?? Paung Hpa
* 1382–1384 Paung Kiao
* 1384–1414 Paung Hkam
* 1414–1434 Hso Hkloung Hpa
* 1434–1465 Saw Nyi
* 1465–1481 Hso Wen Hpa
* 1481–1504 Hso Paad Hpa
* 1504–1534 Hso Hkam Hpa
* 1534–1558 Soi Lod Hpa
* 1558–1583 Tian Sieng Hpa
* 1583–1592 Pha Lod Hpa from Kyawkku Hsiwan (Kyaukku, Myinkyadu)
* 1592–1599 Town Hso Yen
* 1599–1619 Tein-nyin-sa Saing Hkan
* 1619–16?? Thakin Kaw Nyo
* 16??–1647 Sao Inn Möng
* 1647–1671 Kruea Hsan Hpa (come from Mongsit)
* 1671–1697 Kye Möng U Kyaung (Son of Kruea Hsan Hpa)
* 1697–1697 Maung Kyin Baw
* 1697–1702 Maung Sun
* 1702–1714 Kyaung Pyn
* 1714–1736 Mei Kiao (Son of Kye Möng U Kyaung)
* 1736–1751 Vacant
* 1751–1756 Talaings
* 1756–1778 Okka Nara (Brother of Mei Kiao)
* 1778–1796 Sao Tim Hpa
* 1796–1798 Town San Hkam (Brother of Sao Tim Hpa)
* 1798–1827 Maung Tha Ywe (administrator to 1802)
* 1827–1830 Hkam Thaan Hpa
* 1830–1833 Hso Ngaan Hpa
* 1833–1849 Haw Hkam Hung Thit
* 1849–1851 San Thit Hpa
* 1852–1866 Hkam Thad Hpa (d. af.1891)
* 1866–1878 Hso Hon Hpa
* 1878– 7 Feb 1891 Hso U (Son of Hkam Tha Hpa) – Last Saopha of Waing Hso (b. 1857 - d. af.1909)

Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe)

The formal and the ritual name of the state was Kambosarattha, in short term Kanbawza. The rulers full titular style was Kambawsarahta Thiri Pawaramahawuntha Thudamaraza. For the state capital see Nyaung Shwe.

Saophas

* 1359 - 1384 Nga Taung
* 1384 - 1400 Nga Naung
* Nga Sa Mauk
* Mauk Hkam
* Ai Hso Yen
* 1497 - 1510 Hkun Ai from Kyaing Taung
* 1510 - 1522 Kiao Lan Hom
* 1522 - 1532 Hkam Ai Lan
* 1532 - 1542 Nga Hseng Hpa
* 1542 - 1590 Shwe Sayan
* 1590 - 1607 Haw Lung Hkam Hlaing Hpa
* 1607 - 1615 Sai Mauk Hpa
* 1615 - 1634 Kiao Hsawng Hpa
* 1634 - 1647 Hsa Hung Hpa
* 1647 - 1667 Hkun Hpong Hpa
* 1667 - 1675 Sao Sieng Hpa
* 1675 - 1695 Hkam Hsawng Hpa
* 1695 - 1733 Hkam Leng Hpa
* 1733 - 1737 Htawk Sha Sa
* 1737 - 1746 Hsi Ton Sa
* 1746 - 1758 Hke Hsa Wa
* 1758 - 1758 Naw Mong I
* 1758 - 1761 Yawt Hkam
* 1761 - 1762 Hpong Hpa Ka-sa
* 1762 - 1815 Sao Yun
* 1815 - 1818 Sao Hso U I
* 1818 - 1821 Naw Mong II
* 1821 - 1852 Sao Hso U II
* 1852 - 1858 Sao Hso Hom (d. 1858)
* 1858 - 1864 Sao Naw Hpa
* 23 Oct 1864 - 1885 Sao Maung (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1927)
* 1886 - 1897 Sao Ohn
* 1897 - Dec 1926 Sao Maung (2nd time) (s.a.) (from 19.., Sir Sao Maung)
* Sep 1927 - 1952 Hso Hkam Suek aka Sao Shwe Thaik (b. 1896 - d. 1962) 33rd Saopha (The First President of Burma)

Yengan (Ywangan)

Ngwegunhmus:
*c.1857 - 1860 Maung Htun Lin (d. c.1864)
*1861 - 1886 Maung Nyo Sein (d. 1886)
*1886 Maung Thu Daw (1st time) (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
*1886 (10 days) Mi Thaung (f)
*1896 (25 days) Maung Chit + Heng Yin Yo
*1887 - 19.. Maung Thu Daw (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1887 - May 1898 .... -Regent

Hkam Ti (Zinkaling)

Saophas:
* 1820–1844 Saw Nyi Kawng
* 1844–1853 Saw Ai
* 1853–1882 Saw Hi
* 1887–1892 Saw Ni Taung
* 1892–1898 Saw Hon(Po Hlaing)(Cousin of Saw Ni Taung)
* 1898–19?? Ma Pu(Sister of Saw Hon)
* 19??–1952 Saw Mya Sein(Last Saopha)

Bibliography & External links

* Sao Sāimöng, ''The Shan States and the British Annexation''. Cornell University, Cornell, 1969 (2nd ed.)
* Sao Sāimöng Mangrāi, ''The Pādaeng Chronicle and the Jengtung State Chronicle Translated''. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1981
* J. G. Scott, ''Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States''. 5 vols. Rangoon, 1900–1901
* J. G. Scott, ''Burma: a handbook of practical information''. London, 1906
* ''Shan States and Karenni List of Chiefs and Leading Families (corrected up to 1939)'', Government of India Press, Simla, 1943
* E. R. Leach (1954). The Political System of Highland Burma.

WorldStatesmen - Myanmar(Burma)- Shan&Karenni states
{{Expand list, date=August 2008

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