References

External links

The government of the Ottoman empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent
(p. 32) by Albert Howe Lybyer, in public domain
''Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar, a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language''
at the

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...

By V. H. Hagopian — Official Titles (p. 459) {{DEFAULTSORT:Mamluk titles and appellations Gubernatorial titles Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire Noble titles Government of the Ottoman Empire Positions of subnational authority Titles of national or ethnic leadership * Ottoman Empire-related lists