List of German popes
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pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
s corresponds to that given in the ''
Annuario Pontificio The ''Annuario Pontificio'' (Italian for ''Pontifical Yearbook'') is the annual directory of the Holy See of the Catholic Church. It lists the popes in chronological order and all officials of the Holy See's departments. It also provides names ...
'' under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the ''Annuario Pontificio'' no longer identifies popes by regnal number, stating that it is impossible to decide which pope represented the legitimate succession at various times. The 2001 edition of the ''Annuario Pontificio'' introduced "almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes, from St Peter to John Paul II". The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope. The term ''
pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
'' ( la, text=papa, translation=father) is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders (for example
Coptic pope The Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church ( cop, Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ, translit=Papa; ar, البابا, translit=al-Bābā), also known as the Bishop of Alexandria, is the leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, with ancient Christian roots in Egypt. The ...
). This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church. The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition, including '' Summus Pontifex'', '' Pontifex Maximus'', and '' Servus servorum Dei''. Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives, is not incapable of modification.
Hermannus Contractus Blessed Hermann of Reichenau (18 July 1013– 24 September 1054), also known by other names, was an 11th-century Benedictine monk and scholar. He composed works on history, music theory, mathematics, and astronomy, as well as many hymn ...
may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously. His list ends in 1049 with
Leo IX Pope Leo IX (21 June 1002 – 19 April 1054), born Bruno von Egisheim-Dagsburg, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 February 1049 to his death in 1054. Leo IX is considered to be one of the most historically ...
as number 154. Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century. Christopher was considered a legitimate pope for a long time but was removed due to how he obtained the papacy.
Pope-elect Stephen Pope-elect Stephen (died 25 March 752) was a Roman priest selected in March 752 to succeed Pope Zachary. Because he died before he was consecrated, he is considered only a rather than a legitimate pope. Papacy In 745, Stephen was made a cardin ...
was listed as Stephen II until the 1961 edition, when his name was removed. The decisions of the
Council of Pisa The Council of Pisa was a controversial ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in 1409. It attempted to end the Western Schism by deposing Benedict XIII (Avignon) and Gregory XII (Rome) for schism and manifest heresy. The College o ...
(1409) were reversed in 1963 in a reinterpretation of the
Western Schism The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Vatican Standoff, the Great Occidental Schism, or the Schism of 1378 (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon b ...
, extending
Gregory XII Pope Gregory XII ( la, Gregorius XII; it, Gregorio XII;  – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Corraro, Corario," or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was oppose ...
's pontificate to 1415 and classifying rival claimants
Alexander V Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...
and
John XXIII Pope John XXIII ( la, Ioannes XXIII; it, Giovanni XXIII; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, ; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 19 ...
as antipopes. A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints, including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes, and others are in the sainthood process. Of the first 31 popes, 28 died as martyrs (see
List of murdered popes A collection of popes who have had violent deaths through the centuries. The circumstances have ranged from martyrdom (Pope Stephen I) to war (Lucius II), to a beating by a jealous husband (Pope John XII). A number of other popes have died under ci ...
).


Chronological list of popes


1st millennium


1st century


2nd century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , c. 199 –
c. 200
, '' Natalius''
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Italia, Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to pope
Zephyrinus Zephyrinus is a Latin masculine name (derived from the Greek , the name of the west wind). The name has related forms in modern languages: * Zéphyrin or Zéphirin (French); feminine: Zéphyrine * Zephyrin or Zephirin (German); feminine Zephryine ...
. Later reconciled.


3rd century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 217 –
235
, ''St Hippolytus''
, style="font-size:85%", c. 170 AD
Asia Minor Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
, Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 47 / 65 , style="font-size:85%", Greek. In opposition to
Callixtus I Pope Callixtus I, also called Callistus I, was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from c. 218 to his death c. 222 or 223.Chapman, John (1908). "Pope Callistus I" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Ap ...
,
Urban I Pope Urban I (175?–230) ( la, Urbanus I) was the bishop of Rome from 222 to 23 May 230.Kirsch, Johann Peter (1912). "Pope Urban I" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. He was born in Rome and succeeded ...
and Pontian. Later reconciled with Pontian (see below). , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , March 251 –
258
, ''
Novatian Novatian (c. 200–258) was a scholar, priest, and theologian. He is considered by the Catholic Church to have been an antipope between 251 and 258. Some Greek authors give his name as Novatus, who was an African presbyter. He was a noted theol ...
''
, style="font-size:85%", c. 200–20 AD Rome, Italia, Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 31–51 / 38–58 , style="font-size:85%", Roman. Founder of
Novatianism Novatianism or Novationism was an early Christian sect devoted to the theologian Novatian ( 200–258) that held a strict view that refused readmission to communion of '' lapsi'' (those baptized Christians who had denied their faith or performed ...
. In opposition to Cornelius,
Lucius I Pope Lucius I was the bishop of Rome from 25 June 253 to his death on 5 March 254. He was banished soon after his consecration, but gained permission to return. He was mistakenly classified as a martyr in the persecution by Emperor Valerian, whic ...
, Stephen I and
Sixtus II Pope Sixtus II ( el, Πάπας Σίξτος Β΄), also written as Pope Xystus II, was bishop of Rome from 31 August 257 until his death on 6 August 258. He was martyred along with seven deacons, including Lawrence of Rome, during the persecutio ...
.


4th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 355 –
22 November 365
, ''
Felix II Antipope Felix (died 22 November 365) was a Roman archdeacon in the 4th century who was installed irregularly in 355 as an antipope and reigned until 365 after Emperor Constantius II banished the then current pope, Liberius. Constantius, foll ...
''
, style="font-size:85%", c. 300 AD Rome, Italy, Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 55 / 65 , style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to Pope Liberius. Installed by Arian-leaning Emperor
Constantius II Constantius II (Latin: ''Flavius Julius Constantius''; grc-gre, Κωνστάντιος; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361) was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 1 October 366 –
16 November 367
, '' Ursinus''
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Italy, Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to
Damasus I Pope Damasus I (; c. 305 – 11 December 384) was the bishop of Rome from October 366 to his death. He presided over the Council of Rome of 382 that determined the canon or official list of sacred scripture. He spoke out against major heresies (i ...
. Banished to
Gallia Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during Rep ...
by Emperor
Valentinian II Valentinian II ( la, Valentinianus; 37115 May 392) was a Roman emperor in the western part of the Roman empire between AD 375 and 392. He was at first junior co-ruler of his brother, was then sidelined by a usurper, and only after 388 sole rul ...
after a war between two sects and died after 384.


5th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 27 December 418 –
3 April 419
, ''
Eulalius Antipope Eulalius (died 423) was antipope from December 418 to April 419. Elected in a dual election with Pope Boniface I, he eventually lost out to Boniface and became bishop of Napete. History Upon the death of Pope Zosimus on December 26, ...
''
, style="font-size:85%", c. 350–80 AD Rome, Italy, Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 68–38 / 69–39 (†72–42) , style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to
Pope Boniface I Pope Boniface I ( la, Bonifatius I) was the bishop of Rome from 28 December 418 to his death on 4 September 422. His election was disputed by the supporters of Eulalius until the dispute was settled by Emperor Honorius. Boniface was active in ma ...
. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface, first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius, but lost it quickly. Exiled in Campania, and died in 423. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 22 November 498 –
Aug 506/8
, ''
Laurence Laurence is an English and French given name (usually female in French and usually male in English). The English masculine name is a variant of Lawrence and it originates from a French form of the Latin ''Laurentius'', a name meaning "man from ...
''
, style="font-size:85%", c. 460 AD Rome, Italy, Western Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 38 / 46 (†48) , style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to Symmachus. Elected on the same day as Symachus, King
Theodoric Theodoric is a Germanic given name. First attested as a Gothic name in the 5th century, it became widespread in the Germanic-speaking world, not least due to its most famous bearer, Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Overview The name ...
settled in favor of his adversary. Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until he died in 506/08.


6th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 22 September 530 –
14 October 530
, '' Dioscore''
, style="font-size:85%",
Alexandria Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...
, Aegyptus,
Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantin ...
, style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Greek. In opposition to
Pope Boniface II Pope Boniface II ( la, Bonifatius II; died 17 October 532) was the first Germanic bishop of Rome. He ruled the Holy See from 22 September 530 until his death on 17 October 532. Boniface's father's name was Sigibuld. He was probably born in Ro ...
. Candidate of the Byzantine party, elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by
Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya ( Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis ( ...
, he died less than a month after his election.


7th century


8th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 22 March 752 –
25 March 752

, ,
Stephen Stephen or Steven is a common English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; ...

, Stephanus , style="font-size:85%", c. 700 Rome, Duchy of Rome
(formally Eastern Roman Empire) , style="font-size:85%", 52 / 52 , style="font-size:85%", Roman. Previously known as Stephen II. Died three days after his election, having never received
episcopal consecration A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
. Some lists still include him. The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century; removed in 1961. He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church.


9th century


10th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , October 903 –
January 904

, '' Christopher''
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Leo V. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 6 December 963 –
26 February 964

, ''
Leo VIII Pope Leo VIII ( 915 – 1 March 965) was a Roman prelate who claimed the Holy See from 963 until 964 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V and again from 23 June 964 to his death. Today he is considered by the Catholic Church to have bee ...
''
, style="font-size:85%", c. 915 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 48 / 49 , style="font-size:85%", Italian. Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and
Benedict V Pope Benedict V ( la, Benedictus V; died 4 July 965) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 22 May to 23 June 964, in opposition to Leo VIII. He was overthrown by Emperor Otto I. His brief pontificate occurred at the end of a ...
. His pontificate after the deposition of Benedict V is considered legitimate by the modern Catholic Church. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , July 974 –
July 974

, '' Boniface VII''
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Italian, born Francone Ferucci. In opposition to Benedict VI and
Benedict VII Pope Benedict VII ( la, Benedictus VII; died October 983) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from October 974 to his death. Family and early career Benedict was born in Rome, the son of David or Deodatus and nephew of Alberic ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 20 August 984 –
20 July 985

, '' Boniface VII''
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to John XIV and John XV , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , April 997 –
February 998

, '' John XVI''
, style="font-size:85%", c. 941 Rossanum, Calabria, Italy, Eastern Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 55 / 56 (†60) , style="font-size:85%", Greek. In opposition to
Gregory V Gregory may refer to: People and fictional characters * Gregory (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Gregory (surname), a surname Places Australia * Gregory, Queensland, a town in the Shire o ...


2nd millennium


11th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 12 June 1012 –
31 December 1012
, , '' Gregory VI''
, Gregorio , style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Benedict VIII , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 4 April 1058 –
24 January 1059
, , ''
Benedict X Benedict X (died 1073/1080), born Giovanni, was elected to succeed Pope Stephen IX on 5 April 1058, but was opposed by a rival faction that elected Pope Nicholas II, Nicholas II. He fled Rome on 24 January 1059 and is today generally regarded as a ...
''
, Giovanni Mincio di Tuscolo , style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Nicholas II. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 30 September 1061 –
1072
, , '' Honorius II''
, Pietro Candalus , style="font-size:85%", 1010
Verona Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city municipality in the region and the second largest in nor ...
, Holy Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 61 / 72 , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Alexander II , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 25 June 1080 –
8 September 1100
, , ''
Clement III Pope Clement III ( la, Clemens III; 1130 – 20 March 1191), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 December 1187 to his death in 1191. He ended the conflict between the Papacy and the city of Rome, by all ...
''
, Pietro Cadnalus , style="font-size:85%", 1010
Verona Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city municipality in the region and the second largest in nor ...
, Holy Roman Empire , style="font-size:85%", 61 / 72 , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Gregory VII,
Pope Victor III Pope Victor III ( 1026 – 16 September 1087), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 May 1086 to his death. He was the successor of Pope Gregory VII, yet his pontificate is far less notable than his time as De ...
, Pope Urban II and
Pope Paschal II Pope Paschal II ( la, Paschalis II; 1050  1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was cre ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 8 September 1100 –
January 1101
, , ''
Theodoric Theodoric is a Germanic given name. First attested as a Gothic name in the 5th century, it became widespread in the Germanic-speaking world, not least due to its most famous bearer, Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Overview The name ...
''
, Teodorico , style="font-size:85%", c. 1030 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 70 / 71 , style="font-size:85%", Lombard. In opposition to
Pope Paschal II Pope Paschal II ( la, Paschalis II; 1050  1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was cre ...


12th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , January 1101 –
February 1102
, , '' Adalbert''
, Adalberto
O.S.B. , image = Medalla San Benito.PNG , caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal , abbreviation = OSB , formation = , motto = (English: 'Pray and Work') , found ...
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Lombard. In opposition to
Pope Paschal II Pope Paschal II ( la, Paschalis II; 1050  1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was cre ...
, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , — , 8 November 1105 –
11 April 1111
, , '' Sylvester IV''
, Maguinulf , style="font-size:85%", 1050 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 49 / 55 (†56) , style="font-size:85%", German. In opposition to
Paschal II Pope Paschal II ( la, Paschalis II; 1050  1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was cre ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 10 March 1118 –
20 April 1121
, , ''
Gregory VIII Pope Gregory VIII ( la, Gregorius VIII; c. 1100/1105 – 17 December 1187), born Alberto di Morra, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States for two months in 1187. Becoming Pope after a long diplomatic career as Aposto ...
''
, Maurice Baurdain , style="font-size:85%", c. 1060
Limousin Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
,
Occitania Occitania ( oc, Occitània , , or ) is the historical region in Western and Southern Europe where the Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes still used as a second language. This cultural area roughly encompasse ...
, France , style="font-size:85%", 58 / 61 (†77) , style="font-size:85%", French (Occitan). In opposition to
Gelasius II Pope Gelasius II (c. 1060/1064 – 29 January 1119), born Giovanni Caetani or Giovanni da Gaeta (also called ''Coniulo''), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1118 to his death in 1119. A monk of Monte C ...
and
Callixtus II Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II ( – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124. His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 16 December 1124–
16 December 1124
, , ''
Celestine II Pope Celestine II ( la, Caelestinus II; died 8 March 1144), born Guido di Castello,Thomas, pg. 91 was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 26 September 1143 to his death in 1144. Early life Guido di Castello, possibly ...
''
, Teobaldo Boccapecora , style="font-size:85%", 1050 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 74 / 74 (†76) , style="font-size:85%", French. In opposition to Honorius II. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 14 February 1130 –
25 January 1138
, , ''
Anacletus II Anacletus II (died January 25, 1138), born Pietro Pierleoni, was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138. After the death of Pope Honorius II, the college of cardinals was divided over his succ ...
''
, Pietro Pierleoni
O.S.B. , image = Medalla San Benito.PNG , caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal , abbreviation = OSB , formation = , motto = (English: 'Pray and Work') , found ...
, style="font-size:85%", 1090 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 40 / 48 , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to
Innocent II Pope Innocent II ( la, Innocentius II; died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. His election as pope was controversial and the fi ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 23 March 1138 –
25 March 1138
, , '' Victor IV''
, Gregorio Conti , style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", — , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In Opposition to Pope Innocent II , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 7 September 1159 –
20 April 1164
, , '' Victor IV''
, Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviani di Monticelli , style="font-size:85%", 1095 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 64 / 69 , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Alexander III. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 28 April 1164 –
22 September 1168
, , ''
Paschal III Antipope Paschal III (or Paschal III) () was a 12th-century clergyman who, from 1164 to 1168, was the second antipope to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III. He had previously served as Cardinal of St. Maria. Biography Born Guido of Crem ...
''
, Guido di Crema , style="font-size:85%", 1110 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 54 / 58 , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Alexander III. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 30 September 1168 –
29 August 1178
, , ''
Callixtus III Pope Callixtus III ( it, Callisto III, va, Calixt III, es, Calixto III; 31 December 1378 – 6 August 1458), born Alfonso de Borgia ( va, Alfons de Borja), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1455 to his ...
''
, Giovanni di Struma
O.S.B. , image = Medalla San Benito.PNG , caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal , abbreviation = OSB , formation = , motto = (English: 'Pray and Work') , found ...
, style="font-size:85%", 1090 Rome, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 78 / 88 , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Alexander III. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 29 September 1179 –
January 1180
, , ''
Innocent III Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 J ...
''
, Lando di Sezze (or Lanzo) , style="font-size:85%", 1120 Sezze, Papal States , style="font-size:85%", 59 / 60 (†63) , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Alexander III.


13th century


14th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 12 May 1328–
25 July 1330
, , ''
Nicholas V Pope Nicholas V ( la, Nicholaus V; it, Niccolò V; 13 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death in March 1455. Pope Eugene made ...
''
, Pietro Rainalducci,
O.F.M. , style="font-size:85%", 1260
Corvaro Borgorose ( Sabino: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region Lazio (Latin Latium), located about northeast of Rome and about southeast of Rieti. Borgorose borders the following municipalities: L'Aquila, L ...
,
Papal States The Papal States ( ; it, Stato Pontificio, ), officially the State of the Church ( it, Stato della Chiesa, ; la, Status Ecclesiasticus;), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope fro ...
, style="font-size:85%", 68 / 70 (†73) , style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to
John XXII Pope John XXII ( la, Ioannes PP. XXII; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in December 1334. He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected by ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 20 September 1378 –
16 September 1394
, , ''
Clement VII Pope Clement VII ( la, Clemens VII; it, Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. Deemed "the ...
''
, Robert de Genève , style="font-size:85%", 1342 Chateau d'Annecy,
County of Savoy The County of Savoy (, ) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Burgundian Kingdom in the 11th century. It was the cradle of the future Savoyard state. Histor ...
, H.R.E. , style="font-size:85%", 36 / 52 , style="font-size:85%", French. In opposition to
Urban VI Pope Urban VI ( la, Urbanus VI; it, Urbano VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano (), was head of the Catholic Church from 8 April 1378 to his death in October 1389. He was the most recent pope to be elected from outside the ...
(1378–89) and
Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX ( la, Bonifatius IX; it, Bonifacio IX; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli) was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope of the Western Schism.Richa ...
(1389–1404) , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 28 September 1394 –
23 May 1423
, , '' Benedict XIII''
, Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor , style="font-size:85%", 25 November 1328
Illueca Illueca is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census ( INE), the municipality has a population of 3,396 inhabitants. Antipope Benedict XIII Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 ...
, Aragon , style="font-size:85%", 66 / 94 , style="font-size:85%", Spanish. In opposition to
Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX ( la, Bonifatius IX; it, Bonifacio IX; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli) was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope of the Western Schism.Richa ...
(1389–1404), Innocent VII (1404–06),
Gregory XII Pope Gregory XII ( la, Gregorius XII; it, Gregorio XII;  – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Corraro, Corario," or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was oppose ...
(1406–15),
Martin V Pope Martin V ( la, Martinus V; it, Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. Hi ...
(1417–31) and Pisan Antipopes
Alexander V Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...
(1409–10) and
John XXIII Pope John XXIII ( la, Ioannes XXIII; it, Giovanni XXIII; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, ; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 19 ...
(1410–15)


15th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 30 June 1409 –
3 May 1410
, , ''
Alexander V Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...
''
, Pétros Philárgēs,
O.F.M. , style="font-size:85%", 1339
Candia Lomellina Candia Lomellina is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about southwest of Milan and about west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,639 and an area of .All demographi ...
, Lombardy, Duchy of Milan , style="font-size:85%", 70 / 71 , style="font-size:85%", Greek.
Western Schism The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Vatican Standoff, the Great Occidental Schism, or the Schism of 1378 (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon b ...
. In opposition to
Gregory XII Pope Gregory XII ( la, Gregorius XII; it, Gregorio XII;  – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Corraro, Corario," or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was oppose ...
. Considered a legitimate pope until 1963 and is numbered as such to this day. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 25 May 1410 –
30 May 1415
, , ''
John XXIII Pope John XXIII ( la, Ioannes XXIII; it, Giovanni XXIII; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, ; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 19 ...
''
, Baldassarre Cossa , style="font-size:85%", 1365
Procida Procida (; nap, Proceta ) is one of the Flegrean Islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy. The island is between Cape Miseno and the island of Ischia. With its tiny satellite island of Vivara, it is a ''comune'' of the Metropolitan Ci ...
,
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, style="font-size:85%", 45 / 50 (†54) , style="font-size:85%", Italian.
Western Schism The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Vatican Standoff, the Great Occidental Schism, or the Schism of 1378 (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon b ...
. In opposition to
Gregory XII Pope Gregory XII ( la, Gregorius XII; it, Gregorio XII;  – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Corraro, Corario," or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was oppose ...
. Convened Council of Constance. Abdicated. Became
dean of the College of Cardinals The dean of the College of Cardinals ( la, Decanus Collegii Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalium) presides over the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, serving as ''primus inter pares'' (first among equals). The position was establi ...
in 1417. Was considered a legitimate pope until 1958. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 10 or 20 June 1423 –
26 July 1429
, , ''
Clement VIII Pope Clement VIII ( la, Clemens VIII; it, Clemente VIII; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1592 to his death in March 1605. Born ...
''
, Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón , style="font-size:85%", 1369
Teruel Teruel () is a city in Aragon, located in eastern Spain, and is also the capital of Teruel Province. It has a population of 35,675 in 2014 making it the least populated provincial capital in the country. It is noted for its harsh climate, with ...
, Aragon , style="font-size:85%", 54 / 60 (†77) , style="font-size:85%", Spanish.
Western Schism The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Vatican Standoff, the Great Occidental Schism, or the Schism of 1378 (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon b ...
. In opposition to
Martin V Pope Martin V ( la, Martinus V; it, Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. Hi ...
. , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , , 1424 –
1429
, , ''
Antipope Benedict XIV Benedict XIV was the name used by two closely related minor antipopes of the 15th century. The first, Bernard Garnier became antipope in 1424 and died c. 1429. The second, Jean Carrier, became antipope c. 1430 and apparently left office, whethe ...
'' , Bernard Garnier , style="font-size:85%", France , style="font-size:85%", , style="font-size:85%", Two antipope claimants , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , , 1430 –
1437
, , ''
Antipope Benedict XIV Benedict XIV was the name used by two closely related minor antipopes of the 15th century. The first, Bernard Garnier became antipope in 1424 and died c. 1429. The second, Jean Carrier, became antipope c. 1430 and apparently left office, whethe ...
'' , Jean Carrier , style="font-size:85%", France , style="font-size:85%", , style="font-size:85%", Two antipope claimants , - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;" , style="text-align:center;" , —
, 5 November 1439 –
7 April 1449
, , ''
Felix V Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451), nicknamed the Peaceful, was Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. He was the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was a claimant to the papac ...
''
, Amadeus , style="font-size:85%", 4 September 1383
Chambéry Chambéry (, , ; Arpitan: ''Chambèri'') is the prefecture of the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France. The population of the commune of Chambéry was 58,917 as of 2019, while the population of the Chamb ...
,
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
, style="font-size:85%", 56 / 65 (†67) , style="font-size:85%", French. In opposition to
Eugene IV Pope Eugene IV ( la, Eugenius IV; it, Eugenio IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 3 March 1431 to his death in February 1447. Condulmer was a Venetian, and ...
and
Nicholas V Pope Nicholas V ( la, Nicholaus V; it, Niccolò V; 13 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death in March 1455. Pope Eugene made ...
. Also ruled as
count of Savoy The titles of count, then of duke of Savoy are titles of nobility attached to the historical territory of Savoy. Since its creation, in the 11th century, the county was held by the House of Savoy. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy at ...
.


16th century


17th century


18th century


19th century


20th century

, -


3rd millennium


21st century

Longest-living pope on record.


Religious orders

51 popes and 6
antipopes An antipope ( la, antipapa) is a person who makes a significant and substantial attempt to occupy the position of Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope. At times between the 3rd and mid- ...
(in italics) have been members of
religious orders A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by the principles of its founder's religious pract ...
, including 12 members of third orders. They are listed by order as follows:


Numbering of popes

Regnal number Regnal numbers are ordinal numbers used to distinguish among persons with the same name who held the same office. Most importantly, they are used to distinguish monarchs. An ''ordinal'' is the number placed after a monarch's regnal name to differ ...
s follow the usual convention for European monarchs. Popes with unique names are not identified by ordinals. Antipopes are treated as
pretender A pretender is someone who claims to be the rightful ruler of a country although not recognized as such by the current government. The term is often used to suggest that a claim is not legitimate.Curley Jr., Walter J. P. ''Monarchs-in-Waiting'' ...
s, and their numbers are reused by those considered to be legitimate popes. However, there are anomalies in the numbering of the popes. Several numbers were mistakenly increased in the Middle Ages because the records were misunderstood. Several antipopes were also kept in the sequence, either by mistake or because they were previously considered to be true popes. * Alexander:
Antipope Alexander V Peter of Candia, also known as Peter Phillarges (c. 1339 – May 3, 1410), named as Alexander V ( la, Alexander PP. V; it, Alessandro V), was an antipope elected by the Council of Pisa during the Western Schism (1378–1417). He reigned briefly ...
(1409–1410) was listed in the ''Annuario Pontificio'' as a legitimate pope until the 20th century, when the Pisan popes were reclassified as antipopes. There had already been three more Alexanders by then, so there is now a gap in the numbering sequence. * Donus: The name has only been used by one pope. The apocryphal Pope Donus II resulted from confusion between the Latin word ''dominus'' (lord) and the name Donus. * Felix:
Antipope Felix II Antipope Felix (died 22 November 365) was a Roman archdeacon in the 4th century who was installed irregularly in 355 as an antipope and reigned until 365 after Emperor Constantius II banished the then current pope, Liberius. Constantius, foll ...
(356–357) was kept in the numbering sequence. * John: The numbering of the Johns is particularly confused. In the modern sequence, the Johns are identified by the numbers they used during their reigns. **
Antipope John XVI John XVI ( 945 – 1001; born gr, Ιωάννης Φιλάγαθος, Ioannis Philagathos; it, Giovanni Filagato; la, Johannes Philagathus) was an antipope from 997 to 998. Biography John was of Greek descent and was a native of Rossan ...
(997–998) was kept in the numbering sequence. **
Pope John XXI Pope John XXI ( la, Ioannes XXI;  – 20 May 1277), born Pedro Julião ( la, Petrus Iulianus), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 September 1276 to his death on 20 May 1277. Apart from Damasus I (from ...
(1276–1277) chose to skip the number XX, believing that there had been another John between XIV and XV. In reality, John XIV had been counted twice. ** By the 16th century, the numbering error had been conflated with legends about a female
Pope Joan Pope Joan (''Ioannes Anglicus'', 855–857) was, according to legend, a woman who reigned as pope for two years during the Middle Ages. Her story first appeared in chronicles in the 13th century and subsequently spread throughout Europe. The s ...
, whom some authors called John VIII. She was never listed in the ''Annuario Pontificio''. **
Antipope John XXIII Baldassarre Cossa (c. 1370 – 22 December 1419) was Pisan antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) during the Western Schism. The Catholic Church regards him as an antipope, as he opposed Pope Gregory XII whom the Catholic Church now recognizes as t ...
(1410–1415) was listed in the ''Annuario Pontificio'' as a legitimate pope until the 20th century. After the Pisan popes were classified as antipopes,
Pope John XXIII Pope John XXIII ( la, Ioannes XXIII; it, Giovanni XXIII; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, ; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 19 ...
(1958–1963) chose to reuse the number, citing "twenty-two icJohns of indisputable legitimacy." * Martin:
Pope Martin I Pope Martin I ( la, Martinus I, el, Πάπας Μαρτίνος; between 590 and 600 – 16 September 655), also known as Martin the Confessor, was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 649 to his death 16 September 655. He served as Pope Theodore I's ...
(649–655) is followed by Martin IV (1281–1285). Due to the similarity between the Latin names ''Marinus'' and ''Martinus'', Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and III. * Stephen:
Pope-elect Stephen Pope-elect Stephen (died 25 March 752) was a Roman priest selected in March 752 to succeed Pope Zachary. Because he died before he was consecrated, he is considered only a rather than a legitimate pope. Papacy In 745, Stephen was made a cardin ...
(752) died before being consecrated. He was previously known as Stephen II, but the Vatican removed him from the official list of popes in 1961. The remaining Stephens are now numbered Pope Stephen II (752–757) to
Pope Stephen IX Pope Stephen IX ( la, Stephanus, christened Frederick; c. 1020 – 29 March 1058) was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 3 August 1057 to his death in 29 March 1058. He was a member of the Ardenne-Verdun family, ...
(1057–1058).


See also

*
Annuario Pontificio The ''Annuario Pontificio'' (Italian for ''Pontifical Yearbook'') is the annual directory of the Holy See of the Catholic Church. It lists the popes in chronological order and all officials of the Holy See's departments. It also provides names ...
*
History of the papacy The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church, spans from the time of Peter, to the present day. Moreover, many of the bishops of Rome in the first three centuries of the Christian era are obscure figure ...
* Index of Vatican City-related articles * Legends surrounding the papacy * Liber Pontificalis *
Papal name A papal name or pontificial name is the regnal name taken by a pope. Both the head of the Catholic Church, usually known as the pope, and the pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (Coptic pope) choose papal names. , Pope Francis is t ...
*
Papal appointment Papal appointment was a medieval method of selecting a pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers, however, Papal selection before 1059 was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or ...
*
Pope John (numbering) The numbering of "popes John" does not occur in strict numerical order. Although there have been twenty-one legitimate popes named John, the numbering has reached John XXIII because of two clerical errors that were introduced in the Middle Ages: f ...
*
Prophecy of the Popes The Prophecy of the Popes ( la, Prophetia Sancti Malachiae Archiepiscopi, de Summis Pontificibus, "Prophecy of Saint-Archbishop Malachy, concerning the Supreme Pontiffs") is a series of 112 short, cryptic phrases in Latin which purport to predict ...


Lists

*
List of canonised popes This article lists the popes who have been canonised or recognised as saints in the Roman Catholic Church they had led. A total of 83 out of 264 deceased popes have been recognised universally as canonised saints, including all of the first 35 ...
*
List of murdered popes A collection of popes who have had violent deaths through the centuries. The circumstances have ranged from martyrdom (Pope Stephen I) to war (Lucius II), to a beating by a jealous husband (Pope John XII). A number of other popes have died under ci ...
* List of popes by nationality *
List of popes from the Borgia family The Borgias, also known as the Borjas, were a European papal family of Spanish origin that became prominent during the Renaissance. The family produced three popes of the Catholic Church: * Pope Callixtus III (born Alfons de Borja; 1378– ...
*
List of popes from the Conti family The list of popes from the Conti family includes five names.
''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2009); retrieved 2011-11-3.

< ...

*
List of popes from the Medici family The list of popes from the Medici family includes four men from the late-15th century through the early-17th century. The House of Medici first attained wealth and political power in Florence in the 13th century through its success in commerce a ...
* List of popes sorted alphabetically *
List of sexually active popes This is a list of sexually active popes, Catholic priests who were not celibate before they became pope, and popes who were legally married, while people under holy orders are usually required to be celibate. Some candidates were sexually active b ...
*
List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the ''Annuario Pontificio'' under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every ye ...
* List of popes (graphical)


Notes


References


Sources

* ''The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451'', Adrian Fortescue, Ignatius Press, 2008. * ''The Oxford Dictionary of Popes'', John N.D. Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1986. * ''Catholicism'', Henri de Lubac, Ignatius Press, 1988. * ''Rome and the Eastern Churches'', Aidan Nichols, Ignatius Press, 2010. * ''I Papi. Venti secoli di storia'', Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002. * ''Rome Sweet Home'', Scott Hahn, Ignatius Press, 1993. * ''Enciclopedia dei Papi'', AA.VV., Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.


External links


Catholic Online: The List of PopesPopes & Anti-Popes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Popes, List Of * Lists of clerics Lists of monarchs Lists of patriarchs Lists of Christian religious leaders Portraits of popes nn:Pave#Liste over pavar