Lipno, Poland

Lipno (Polish pronunciation: ; german: Leipe) is a town in Poland, in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about southeast of Toruń. It is the administrative seat of Lipno County and of Gmina Lipno. Its population is 14,791 (2010).

The town is the birthplace of actress Pola Negri, economist Leszek Balcerowicz and politician Ya'akov Meridor.

History

Lipno dates back to the Middle Ages, when it was part of the Piast-ruled Kingdom of Poland. In 1349 it was granted town rights. Administratively Lipno was located in the Dobrzyń Land in the Inowrocław Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Despite not being the capital of the Dobrzyń Land, Lipno became the region's most important centre and the seat of the sejmik of the Dobrzyń Land.

The town was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, in 1807 it became part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw and in 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland in the Russian Partition. Many inhabitants took part in the unsuccessful November and January Uprisings against Russia, after which Lipno was subject to severe persecutions. Nevertheless, local Poles founded various organisations. Lipno became part of independent Poland again, when the country proclaimed independence on 11 November 1918, afterwards the town's cultural life was revived.

During the Polish–Soviet War, the town was briefly occupied by the Soviets from 13–14 August 1920. The Soviets then plundered private homes and shops, as well as the municipal office, and terrorized the population. Prominent local activist and organizer of the Polish defense, Jerzy Starzyński, was subjected to gruesome tortures and murdered. Nearly half of the occupying security forces were local communist Jews, recruited mainly from the poor.Krajewski, p. 115 Wealthy Jews and Orthodox Jews did not support the Soviets, and several wealthy Jews were robbed and murdered by the Soviets. Lipno was liberated by Poles on 20 August 1920. A monument to local Polish soldiers fallen in the war was erected in 1930.

In 1924, Zygmunt Uzarowicz, a former Polish independence activist in the Russian Partition of Poland, became the mayor of the town, and held office until the German invasion of Poland in 1939.

During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the town was raided by the Germans on 2 September 1939 and captured on 8 September. During the German occupation, Poles were subject to mass arrests, expulsions and executions. A prison for Poles was established in the town. In October 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of Polish teachers and landowners from Lipno and surrounding villages, deceitfully gathering them to Lipno for alleged conferences on town matters. 71 teachers and several dozen landowners were arrested, imprisoned in concentration and forced labour camps, and mostly later murdered. Also 20 priests were arrested and imprisoned in the Stutthof concentration camp, where 13 of whom died. Around 200 Poles and Jews from Lipno and surrounding villages were murdered in the forest near Karnkowo.Wardzyńska, p. 175 Next mass arrests of Poles were carried out in April 1940. 10 Poles were murdered in a public execution at the market square

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