Lipitsa culture (Romanian ''Lipița'', Polish ''Lipica'', German: ''Lipitza'') is the archaeological material culture supposedly representative of a Dacian tribe.The enhtholihgiustic associaltion of both the culture and the supposedly connected tribe of

Costoboci The Costoboci (; lat, Costoboci, Costobocae, Castabocae, Coisstoboci, grc, Κοστωβῶκοι, Κοστουβῶκοι or Κοιστοβῶκοι) were a Dacian tribe located, during the Roman imperial era, between the Carpathian Mountains a ...

is uncertain, but the majority opinion favors the Dacian hypothesis.Shchukin (1989) 306Parvan, Florescu (1982) 547 It took its name from the Ukrainian village of Verkhnya Lypytsya,

Ivano-Frankivsk Raion Ivano-Frankivsk Raion ( uk, Івано-Франківський район, translit=Ivano-Frankiwśkyj rajon) is a raion (district) of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine. It was created in July 2020 as part of the reform of administrative divisions ...

, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast.

Geography

It is located on the Upper

Dniester The Dniester, ; rus, Дне́стр, links=1, Dnéstr, ˈdⁿʲestr; ro, Nistru; grc, Τύρᾱς, Tyrās, ; la, Tyrās, la, Danaster, label=none, ) ( ,) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and th ...

and Middle

, Upper

Prut The Prut (also spelled in English as Pruth; , uk, Прут) is a long river in Eastern Europe. It is a left tributary of the Danube. In part of its course it forms Romania's border with Moldova and Ukraine. Characteristics The Prut originates ...

, in the

Carpathians The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretches ...

and Subcarpathians of today’s Bukovina, Pokuttya, Galicia,

Transcarpathia Transcarpathia may refer to: Place * relative term, designating any region beyond the Carpathians (lat. ''trans-'' / beyond, over), depending on a point of observation * Romanian Transcarpathia, designation for Romanian regions on the inner or ...

and Maramureş. It lasted from the middle of the 1st century BC to the beginning of the 3rd century AD.

Lipitsa type site

Smiszko (1932), Kostrzewski (1949), Sulimirski (1972), Cigilik (1975), Kozak (1989 and 2006), Shchukin (1989 and 2006) explicitly assign to it a Dacian / North Thracian origin.Kostrzewski (1949) p.230 Still in the early Roman period, this

Thracian The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied ...

population was dominated by strong Celtic influences or had simply absorbed Celtic ethnic components One of the most recent settlements on

that is associated with Lipitsa culture is in Remezivtsi that existed before the early third century. "Flat" cremation cemeteries are typical of this culture. And, along these a few graves have been discovered which differ markedly i.e. richly furnished inhumation burials in ancient mounds with equipment consisting of imported

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...

vases and other goods, with a few articles typical of the Celtic culture. The pottery from these burials was a typical Lipitsa ware. Buried in the graves were evidently members of the ruling class of the Lipitsa culture, presumably of Celtic origin. Like other pagan Dacians and

Thracians The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied t ...

, the Lipitsa people cremated their deceased. The remains were buried in a plane or tumular tomb. Only children were inhumed; as they hadn't passed a

come of age Coming of age is a young person's transition from being a child to being an adult. The specific age at which this transition takes place varies between societies, as does the nature of the change. It can be a simple legal convention or can be ...

passage ritual, due of their age, they couldn't be incinerated. These burial customs lasted from the late La Tène and were best preserved in the Upper

Tisza The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa, is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. Once, it was called "the most Hungarian river" because it flowed entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national borders. The Tisza be ...

basin, a region with a major Dacian cultural perpetuation throughout the ages. The presence in Kolokolin (Ukraine, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast) and Chizhikovo (Ukraine, ( Chyzhykove)) of Dacian pottery made some scholars to include also these memorials of those sites in the Lipitsa culture of the upper

, which was as linked to it by the Dacian tribe of the

. Benadik and Kolnik sensing the similarity of these burials to the Zemplin burial ground, included the latter in the Lipitsa culture. However, these burials date from a slightly earlier period, and possess typological difference which makes their inclusion into the Lipitsa culture unlikely.

Culture and trade

Lipitsa culture is considered by the majority of scholars as representing the Dacian tribe of

.Shchukin (1989) 306 Roman influences are also visible in the material culture. Likewise, Germanic people from the

Przeworsk culture The Przeworsk culture () was an Iron Age material culture in the region of what is now Poland, that dates from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD. It takes its name from the town Przeworsk, near the village where the first Artifact (arch ...

, but also

Celts The Celts (, see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples () are. "CELTS location: Greater Europe time period: Second millennium B.C.E. to present ancestry: Celtic a collection of Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancien ...

and

Sarmatians The Sarmatians (; grc, Σαρμαται, Sarmatai; Latin: ) were a large confederation of ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples of classical antiquity who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th cen ...

, came in contact with the Lipitsa people. It seems that no

Early Slavs The early Slavs were a diverse group of tribal societies who lived during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (approximately the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in Central and Eastern Europe and established the foundations for the S ...

made contact with this area yet, as the first Slavic artifacts in today's

Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and for ...

and Bukovina are not dated earlier than the 5th and 6th centuries AD. In the first decades of the 3rd century, Lipitsa culture of the Costoboci restricted its territory and gave birth to a new archaeological culture, that of the Carpathian Tumuli culture. A part of the Costoboci inhabiting the Subcarpathian hills withdrew southwards into the mountains, while a small part migrated in Moldavia, joining the Carpi, another Dacian tribe. In any case, some did remain in the northern area of the Lipitsa culture, despite the pressure of the newly arrived

East Germanic tribes The Germanic peoples were historical groups of people that once occupied Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages. Since the 19th century, they have traditionally been defined by the use of ancient and ear ...

. The largest part of the territory of Lipitsa and Carpathian Tumuli archaeological cultures is now inhabited by the

Hutsuls The Hutsuls (sometimes the spelling variant: Gutsuls; uk, Гуцули, translit=Hutsuly; pl, Huculi, Hucułowie; ro, huțuli) are an ethnic group spanning parts of western Ukraine and Romania (i.e. parts of Bukovina and Maramureș). They ...

, both in

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

and in

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...

Notes

References

* Gheorghe Bichir, ''Dacii liberi din nordul Daciei'' in ''Spaţiul nord-est carpatic în mileniul întunecat'', Historica, Iaşi, 1997 * * Kostrzewski, Józef (1949) ''Les origines de la civilisation polonaise'' Press University of France * * Mircea Ignat, ''Spaţiul nord-est carpatic în secolele I - III d. Chr.'' in ''Spaţiul nord-est carpatic în mileniul întunecat'', Historica, Iaşi, 1997 * ''Pe urmele strǎmoşilor uitaţi / vol. 1, 2 , 3'', Fundaţia Baltagul, Cîmpulung Moldovenesc, 2003 * Parvan Vasile, Florescu Radu (1982) ''Getica'', Editura Meridiane * Shchukin Mark B (1989) ''Rome and the barbarians in central and eastern Europe: 1st century B.C.-1st century A.D.'' British Archaeological Reports * * Shchukin Mark B, Kazanski Michel, Sharov Oleg (2006) ''Des les goths aux huns: le nord de la mer Noire au Bas-Empire et a l'époque des grandes migrations'' John and Erica Hedges, British Archaeological Reports (Jun 1 2006), * Spinei, Victor (1997) ''Bucovina în mileniul întunecat'' in ''Spaţiul nord-est carpatic în mileniul întunecat'', Historica, Iaşi, 1997 * {{DEFAULTSORT:Lipitsa Culture Archaeological cultures of Eastern Europe Archaeological cultures in Romania Archaeological cultures in Ukraine Dacian archaeology Thracian archaeological cultures Iron Age cultures of Europe Archaeological cultures of Central Europe