This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Romania. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in

parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...

. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in this scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary for a party to have actually labeled itself as a liberal party.

Background

Liberalism Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostilit ...

has been one of the major political forces in

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

since the Wallachian Revolution of 1848, which was later mainly organized in the

centre-right Centre-right politics lean to the right of the political spectrum, but are closer to the centre. From the 1780s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from the nobility and ...

historical National Liberal Party (PNL), especially at governmental level. As of July 2022, the contemporary National Liberal Party (PNL) is the

head A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals ...

of the

Romanian government , image = , caption=Logo of the Government of Romania , date = 1862 , state = Romania , address = Victoria PalaceBucharest , appointed = President , leader_title = Prime Minister , mai ...

with its incumbent

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...

Nicolae Ciucă Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (; born 7 February 1967) is a Romanian politician and retired general of the Romanian Land Forces. Ideologically a conservative, he has been serving as Prime Minister of Romania since 25 November 2021 after receiving widespr ...

, with elected members in both houses of the

Romanian Parliament The Parliament of Romania ( ro, Parlamentul României) is the national bicameral legislature of Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies ( ro, Camera Deputaților) and the Senate ( ro, Senat). It meets at the Palace of the Parliament in ...

(more specifically 80 in the

Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourbon Res ...

and 37 in the

Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

) as well as in the

European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the Legislature, legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven Institutions of the European Union, institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and in ...

(where it is the largest Romanian party, having 10

MEPs A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament. When the European Parliament (then known as the Common Assembly of the ECSC) first met in 1952, it ...

out of 33 allocated for Romania). At

level, the PNL is a member party of

European People's Party The European People's Party (EPP) is a European political party with Christian-democratic, conservative, and liberal-conservative member parties. A transnational organisation, it is composed of other political parties. Founded by primarily ...

(EPP) and thereby part of the

European People's Party Group The European People's Party Group (EPP Group) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies (MEPs) from the member parties of the European People's Party (EPP). Sometimes it also includes independent MEP ...

(EPP Group). The National Liberal Party (PNL) has historically had many spin-offs (or breakaway factions) and mergers alike with other centre-right parties (many of which were former breakaway factions returning to the main party). For example, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) was such a notable relatively recent spin-off/breakaway faction. Furthermore, the Romanian ALDE was a junior partner in a

coalition government A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election, an atypical outcome in ...

along the

Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties For ...

(PSD) between 2017 and 2019, before merging again in the PNL in early 2022.

History

Precursors

*1822:

Ionică Tăutu Ionică Tăutu (usual rendition of Ion Tăutu; 1798–1828) was a Moldavian low-ranking boyar, Enlightenment-inspired pamphleteer, and craftsman ("an engineer by trade", according to Alecu Russo).Russo, VI Constitutional project The last in a ...

, representing a group of low-ranking

boyars A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, Russia, Wallachia and Moldavia, and later Romania, Lithuania and among Baltic Germans. Boyars wer ...

Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Centr ...

, proposed a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles *1834:

Ion Câmpineanu An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ...

leads the liberal opposition to Russian influence in

Wallachia Wallachia or Walachia (; ro, Țara Românească, lit=The Romanian Land' or 'The Romanian Country, ; archaic: ', Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and s ...

National Assembly In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the r ...

*1840:

Mitică Filipescu Mitică () is a fictional character who appears in several sketch stories by Romanian writer Ion Luca Caragiale. The character's name is a common hypocoristic form of ''Dumitru'' or ''Dimitrie'' (Romanian for ''Demetrius''). He is one of the bes ...

led a radical, ''

carbonari The Carbonari () was an informal network of secret revolutionary societies active in Italy from about 1800 to 1831. The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in France, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay and Ru ...

''-inspired

conspiracy A conspiracy, also known as a plot, is a secret plan or agreement between persons (called conspirers or conspirators) for an unlawful or harmful purpose, such as murder or treason, especially with political motivation, while keeping their agr ...

in Wallachia *1840:

Mihail Kogălniceanu Mihail Kogălniceanu (; also known as Mihail Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September 6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Romanian liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on October 11, 1863, ...

published the short-lived ''

Dacia Literară ''Dacia Literară'' was the first Romanian literary and political journal. History Founded by Mihail Kogălniceanu and printed in Iaşi, Dacia Literară was a Romantic nationalist and liberal magazine, engendering a literary society A lit ...

'', a Romantic nationalist and liberal magazine, engendering a

literary society A literary society is a group of people interested in literature. In the modern sense, this refers to a society that wants to promote one genre of writing or a specific author. Modern literary societies typically promote research, publish newsle ...

*1843:

Nicolae Bălcescu Nicolae Bălcescu () (29 June 181929 November 1852) was a Romanian Wallachian soldier, historian, journalist, and leader of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution. Early life Born in Bucharest to a family of low-ranking nobility, he used his mother ...

and others led the ''Frăţia'' radical conspiracy in Wallachia *1845: Radical students from both Wallachia and Moldavia founded ''Societatea Studenţilor Români'' (the "Society of Romanian Students") in Paris *1848: The unsuccessful Moldavian revolution, during which Moldavian liberals issued a ''Petition-Proclamation'' *1848: The liberal-minded Blaj Assemblies in

Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the A ...

, in the context of revolutions inside the Austrian Empire *1848: The Wallachian revolution – liberals formed a Provisional Government in

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north o ...

, and were divided over the issue of

land reform Land reform is a form of agrarian reform involving the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership. Land reform may consist of a government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution, generally of agricultura ...

, with a radical current forming around Bălcescu *1856: The liberal current formed the majority in '' Partida Naţională'', a loose group supporting the union of the

Danubian Principalities The Danubian Principalities ( ro, Principatele Dunărene, sr, Дунавске кнежевине, translit=Dunavske kneževine) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th c ...

*1859: After the union, liberals formed a distinct faction in the

Parliament of Romania The Parliament of Romania ( ro, Parlamentul României) is the national Bicameralism, bicameral legislature of Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania), Chamber of Deputies ( ro, Camera Deputaților) and the Senate of Romania, Sen ...

*1864: ''

Domnitor ''Domnitor'' (Romanian pl. ''Domnitori'') was the official title of the ruler of Romania between 1862 and 1881. It was usually translated as "prince" in other languages and less often as "grand duke". Derived from the Romanian word "''domn'' ...

Alexandru Ioan Cuza Alexandru Ioan Cuza (, or Alexandru Ioan I, also anglicised as Alexander John Cuza; 20 March 1820 – 15 May 1873) was the first ''domnitor'' (Ruler) of the Romanian Principalities through his double election as prince of Moldavia on 5 Janua ...

established a personal regime, in order to pass liberal legislation against mounting opposition *1866: Mainstream liberals supported Cuza's removal from the throne; a faction of the liberal current opposed to the new constitution formed the Moldavian-based '' Fracţiunea liberă şi independentă'', influenced by Simion Bărnuțiu and led by

Nicolae Ionescu Nicolae Ionescu (1820 in Bradu, Neamț County – January 24, 1905 in Bradu) was a Romanian politician, jurist and publicist, brother of the agronomist Ion Ionescu de la Brad. He was leader of the Free and Independent Faction, serving sev ...

National Liberal Party (PNL)

* 1875: The liberal current organised itself in the National Liberal Party (''Partidul Naţional-Liberal''), led by

Ion Brătianu An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ...

* 1884: A faction formed the Radical Party, led by C.A. Rosetti and George Panu * 1899: The National Liberal Party absorbs the right-wing of the

Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Romania (, PSDMR), established in 1893, was the first modern socialist political party in Romania. A Marxist organization, the PSDMR was part of the Second International and sent its representatives to the f ...

* 1918: The Peasants' Party absorbs a left-wing tendency in the National Liberal Party formed around Constantin Stere * 1929: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Brătianu * 1931: A faction formed the Liberal Democratic Party, which remained unsuccessful. The same year a majority of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party * 1938: The rest of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party * 1938: The party is banned by

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen regnant, queen, which title is also given to the queen consort, consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contempora ...

Carol II Carol II (4 April 1953) was King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until his forced abdication on 6 September 1940. The eldest son of Ferdinand I, he became crown prince upon the death of his grand-uncle, King Carol I in 1914. He was the first of th ...

* 1944: The party resumed its activities * 1944: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Tătărescu * 1947: The Brătianu faction dissolves itself * 1990: A party claiming the National Liberal legacy is founded by

Radu Câmpeanu Radu-Anton Câmpeanu (; 28 February 1922 - 19 October 2016) was a Romanian politician who was also jurist and economist by profession, after graduating from the University of Bucharest in November 1945. During the interwar period and up until 19 ...

* 1990: A youth faction of the National Liberal Party formed the ⇒ Liberal Party Youth Wing * 1991: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention * 1995: The ⇒ Liberal party 1993 merged into the National Liberal Party, the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu seceded from the party * 1998: The party absorbed the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party * 2002: The Alliance for Romania (''Alianţa pentru România'') merged into the National Liberal Party * 2003: The Union of Right-Wing Forces (''Uniunea Forţelor de Dreapta'') and the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu merged into the party

National Liberal Party-Brătianu (PNL-B)

* 1929: A breakaway faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the

National Liberal Party–Brătianu The National Liberal Party–Brătianu ( ro, Partidul Național Liberal-Brătianu, PNL; also known as Georgiști - "Georgists", from the name of their leader, Gheorghe I. Brătianu) was a right-wing political party in Romania, formed as a splin ...

( ro, Partidul Naţional Liberal-Brătianu), supporting

Gheorghe I. Brătianu Gheorghe (George) I. Brătianu (January 28 1898 – April 23–27, 1953) was a Romanian politician and historian. A member of the Brătianu family and initially affiliated with the National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875), National Liberal Par ...

as its president; * 1931: Most of the party returned to the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL); * 1938: The party reunited with the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

National Liberal Party–Tătărescu (PNL-T)

* 1944: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party–Tătărescu ( ro, Partidul Naţional Liberal-Tătărescu, PNL-T) which was presided initially by former Prime Minister and PNL member Gheorghe Tătărescu (who was also previously a member of the

National Renaissance Front The National Renaissance Front ( ro, Frontul Renașterii Naționale, FRN; also translated as ''Front of National Regeneration'', ''Front of National Rebirth'', ''Front of National Resurrection'', or ''Front of National Renaissance'') was a Romani ...

, FRN) and then, subsequently, by Petre Bejan towards the end of its political existence; * 1946: The party ran in that year's Romanian general election with the

Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ro, Partidul Comunist Român, , PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that wo ...

(PCR) and the Ploughmen's Front (FP), being part of the People's Democratic Front ( ro, Frontul Democrației Populare, FDP) which at that time ran as the ''Bloc of Democratic Parties'' ( ro, Blocul Partidelor Democratice, BPD). The election was fraudulently won by the Communists. The party was briefly part of the Communist-dominated governmental coalition led by Petru Groza between 1946 until 1947; * 1948: The party decided to ran separately in that year's Romanian legislative election, in opposition towards the Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD). It entered the

unicameral Unicameralism (from ''uni''- "one" + Latin ''camera'' "chamber") is a type of legislature, which consists of one house or assembly, that legislates and votes as one. Unicameral legislatures exist when there is no widely perceived need for multi ...

Parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...

(or, as it was now back then, the ''Great National Assembly'') with a very feeble number of elected representatives, more specifically 7. For that year's legislative election, the party leadership switched from Tătărescu to Bejan and remained as such during the upcoming years; * 1950: The party ceased its political activity, being banned (or dissolved) by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR).

From National Liberal Party Youth Wing (PNL-AT) to Liberal Party 1993 (PL '93)

* 1990: A youth faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the

National Liberal Party Youth Wing National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, c ...

( ro, Partidul Naţional Liberal-Aripa Tînără, PNL-AT) in opposition to then leadership of the party which was presided by

; * 1992: The party was renamed ''Liberal Party'' ( ro, Partidul Liberal) and was led by

Horia Rusu Horia or ''Horea'' may refer to: Places in Romania Communes * Horea, Alba *Horia, Constanța * Horia, Neamț *Horia, Tulcea * Hilișeu-Horia, Botoșani Villages *Horea, in Sanislău, Satu Mare *Horia, in Vladimirescu, Arad *Horia, in Surdila-Greci ...

; * 1993: The Liberal Party merged with the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (PNL-CD) and the ''Group for Moral and Political Reforms'' into the

Liberal Party 1993 The Liberal Party 1993 ( ro, Partidul Liberal '93, or ''PL '93'' for short) was a liberal political party in Romania which was active between 1993 and 1997, formed in 1993 after the merger of PNL-AT with a faction of the PNL-CD (which was led by Ni ...

( ro, Partidul Liberal 1993, PL '93), joined by a faction of the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party (PAC); * 1995: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Civic Alliance Party (PAC)

* 1991: A section of the Civic Alliance (PAC) non-governmental organization established the

Civic Alliance Party Civic is something related to a city or municipality. It also can refer to multiple other things: General *Civics, the science of comparative government *Civic engagement, the connection one feels with their larger community *Civic center, a comm ...

( ro, Partidul Alianţa Civică), led by

Nicolae Manolescu Nicolae Manolescu (; b. 27 November 1939, Râmnicu Vâlcea) is a Romanian literary critic. As an editor of '' România Literară'' literary magazine, he has reached a record in reviewing books for almost 30 years. Elected a corresponding member ...

; * 1993: A faction joined the ⇒

; * 1998: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (PNL-CD)

* 1991: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention ( ro, Partidul Naţional Liberal-Convenţia Democrată, PNL-CD), in opposition to

, then incumbent PNL president, who withdrew the party from the

Romanian Democratic Convention The Romanian Democratic Convention ( ro, Convenţia Democrată Română or Convenția Democratică Română; abbreviated CDR) was an electoral alliance of several democratic, anti-Communist, anti-totalitarian, and centre-right political parties i ...

(CDR) shortly before the

1992 Romanian general election General elections were held in Romania on 27 September 1992, with a second round of the presidential election on 11 October. They were the first held after the adoption of a permanent constitution via a referendum held the previous winter. Incum ...

; * 1993: The party merged into the ⇒

National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu (PNL-C)

* 1995: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) centered around former PNL president,

Provisional Council of National Unity The Provisional Council of National Unity (PCNU; ro, Consiliul Provizoriu de Uniune Națională, ) was a provisional governmental body during the early 1990s in Romania. At that time, it was headed by Ion Iliescu of the National Salvation Fron ...

(CPUN) vice-president, and Senate vice-president

formed the

National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu ( ro, Partidul Național Liberal-Câmpeanu; ) was a national liberal, conservative liberal, and classical liberal political party in Romania which was established as a split-off from the main National Liberal Party ...

( ro, Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Câmpeanu, PNL-C); * 2003: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Alliance for Romania (ApR)

* 1997: A faction of the ⇒ Party for Social Democracy of Romania (PDSR) formed the

Alliance for Romania Alliance for Romania ( ro, Alianța pentru România, ApR) was a political party in Romania active during the late 1990s and early 2000s which was headed by Teodor Meleșcanu. It was a splinter faction of the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDS ...

( ro, Alianța pentru România, ApR) presided by former FDSN

Minister of Foreign Affairs A foreign affairs minister or minister of foreign affairs (less commonly minister for foreign affairs) is generally a cabinet minister in charge of a state's foreign policy and relations. The formal title of the top official varies between co ...

Teodor Meleșcanu Teodor Viorel Meleșcanu (; born 10 March 1941) is a Romanian politician, diplomat, and jurist. He served as Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania), Foreign Intelligence Service of Romania (SIE) between 2012 and 2014. He was a t ...

; * 2002: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Democratic Liberal Party (PDL)

* 1990: The National Salvation Front (FSN) was founded; * 1992: Conflict broke between FSN leaders

Ion Iliescu Ion Iliescu (; born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician and engineer who served as President of Romania from 1989 until 1996 and from 2000 until 2004. Between 1996 and 2000 and also from 2004 to 2008, the year in which he retired, Iliescu ...

and

Petre Roman Petre Roman (; born 22 July 1946) is a Romanian engineer and politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. He was the first prime ministe ...

which led to the break-away of the wing supporting Iliescu known as the

Democratic National Salvation Front The Democratic National Salvation Front ( ro, Frontul Democrat al Salvării Naționale, FDSN) was a Romanian political party formed by former President Ion Iliescu and his supporters stemming from the National Salvation Front (FSN) on 7 April 1 ...

(FDSN); * 1993: Under the leadership of former FSN Prime Minister Petre Roman, the FSN changed its name to the Democratic Party (PD); * 2004: The National Liberal Party (PNL) and Democratic Party (PD) formed the ⇒

Justice and Truth Alliance The Justice and Truth Alliance (originally in ro, Alianţa Dreptate şi Adevăr; or D.A. for short, meaning "yes" in Romanian) was a political alliance comprising two political parties in Romania, namely the centre-right liberal National Libera ...

(DA) and joined a government coalition after the 2004 legislative and presidential elections; * 2006: The Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) was disbanded and a faction of the National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party ( ro, Partidul Democrat Liberal, PLD) presided by former PNL president and former FSN Prime Minister

Theodor Stolojan Theodor Dumitru Stolojan (; born 24 October 1943) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from September 1991 to November 1992. An economist by training, he was also one of the presidents of the National Liberal Party (PNL) be ...

; * 2007: The Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) merged with the Democratic Party (PD) and formed ⇒ the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL); * 2014: The Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE)

* 2014: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) formed the Liberal Reformist Party ( ro, Partidul Liberal Reformator, PLR); * 2015: The Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) merged into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats ( ro, Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților, ALDE); * 2022: The party merged into ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL).

Save Romania Union (USR)

* 2015: The

Save Bucharest Union The Save Bucharest Union (''Romanian language, Romanian: Uniunea Salvaţi Bucureștiul'') was a local List of political parties in Romania, Romanian political party that later became the Bucharest branch of the Save Romania Union (''Romanian langu ...

( ro, Uniunea Salvaţi Bucureștiul, USB) was founded; * 2016: The Save Bucharest Union founded a nationwide party, called

Save Romania Union The Save Romania Union ( ro, Uniunea Salvați România, USR) is a liberal political party active in Romania and Moldova, currently the third largest party in the Parliament with 43 deputies and 22 senators, and fifth at national level (follow ...

( ro, Uniunea Salvați România, USR); * 2018: Former Prime Minister Dacian Cioloș founded the

Freedom, Unity and Solidarity Party The Party of Liberty, Unity and Solidarity (, PLUS) was a pro-European, liberal political party established on 26 October 2018, whose president was Dacian Cioloș, former Prime Minister of Romania from 2015 until 2017, elected on 26 January 2019. ...

( ro, Partidul Libertate, Unitate și Solidaritate, PLUS); * 2020: PLUS and Save Romania Union merged into ''

USR PLUS USR PLUS was a Romanian progressive, liberal, and centrist political alliance active between 2019 and 2021. Established on 2 February 2019 solely as an electoral alliance between the political parties Save Romania Union (USR) and the Freedom ...

'' one year after they formed an electoral alliance with the same name; * 2021: USR PLUS returned to the name Save Romania Union (USR); * 2022: A faction centered around former USR president Dacian Cioloș seceded from ⇒ USR and founded a new party called Renewing Romania's European Project ( ro, Reînnoim Proiectul European al României, REPER), in opposition to the current USR

acting Acting is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor or actress who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Acting involves a broad r ...

/ad interim president Cătălin Drulă.

Force of the Right (FD)

* 2021: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party (PNL) led by former

and PNL president

Ludovic Orban Ludovic Orban (; born 25 May 1963) is a Romanian engineer and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Romania from November 2019 to December 2020. He was president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) between 2017 and 2021, which expelled ...

formed the Force of the Right ('' ro, Forța Dreptei'', FD) in opposition to current PNL presidency officially led by

and unofficially by

Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 20 ...

Presidents of the National Liberal Party (1875–present)

References

External links

Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, ''Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940: IV. Partidele politice în primul deceniu interbelic''
(political programs of major parties in interwar Romania) {{Liberalism in Europe

Politics of Romania