Lebaran

is the popular name for two Islamic official holidays, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha in Indonesia, and is one of the major national holidays in the country. holiday officially lasts for two days in the Indonesian calendar, although the government usually declares a few days before and after the as a bank holiday. Many individuals or families, especially Muslims take paid time off from their workplace during these days.

Etymology

''"Idul Fitri"'' and ''"Idul Adha"'' are Indonesian spelling of Arabic "Eid al-Fitr" and Eid al-Adha. While ''"lebaran"'' is localized name for this festive occasion, the etymology is not clear. It is suggested derived from Javanese word which means "finished", then the word "lebar" is absorbed into Indonesian language with additional suffix "-an", so it becomes a common vocabulary for a celebration when the fasting ritual is "finished", or derived from Sundanese word which means "abundance" or "many" to describe the abundance of foods and delicacies served for visiting guests; family, relatives, neighbors and friends during this festive occasion. Another theory suggested, "lebaran" is derived from Betawi, ''lebar'' which means "wide and broad", so the celebration means to broaden or widen one's heart feeling after fasting ritual of Ramadhan. Madurese people have also a similar word called ''lober'' to describe the completion of Ramadhan fast. It is also possible the word 'lebaran' derived from the word luber > luber-an > lebaran, which means overflow or flocking.

The term usually used specific to describe Eid al-Fitr Islamic holiday, however in looser terms it sometimes used to describe similar festivals and celebrations. For example, in Indonesian the term ( 'Hajj's ') is informally used to describe Eid al-Adha, also ( 'Chinese ') for Chinese New Year. Christmas however, although bearing similarity in abundance of foods, is never referred to as , but just or instead.

History

The word was derived from a Javanese word, and according to Indonesian Muslim scholar Umar Khayam, the tradition was the result of acculturation between Javanese culture and Islam during the 15th century. According to Javanese traditions, the local tradition of Idul Fitri was first started when Sunan Bonang, one of the Wali Songo of Tuban in 15th-century Java, called for the Muslims to elevate the perfection of their Ramadhan fast by asking forgiveness and forgiving others' wrongdoings.Mahfud MD: "Sejarah Lebaran" The asking and giving for forgiveness during Eid al-Fitr is quite unique among Indonesian Muslims, and did not occur among Muslims of Middle East, Indian subcontinent or elsewhere. Most of the world's Muslims would only express ''Eid Mubarak'' (blessed Eid).

Other traditions that are uniquely local and derived from Javanese traditions are and consuming . is the Javanese tradition of asking for blessing and forgiveness from parents, grandparents and elders. The parents sit on a chair while the children and youngsters bow deep with their nose tip touching their hands that rest upon parents' laps. It is a sign of humility, expressing dedication and honoring parents and elders. Another tradition is consuming ketupat or in Javanese language. The tradition on preparing and consuming ketupat during lebaran is believed to be introduced by Sunan Kalijaga, one of the Wali Songo who spread Islam in Java, as it contains some symbolism. It is believed that ''kupat'' means ''ngaku lepat'' or "admitting one's mistakes" in Javanese. The crossed weaving of palm leaves symbolizes people's mistakes and sins, and the inner whitish rice cake symbolizes purity and deliverance from sins after observing Ramadhan fast, prayer and rituals. Other than Java, the tradition of consuming ketupat during Eid ul Fitr also can be found throughout Indonesia, from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, to neighboring Malaysia.

Prior to Lebaran

Lebaran bonus

Additionally, in Indonesia ''Idul Fitri'' has a legally mandated salary bonus for all employees, known as ''Tunjangan Hari Raya'' (''THR'') as initially enforced by Indonesia's Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (''Kementerian Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi'') in the 1950s. The mandated amount of this salary bonus differs by region. For example, within the Jakarta region it must not be less than one month's full salary paid in advance of ''Idul Fitri'', in addition to the employee's regular salary. Thus, Idul Fitri is also a paid holiday. Breaching or withholding THR is a very serious labour law infraction and is punished severely, regardless of employer status or position.

Lebaran shopping

Other than shopping for typical food and '' kue kering'' (cookies) for Lebaran, Indonesians usually buy and wear new clothes and footwear. Shopping malls and bazaars are filled with people to get things for Lebaran such as clothes, footwear, even food to serve days ahead of ''Idul Fitri'', which creates a distinctive festive atmosphere throughout the country, along with traffic mayhem around shopping malls and marketplaces.

Lebaran also creates special occasions for shopping that often generate seasonal retail business. Retail businesses try to attract shoppers with special Lebaran discounts, Lebaran-themed decorations, and playing joyous Lebaran-themed or Islamic music in their stores. The festive shopping feel is quite similar to Christmas for Christians, but the things bought (usually fashion apparel), are rather for oneself, not as a gift. Many banks, government and private offices are closed for the duration of the ''Lebaran'' festivities.

Mudik lebaran

One of the largest temporary human migrations globally is the prevailing custom of the ''Lebaran'' where workers, particularly unskilled labourers such as maids and construction workers, return to their home town or city to celebrate with their families and to ask forgiveness from parents, in-laws, and other elders. This is known in Indonesia as ''mudik'' or ''pulang kampung'' (homecoming). It is an annual tradition that people in big cities such as Greater Jakarta, Bandung, or Surabaya travel to their hometowns or other cities to visit relatives, to ask forgiveness, or just to celebrate with the whole family. The government of Indonesia provides additional transportation to handle the massive surge of travellers for several days before and after the ''lebaran''. In 2013 around 30 million people travelled to their hometowns during ''lebaran'', spending a total of around 90 trillion rupiah (around US$9 billion) from main urban centers to rural areas, pulsing economic opportunities and business from the city to the villages. The numbers of Indonesians who took ''mudik'' or ''pulang kampung'' travel is tremendous, a numbers similar to the whole population of Malaysia travelling simultaneously, causing massive traffic jams and a sudden rise of demand and volume of intercity transportation.

The impact is huge, as millions of cars and motorcycles jam the roads and highways, causing kilometres of traffic jams each year. This massive annual congestion usually occurs along Java's Northern Coast Road. Additionally, the wealthier classes often go to local hotels or overseas to accommodate the absence of their domestic servants, drivers and even security guards. Singaporean, Malaysian and Indonesian hotels have been particularly successful in marketing lucrative ''Lebaran'' or ''Idul Fitri'' "escape packages".

Takbiran

The night before Idul Fitri is called ''takbiran'', filled with the sounds of '' bedug'' drums and many muezzin chanting the takbir in the mosques or musallahs. In larger cities people fill the streets and chant takbir from their cars and motorcycles, often creating more traffic jams. In some instances fireworks and firecrackers are ignited, but this is discouraged by police as it could be dangerous to light these explosives over the crowd. In many parts of Indonesia, especially in rural areas, ''pelita'', ''obor'' or ''lampu tempel'' (oil lamps, similar to tiki torches) are lit and placed outside and around homes. Some cities, such as Yogyakarta, organize a festive annual parade featuring colorful Islamic-themed lantern-like floats.

Lebaran day

On the Lebaran day, after performing the Eid prayer in the morning, people dressed in their new or best clothes will gather to greet their family and neighbours. It is common to greet people with ''"Selamat Idul Fitri"'', which means "Happy Eid". Muslims also greet one another with ''"mohon maaf lahir dan batin"'', which means "Forgive my physical and emotional (wrongdoings)", because Idul Fitri is not only for celebrations but also a time for atonement to ask for forgiveness for sins which have been cleansed as a result of the fasting in the Muslim month of Ramadan. From morning to afternoon, the zakat alms for the poor are distributed in mosques.

Lebaran feast

Families usually have a special Lebaran meal served during breakfast, brunch or lunch; special dishes include ketupat, opor ayam, rendang, sambal goreng ati, sayur lodeh and lemang (a type of glutinous rice cake cooked in bamboo). Various types of snacks such as roasted peanuts, kue, cookies, dodol and imported dates sweet delicacies are served during the day, together with fruit syrup beverages.

The lively or alternatively very emotional devotional music blended with Quranic verses associated with Ramadan and Eid – known as ''Kaisidah'' or more correctly, Qasida – can be heard throughout the country. These are commonly performed by famous musicians, some of whom may be international stars, and televised nationwide.

Silaturrahmi and lebaran money

Younger families usually visit their older neighbours or relatives to wish them a happy Eid and to ask for forgiveness. During these visits, it is a customs for older, established or married couple to give ''uang lebaran'', a small amount of money, to their own children, as well as those of relatives and neighbours. Idul Fitri is a joyous day for children, as adults give them money in colourful envelopes. Indonesian banks and Bank Indonesia usually open some money changer counters to change larger to smaller denominations several days prior to Lebaran. The denominations may vary from 1,000 to 10,000 rupiah. The sudden rise of demand for goods (especially food) and services (especially transportation), and the pulsing and distribution of newly printed small denomination bank notes from the central bank, gives the Indonesian economy a seasonal inflation annually.

Lebaran costumes

It is customary for Muslim-Indonesians to wear traditional clothing on Eid al-Fitr. The male outfit is known as ''baju koko'': a collarless long- or short-sleeve shirt with traditional embroidered designs with a "kilt" '' sarung'' of songket, ikat or similar woven, plaid-cloth. Alternatively, they may wear Western-style business suits or more traditional loose-fitting trousers with colour-matched shirts, and a peci hat or regional cultural headwear and songkok. The Malay variant worn in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand and parts of Indonesia (especially Sumatera and Kalimantan) is known as the Baju Melayu, shirt worn with a ''sarong'' known as ''kain samping'' or ''songket'' and a headwear known as ''songkok''.

Traditional female dress is known as ''kebaya kurung''. It consists of, normally, a loose-fitting kebaya blouse (which may be enhanced with brocade and embroidery), a long skirt both of which may be batik, or the ''sarung'' skirt made of batik, ikat or songket and for some women either the ''jilbab'' (hijab) or its variant the stiffened ''kerudung'' Veil.

Non- Austronesian Muslims, or even non-Muslims may don costumes of their respective culture and tradition, or Islamic clothes to show respect to their relatives' or friends' differing religious beliefs for the occasion. This is particularly common in Indonesia, where many families have close friends or relatives of differing faiths, namely Catholic, some Protestant, some Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim.

Visiting graves

It is common for many Muslims in Indonesia to visit the graves of loved ones several days before Ramadhan. During this visit, they clean the grave, recite Ya-Seen, a chapter (''sura'') from the Quran and perform the ''tahlil'' ceremony. These are done as a means to ask God to forgive both the dead and the living for their sins. The Javanese majority of Indonesia are known for their pre-Islamic Kejawen traditions of washing the headstone using scented water from the traditional terracotta water-jug, the ''kendi'', and sprinkling hyacinth and jasmine over the graves.

After lebaran

Several days after lebaran are usually marked with ''arus balik'' (returning waves) of ''mudik lebaran'' (lebaran home-coming). People return to cities of their workplaces from their hometowns, and just like the ''mudik lebaran'' it creates massive temporary migrations that require large amounts of transportation for travellers and often results in gridlock traffic.

Halal bi-halal

In Indonesia there is a special ritual called ''halal bi-halal''. During this, Indonesian Muslims visit their elders, in the family, the neighborhood, or their work, and show respect to them. This may be done during or several days after Idul Fitri. Usually core family and neighbors are visited on the first day of Idul Fitri, further relatives on the next day, and colleagues in days to weeks later after they get back to work. They will also seek reconciliation (if needed), and preserve or restore harmonious relations.van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Southeast Asian culture and Islam". ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world''. p. 649

References

External links

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{{Islam in Indonesia

Fitr
Public holidays in Indonesia
Festivals in Indonesia
Islamic terminology