Líbero Badaró
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Giovanni Battista Líbero Badaró ( 1798 – 21 November 1830) was an Italian-born Brazilian
physician A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...
,
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journalist A journalist is an individual that collects/gathers information in form of text, audio, or pictures, processes them into a news-worthy form, and disseminates it to the public. The act or process mainly done by the journalist is called journalism ...
and
politician A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking, a ...
.


Biography

Badaró was born in
Laigueglia Laigueglia (; lij, L'Aigheuja, ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Savona, in Liguria (northern Italy in 1812), nearby the Capo Mele Lighthouse. International relations Twin towns – Sister cities Laigueglia is twinned with: * Hö ...
,
Liguria Liguria (; lij, Ligûria ; french: Ligurie) is a Regions of Italy, region of north-western Italy; its Capital city, capital is Genoa. Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennine Mountains, Apennines Mountain chain, mountain range and is ...
. He studied
medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pract ...
at the
University of Torino The University of Turin (Italian language, Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Torino'', UNITO) is a public university, public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont (Italy), Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the List ...
and at the
University of Pavia The University of Pavia ( it, Università degli Studi di Pavia, UNIPV or ''Università di Pavia''; la, Alma Ticinensis Universitas) is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. There was evidence of teaching as early as 1361, making it one ...
. In 1826 he migrated to Brazil, coming from
Genoa Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...
, shortly after Brazil's independence from Portugal, during the reign of emperor Pedro I. He went on to live in the city of
São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
, where he soon founded a
liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * a supporter of liberalism ** Liberalism by country * an adherent of a Liberal Party * Liberalism (international relations) * Sexually liberal feminism * Social liberalism Arts, entertainment and m ...
newspaper, ''O Observador Constitutional'' (The Constitutional Observer), in 1829; and taught courses in what was to become the Law School of São Paulo. Badaró had
republican Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
tendencies and used the newspaper to strongly criticise the political situation and the perceived authoritarian policies of emperor Pedro I. During a public demonstration of liberal students who were commemorating the liberal revolution in France which had deposed
King Charles X Charles X (born Charles Philippe, Count of Artois; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Loui ...
, Badaró was assassinated. The suspicions fell on Cândido Japiaçu, a member of the law courts, who felt he was being slandered by Badaró's paper. Japiaçu was tried but no accusations could be proved against him. Some historians think the assassination order came directly from the emperor, but there is no proof for that either. A defender of liberalism, Badaró founded and wrote the newspaper ''O Observador Constitutional'', which appeared in 1829, printed in the typography of the ''Farol Paulistano'', at first under the direction of Badaró and Luís Monteiro d'Ornelas and, after the mid-1830s, under the exclusive direction of Badaró. The liberal newspaper had a moderate feature, like the one that
Evaristo da Veiga Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga e Barros (October 8, 1799 – May 12, 1837) was a Brazilian poet, journalist, politician and bookseller. Veiga founded one of the first Brazilian newspapers, ''A Aurora Fluminense'', in 1827, during the reign of Empero ...
printed in Rio de Janeiro, the ''Aurora Fluminense''. Like this one, it soon gained wide publicity. Badaró commented on the events of the 1830 revolution in
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, whose news arrived in Rio de Janeiro on September 14; the Three Day Revolution - in which Charles X was dethroned last July - urging the Brazilians to follow the example of the French. In his work, Armitage says: "the shock was electric. Many individuals in Rio, Bahia, Pernambuco, and São Paulo have illuminated their homes for this reason. The hopes of the liberals and the fear of the humps were excited, and these sensations spread throughout the Empire through the periodicals". In São Paulo, the students of the Legal Course took the initiative. "Luminaires, bands and more demonstrations of joy practiced by the inhabitants of São Paulo for the overthrow of the tyrant and anti-constitutional government of France", as the Chamber of Constitutional Commission (as it appears in its Annals, 1830, tome II), assumed to the ombudsman Candido Ladislau Japiaçu criminal acts and led him to sue some protesters, preferably young students. ''O Observador Constitutional'' campaigned in favor of the accused and attacked Japiaçu, calling him Caligulazinho. The language was lively and energetic, but it would not justify the violent outcome. Pedro I lost prestige with facts like this, which demonstrated his authoritarian stance, since the bourgeoisie that supported him in the process of independence wanted to get rid of control of Portugal.


Death

On 20 November 1830, at 10 o'clock at night, when Badaró was returning to his house in the São José street (later named Líbero Badaró in his honour), without realizing it was a trap, he was approached by four Germans on the pretext of handing him a letter from Cândido Japiaçu, but he treacherously received from them a charge of gurnard, falling mortally wounded. It is believed that upon dying Badaró pronounced a phrase that was celebrated as a symbol of the defense of the freedom of the press: "I die defending freedom", or yet "A liberal dies, but freedom does not". The Constitutional Observer dedicated its November 26 issue to the death of its creator: "I die defending freedom, he said in his closing minutes". The repercussion in São Paulo was immediate. At his funeral 5,000 people attended and over 800 torches were lit, his last words were engraved on his tomb. The main culprit in the attack was Henry (or Simon) Stock, a German who hid in the ombudsman's house. The people, who wanted summary justice, demanded the arrest of both. The German Stock was arrested, Japiaçu remained threatened and sought asylum from a colonel, authorities came in to make arrangements. The exaltation of the people continued and the Governing Council of the Province sent to Rio the ombudsman who was denounced under escort. Father Diogo Antônio Feijó , as a member of the Council, took an active part in the deliberations and his initiative were the main measures to seek punishment for the culprits. The German Stock was convicted of the murder, but Japiaçu the Caligulazinho was acquit


Aftermath

His death was caused a great public revolt and outcry, and the emperor was blamed. More than 5,000 people went to his funeral. This episode accelerated the end of the emperor's reign, leading a few months later to his abdication, on 7 April 1831, in favor of his son, Pedro II, who was only 5 years old, and the establishment of a
regency A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...
to govern the country until Pedro II became of age. Líbero Badaró is considered a
martyr A martyr (, ''mártys'', "witness", or , ''marturia'', stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an externa ...
of
press freedom Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exerci ...
. A few days after the proclamation of the republic in Brazil by general
Deodoro da Fonseca Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca (; 5 August 1827 – 23 August 1892) was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first president of Brazil. He was born in Alagoas in a military family, followed a military career, and became a n ...
, on 15 November 1889, Badaró was honoured by a public ceremony and his remains were transferred to another cemetery. A journalism prize is named after him, as well as a street in São Paulo downtown (the old São José street, where he lived until his death). The following year 1831, with his power already weakened, Dom Pedro I abdicated the crown, leaving it on the bed of his son and legitimate heir, Dom Pedro II, and returned to Portugal with the stepmother of the future emperor, who took over. the crown and became the second emperor of Brazil, only 14 years old. The offices were unpopular, though with men of valor sometimes; The prince, since the dissolution of the Ministry on December 4, 1829, when he had dismissed the Marquis of Barbacena, seemed incompatible with the constitutional system. The assassination of Libero Badarò made the environment more conducive to the most exalted liberals. He is honored in Sao Paulo with a street that bears his name, Líbero Badaró Street.


References


Bibliography

* SILVA, Joaquim. PENNA, J. B. Damasco, 1967, "História do Brasil", Cia. Editora Nacional, São Paulo. * AMARAL, Tancredo do, 1895, A História de São Paulo ensinada pela biographia dos seus vultos mais notáveis, Alves & Cia. Editores, 353 pp. * GAETA, Augusto, 1944, "Libero Badaró", Estabelecimento Grafico E. Cupolo ,São Paulo. * PREVE, Giulio Cesare, 1983, " Laigueglia, storia e cronache di um paese lígure" Ed. Associazione Vecchi Laigueglia {{DEFAULTSORT:Badaro, Líbero 1798 births 1830 deaths 19th-century Italian physicians Assassinated Brazilian newspaper publishers (people) Assassinated Brazilian journalists Brazilian newspaper founders Brazilian murder victims Italian emigrants to Brazil Italian people murdered abroad Male murder victims People from the Province of Savona People murdered in Brazil