Permyak language (previously Komi-Permyak language; or ) is one of two

Permic The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550, ...

varieties in the

Uralic language family The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian ...

that form a

pluricentric A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries. Many examples of such languages can be found worldwide among the most-spoken languages, inc ...

language, the other being Komi-Zyryan ( Udmurt is another Permic language spoken outside of the region and not a member of the Komi pluricentric language). The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in

Perm Krai Perm Krai (russian: Пе́рмский край, r=Permsky kray, p=ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj, ''Permsky krai'', , ''Perem lador'') is a federal subject of Russia (a krai) that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 re ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

and written using the Komi

Cyrillic alphabet , bg, кирилица , mk, кирилица , russian: кириллица , sr, ћирилица, uk, кирилиця , fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs , fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic , fam3 = Phoenician , fam4 = Gr ...

, was co-official with Russian in the Komi Okrug of the Perm Krai.

Glottonym

The original name of the Komi-Permyak language is ''коми кыв'' "Komi language", identical with the native name of the Komi-Zyryan language. In the 1920s, the

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

authorities introduced the new name for the Komi language in the Perm Region as ''коми-пермяцкий язык'', the Komi-Permian language, combining the native name of the language with the Russian one. The new name was transliterated in Komi as ''коми-пермяцкöй кыв'' 'Komi-Permyak language'. In this way, the local language was nominally separated from the Komi-Zyryan language, that officially received the original name, the Komi language. The Komis of the Perm Region had to officially use the new name, even though it has negative connotations for the speakers, continuing to use the original name, the Komi language, exclusively in their colloquial speech. Only in the early years of the first decade of the 2000s has there begun a controversial process of replacing the offensive official name with a more correct one. The term ''перем коми кыв'' 'Permian Komi language' was proposed and it is used nowadays (alongside the old term) in local mass-media, in scientific papers and in the Komi-Permyak version of Wikipedia.

Dialects

All of the Komi-Permyak dialects are easily mutually intelligible and, to a lesser extent, mutually intelligible with the Komi-Zyryan dialects. Komi-Permyak dialect map

The Komi-Permyak dialects might be divided geographically into Northern and Southern groups, and phonemically into /l/ and /v/ groups: 1. Northern */l/ type: лым /lɨm/ "snow", вӧл /vɘl/ "a horse", вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/ "without a horse", вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/ "with a horse, on a horse" **Upper Lupya **Mysy (former rural council) ** Kosa- Kama ** Kochevo **Zyuzdino ( Afanasyevo) **

Yazva The Yazva (Russian: Я́зьва; Komi: ) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Vishera. It flows through the south part of the Krasnovishersky District and enters the Vishera downstream of the town of Krasnovishersk, ...

2. Southern */v/ type: вым /vɨm/, вӧв /vɘv/, вӧвтӧг /vɘvtɘg/, вӧвӧн /vɘvɘn/ **

Kudymkar Kudymkar (russian: Куды́мкар; kv, Кудымкöр, ''Kudymkör''; Komi-Permyak: ), is a town and the administrative center of Komi-Permyak Okrug of Perm Krai, Russia. Until 2005, it was the administrative center of Komi-Permyak Auto ...

Inva The Inva ( Russian: Иньва) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the river Kama. It begins in the Upper Kama Upland near the border of Kirov oblast then flows through Komi-Permyak Okrug and into Kama Reservoir, forming Inve ...

**Lower Inva *Southern /l/ type: лым /lɨm/, вӧл /vɘl/, вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/, вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/ **On ** Nerdva Formerly a southern dialect group existed in the Obva river basin, but it is now extinct except for the Nerdva dialect. Because of this the latter is nowadays usually considered together with the central group, which in this way has become "southern". The central (new southern) and northern groups of Komi-Permyak are spoken in Komi Okrug of

, where the language was standardized in the 1920s. The modern standard is based on Kudymkar dialect of the central group, but many elements of northern dialects were included as well, so that the "literary language" has significant differences in its morphological system from the "main" dialect. The central dialects, spoken in the Ińva river basin, differ considerably from the other Komi-Permyak dialects due to the general shift of etymological /l/ to /v/, then to /w/, and finally to the disappearance of the consonant, which has triggered significant changes in morphology. The differences between the Kudymkar and Uliś Ińva dialects are mainly in accentuation: the Uliś Ińva has a phonological stress (the Öń too), whereas the Kudymkar dialect (like as Ńerdva) has a morphological one. The Ńerdva dialect retains the etymological /l/. The same can be said about the Öń dialect (recently extinct), that had connections with the eastern Permian. The northern group of the Permian dialects (upon Kösva, Kama and Lup rivers) was under a strong Zyryan influence on all levels. The Köć and Kös dialects are closely related with some Syktyv dialects of Zyryan, whereas the Lup dialect was in tenuous connections with the

Upper Ezhva dialect Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant, drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found f ...

for a long time. The Komi-Permyak standard language refers only to the central and northern groups of the Komi-Permyak dialects. They can be called as proper Permian dialects. The other two groups are marginal. An only relic of the eastern Permian is the Yaźva dialect, ca. 200 speakers of the ca. 900 ethnical Komis in

Krasnovishersky District Krasnovishersky District (russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai.Law #416-67 Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Munic ...

of Perm Krai. In the early 2000s (decade) it was standardized by authority of the krai. The dialect has archaic system of

vowel A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (len ...

s (including /ö/, /ü/ and /ʌ/), while its accentuation is similar to Uliś Ińva's and its lexical system is like the Northern Permian one. The Western Permian group is represented by another marginal dialect, Źuźdin (ca. 1000 persons living in

Kirov Oblast Kirov Oblast (russian: Ки́ровская о́бласть, ''Kirovskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is the city of Kirov. Population: 1,341,312 ( 2010 Census). Geography N ...

near the border of Komi Okrug).

Phonology

In the Komi-Permyak standard language there are the same 26 main consonants and 7 vowels as in Komi-Zyryan.

Consonants

Komi-Permyak's modern consonant system includes 26 native ones, and the additional consonants /ts/, /f/, /x/ in Russian loanwords. In traditional speech the "foreign sounds" were replaced with respectively /t͡ɕ/, /p/, and /k/, respectively. #Only in Russian loanwords.

Vowels

The Komi-Permyak vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by three features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height. Komi-Permyak does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony. There are no diphthongs; when two vowels come together, which occurs at some morpheme boundaries, each vowel retains its individual sound.

Writing system

Both regional standards of the Komi language have an identical alphabet, introduced in 1938. The alphabet (anbur, анбур) includes all the Russian letters plus two additional

graphemes In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. The word ''grapheme'' is derived and the suffix ''-eme'' by analogy with ''phoneme'' and other names of emic units. The study of graphemes is called '' graphem ...

: і and ӧ. Komi alphabet (Коми анбур)

Grammar

Komi is an

agglutinating language An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination. Words may contain different morphemes to determine their meanings, but all of these morphemes (including stems and affixes) tend to remai ...

. It uses

affixes In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English ''-ness'' and ''pre-'', or inflectional, like English plural ''-s'' and past tense ''-ed''. They ar ...

to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.

Nouns

All Permian Komi nouns are declined for number,

case Case or CASE may refer to: Containers * Case (goods), a package of related merchandise * Cartridge case or casing, a firearm cartridge component * Bookcase, a piece of furniture used to store books * Briefcase or attaché case, a narrow box to ca ...

and possession, adding special suffixes to word stems.

Number

In Permian Komi there are two

grammatical number In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and other languages present number categories of ...

s: singular and

plural The plural (sometimes list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated pl., pl, or ), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical number, grammatical category of number. The plural of a noun typically denotes a quantity greater than the ...

. The singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular. The plural marker of nouns is /ez/ (orthographically ''эз'' or ''ез'') immediately following a word stem before any case or other affixes. The last consonant of the stem before the plural suffix has to be duplicated. The plural suffix has also a reduced variant (a "weak form") /е/ (orth. ''э'' or ''е''), that is used combining with some weak forms of possessive suffixes, e.g. киэт 'your (Sg.) hands ' versa киэз 'hands'.

Possession

The Permian Komi possessive suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a case suffix depending on case. The three suffixes of singular possession have in addition to their main forms the weak variants used combining with a weak form of plural suffix, weak forms of some cases or forming the suffixes of plural possession. # The weak variants of the suffix # The element ны is a marker of plural possession The possessive suffix of 3Sg is widely used also as a definite article. In colloquial speech it is the main meaning of this suffix.

Cases

It is assumed, that the Permian Komi standard language has eighteen noun cases: ten grammatical cases and eight locative cases. The disputes continue about the status of some monosyllabic postpositions and a set of dialectal reduced forms of postpositions that can be treated as case suffixes too. The maximal number of all possible cases reaches 30. The case suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a possessive suffix depending on case. Some cases have weak variants of their suffixes combining with the weak variants of possessive suffixes.

Adjectives

Used attributively, Permian Komi adjectives precede the nouns they modify, and are not declined: басöк нывка 'beautiful girl' → басöк нывкаэслö 'to the beautiful girls'. However most adjectives can also be used as nouns and sometimes as appositions, in which case they are declined: e.g. ыджыт ("big") → ыджыттэзісь ("out of the bigs"). The declensional paradigma is the same as by nouns, except the main accusative form, that became by adjectives suffix ö instead of öс or a null morpheme by nouns: адззи басöк нывкаöс 'I have found a beautiful girl' → адззи басöкö 'I have found a beautiful irl. Being predicative an adjective agrees with the subject for number. The plural marker of the predicative is öсь: керкуыс ыджыт 'the house is big ' → керкуэc ыджытöсь 'the houses are big'. The adjective in Permian Komi have five degrees of comparison The comparative and the superlative compare the intensity of an object's quality with the other object's one. The sative, excessive and diminutive compare the intensity of the quality with its basic degree.

Numerals

The numerals in Komi-Permyak Коми-пермяцкий язык: Введение, фонетика, лексика и морфология / под ред. и при соавт. проф. В. И. Лыткина. Кудымкар: Коми-перм. кн. изд-во, 1962.

Personal pronouns

Komi personal pronouns inflect in all the cases. The language makes no distinction between ''he'','' she'' and ''it''. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:

Verbs

Permian Komi verbs show tense (

present The present (or here'' and ''now) is the time that is associated with the events perceived directly and in the first time, not as a recollection (perceived more than once) or a speculation (predicted, hypothesis, uncertain). It is a period of ...

future The future is the time after the past and present. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the laws of physics. Due to the apparent nature of reality and the unavoidability of the future, everything that current ...

past The past is the set of all events that occurred before a given point in time. The past is contrasted with and defined by the present and the future. The concept of the past is derived from the linear fashion in which human observers experience ...

), mood (

indicative A realis mood ( abbreviated ) is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences. Mos ...

, imperative, evidential,

optative The optative mood ( or ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope regarding a given action. It is a superset of the cohortative mood and is closely related to the subjunctive mood but is distinct from the desiderative mood ...

conditional Conditional (if then) may refer to: *Causal conditional, if X then Y, where X is a cause of Y *Conditional probability, the probability of an event A given that another event B has occurred *Conditional proof, in logic: a proof that asserts a co ...

and

conjunctive The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of the utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude towards it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality ...

voice The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract, including talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, shouting, humming or yelling. The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound producti ...

and aspect. The verbal stem is a 2nd person singular of imperative mode: мун 'go', кер 'make'. All the other forms are formed by adding suffixes to the stem. Some verbal stems having a consonant cluster at the end become expanded with a so-called "voyelle de soutien" ы which is dropped before the suffixes beginning with a vowel: кывзы = кывз+ы 'hear', видчы 'swear' = видч+ы, e. g. кывзыны 'to hear', кывзытöн 'by hearing' but кывзі 'I heard', кывзö 'he hears', кывзан 'you hear'. Thus, these stems with a consonant cluster have their full und reduced variants. Permian

infinitive Infinitive ( abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all languages. The word is de ...

s are marked with -ны added to a stem as in мyнны 'to go', кывзыны 'hear' All Permian Komi verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the defective verb вöвны 'to be'. Negation is mostly expressed by a conjugated negator preceding the stem, e. g. эг мун 'I didn't go'. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, future and past. The main marker of the present and future tense is а (negat. о), the marker of the past tense is и (negat. э). Here is conjugation of verb керны 'make, do': :Notes. # Present and future forms differ just in affirm. 3rd person (ö / öны to ас / асö). # Future and past forms differ only with tense marker (the future -а / о- to the past -и / э-). # In present affirmative forms the marker of 3rd person is -ö, which at the same time indicates the tense.

Some phrases

Bibliography

*Аксёнова, О. П. (2009). ''Коми-пермяцкие географические термины и их функционирование в топонимии Верхнего Прикамья''. Кудымкар: ПНЦ УрО РАН. *Баталова, Р. М. (1982). ''Ареальные исследования по восточным финно-угорским языкам (коми языки)''. Москва: Изд-во «Наука». *Баталова, Р. М. (1975). ''Коми-пермяцкая диалектология''. Москва: Изд-во «Наука». *Баталова, Р. М., Кривощекова-Гантман А. С. (1985). ''Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь.'' – М.: Русский язык. *Кривощекова-Гантман, А. С. (2006). ''Собрание сочинений в 2 томах.'' Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. ; . *Лобанова, А. С., Шляхова, С. С. (2010). ''Коми-пермяцкий язык конца ХХ – начала ХХІ веков: стилистические аспекты.'' Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. *Лыткин В. И. и др. (1962). ''Коми-пермяцкий язык: Введение, фонетика, лексика и морфология'' / под ред. и при соавт. проф. В. И. Лыткина. Кудымкар: Коми-перм. кн. изд-во. *Пономарева, Л. Г. (2002). ''Фонетика и морфология мысовско-лупьинского диалекта коми-пермяцкого языка: дис. ... канд. филол. наук''. Ижевск. *Попова, О. А. (2010). ''Коми-пермяцкий фразеологический словарь''. Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. *Тудвасева З.К. и др. (2008). ''Русско-коми-пермяцкий разговорник.'' Кудымкар: Коми-Перм. кн. изд-во. *Цыпанов, Е. А. (1999). ''Перым-коми гижӧд кыв''. Сыктывкар: «Пролог» небöг лэдзанін.

References

External links

Books in Komi-Permyak from Finno-Ugric Electronic Library
(by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in

Syktyvkar Syktyvkar (, rus, Сыктывка́р, p=sɨktɨfˈkar; kv, Сыктывкар) is the capital city of the Komi Republic in Russia, as well as its largest city. It is also the capital of the Syktyvkar Urban Okrug. Until 1930, it was known as U ...

Komi Republic The Komi Republic (russian: Республика Коми; kv, Коми Республика), sometimes simply referred to as Komi, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. The population of th ...

(interface in Russian and English, texts in Mari, Komi, Udmurt, Erzya and

Moksha ''Moksha'' (; sa, मोक्ष, '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'' and ''mukti'', is a term in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, enlightenment, liberation, and release. In its soteriologic ...

languages))
Баталова Р. М. Коми-пермяцкий язык.

Кривощёкова-Гантман А.С. Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь.
(Krivoshchokova-Gantman A.S. Komi-Permyak-Russian Dictionary) {{DEFAULTSORT:Komi-Permyak Language Komi language Permic languages Languages of Russia Agglutinative languages