Kolokol (newspaper)
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''Kolokol'' (russian: Колоколъ, lit. 'bell') was the first
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n
censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments ...
-free
weekly newspaper A weekly newspaper is a general-news or Current affairs (news format), current affairs publication that is issued once or twice a week in a wide variety broadsheet, magazine, and electronic publishing, digital formats. Similarly, a biweekly new ...
in Russian and
French language French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Nor ...
s, published by
Alexander Herzen Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (russian: Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен, translit=Alexándr Ivánovich Gértsen; ) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the "father of Russian socialism" and one of the main fathers of agra ...
and
Nikolai Ogaryov Nikolay Platonovich Ogarev (Ogaryov; ; – ) was a Russian poet, historian and activism, political activist. He was deeply critical of the limitations of the Emancipation reform of 1861 claiming that the serfs were not free but had simply exchan ...
in
London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
(1857–1865) and
Geneva Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaki ...
(1865–1867). It had a circulation of up to 2500 copies. Despite being banned in Russia, it was well known and had a significant influence on the reformist and revolutionary movements of the 1860s. Initially the publishers viewed ''Kolokol'' as a supplement (прибавочные листы) to a literary and socio-political
almanac An almanac (also spelled ''almanack'' and ''almanach'') is an annual publication listing a set of current information about one or multiple subjects. It includes information like weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, tide tables, and other ...
'' Polyarnaya Zvezda'' (Polar Star), but it soon became the leader of the Russian censorship-free press. The newspapers '' Pod sud'' (To Trial; 1859–1862) and '' Obshcheye veche'' (General
Veche Veche ( rus, вече, véče, ˈvʲet͡ɕe; pl, wiec; uk, ві́че, víče, ; be, ве́ча, viéča, ; cu, вѣще, věšte) was a popular assembly in medieval Slavic countries. In Novgorod and in Pskov, where the veche acquired gre ...
; 1862–1864) were published as supplements to ''Kolokol''. At ''Kolokols base was a theory of Russian peasant socialism, elaborated by Herzen. Its political platform included democratic demands for liberation of
peasant A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants ...
s with land, and abolition of censorship and corporal punishment. Besides the articles by Herzen and Ogaryov, ''Kolokol'' published a variety of material on people's living conditions, social struggle in Russia, and information about abuses and secret plans of the authorities.
Nikolai Dobrolyubov Nikolay Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov ( rus, Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Добролю́бов, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ dəbrɐˈlʲubəf, a=Nikolay Alyeksandrovich Dobrolyubov.ru.vorb.oga; 5 February Old_Style_a ...
, Nikolai Serno-Solovyovich, Mikhail Mikhailov,
Nikolai Utin Nikolai Isaakovitch Utin (, French: Nicolas Outine; 8 August 1841 – 1 December 1883) was a Russian socialist and revolutionary. He spent most of his adult life in Switzerland, where he participated in the founding of the Russian section of the ...
,
Lev Mechnikov Lev Mechnikov (French: Léon Metchnikoff; 30 May 1838 – 30 June 1888) was an anarchist geographer. Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia on May 30, 1838, he fought in Garibaldi's army and met Mikhail Bakunin in 1864. Metchnikoff lived in Geneva fo ...
, Mikhail Elpidin and others were among the paper's correspondents and distributors. Writers and liberal figures such as Ivan Aksakov,
Yuri Samarin Yuri Fyodorovich Samarin (russian: Ю́рий Фёдорович Сама́рин; May 3, 1819, Saint Petersburg – March 31, 1876, Berlin) was a leading Russian Slavophile thinker and one of the architects of the Emancipation reform of 1861. He ...
, Alexander Koshelyov,
Ivan Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; rus, links=no, Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́невIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 (Old Style dat ...
and others delivered material for ''Kolokol''. After the
Emancipation reform of 1861 The emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, also known as the Edict of Emancipation of Russia, (russian: Крестьянская реформа 1861 года, translit=Krestyanskaya reforma 1861 goda – "peasants' reform of 1861") was the first ...
, ''Kolokol'' took the side of revolutionary democracy. The newspaper began publishing texts of proclamations, articles by Herzen and Ogaryov condemning and exposing problems with the reform, and other material from the Russian revolutionary underground. ''Kolokol'' favored the formation of a clandestine revolutionary organization Land and Liberty. After the 1861 reform, ''Kolokol'' lost most of its liberal readers due to Herzen's and Ogaryov's active support of the
January Uprising The January Uprising ( pl, powstanie styczniowe; lt, 1863 metų sukilimas; ua, Січневе повстання; russian: Польское восстание; ) was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at ...
in
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
. In 1866,
Dmitry Karakozov Dmitry Vladimirovich Karakozov (russian: Дми́трий Влади́мирович Карако́зов; – ) was a Russian political activist and the first revolutionary in the Russian Empire to make an attempt on the life of a tsar. His ...
tried to assassinate Tsar Alexander II. Kolokol publicly condemned terrorism, but continued to lose readers. In an open letter to Alexander II, Herzen admitted: "There were times when you read Kolokol - now you do not read it any more."Письмо к императору Александру II
/ref> In order to strengthen its ties with the new
émigré An ''émigré'' () is a person who has emigrated, often with a connotation of political or social self-exile. The word is the past participle of the French ''émigrer'', "to emigrate". French Huguenots Many French Huguenots fled France followi ...
s concentrated in
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
, ''Kolokol'' moved its office to Geneva. While retaining its previous orientation, it was now published in French as "Kolokol (La Cloche)" with the aim of introducing Russia to Western European readers. The publication was unpopular. Publication of Kolokol ceased in 1867 due to unfavorable conditions. In 1867–1869, they published ''Kolokol: A Supplement to the First Decade'' (Колокол. Прибавочный лист к первому десятилетию), six issues of ''Kolokol. Russian Edition'' (Колокол. Русское прибавление) and ''Supplement du Kolokol'' in French. In 1870, Ogaryov together with
Sergey Nechayev Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev (russian: Серге́й Генна́диевич Неча́ев) ( – ) was a Russian communist revolutionary and prominent figure of the Russian nihilist movement, known for his single-minded pursuit of revolution ...
published six more issues of ''Kolokol'', which differed significantly from Herzen's ''Kolokol''.


External links


"Kolokol" digital archives in "Newspapers on the web and beyond"
the digital resource of the
National Library of Russia The National Library of Russia (NLR, russian: Российская национальная библиотека}), located in Saint Petersburg, is the first, and one of three national public libraries in Russia. The NLR is currently ranked amo ...
*Н.Я.Эйдельман "Герценовский "Колокол", Историческая библиотека школьника, Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство, 1963


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolokol 1857 establishments in England Defunct newspapers published in Russia Defunct weekly newspapers French-language newspapers published in Switzerland Newspapers published in Geneva Newspapers published in London Newspapers established in 1857 Publications disestablished in 1867 Russian-language newspapers Weekly newspapers published in Switzerland