King of Portugal and the Algarves

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution.

Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various other titles and pretensions. Two kings of Portugal, Ferdinand I and Afonso V, also claimed the crown of Castile. When the House of Habsburg came into power, the kings of Spain, Naples, and Sicily also became kings of Portugal. The House of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown, including King of Brazil and then ''de jure'' Emperor of Brazil.

After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portugal almost restored its monarchy in a revolution known as the Monarchy of the North, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, the Miguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal. They have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by their monarchist groups.

The monarchs of Portugal all came from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, but direct lines have sometimes ended. This has led to a variety of royal houses coming to rule Portugal, though all having Portuguese royal lineage. These houses are:

* House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
* House of Aviz (1385–1581)
* House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
* House of Braganza (1640–1910)

House of Burgundy (1139–1383)

The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Afonso Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries.
When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.

, life6 = 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63)
, reignstart6 = 6 February 1279
, reignend6 = 7 January 1325
, notes6 = Son of Afonso III
, family6 = Burgundy

, image6 = Dinis-P.jpg

, name7 = Afonso IV
, nickname7 = The Brave; The Bold
, native7 =
, life7 = 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66)
, reignstart7 = 7 January 1325
, reignend7 = 28 May 1357
, notes7 = Son of Denis I
, family7 = Burgundy

, image7 = AfonsoIV-P.jpg

, name8 = Peter I
, nickname8 = The Cruel; The Just; The Enemy-Son; The Stutterer; The Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate; The Vengeful; The Revengeful
, native8 = pt, Pedro I
, life8 = 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46)
, reignstart8 = 28 May 1357
, reignend8 = 18 January 1367
, notes8 = Son of Afonso IV
, family8 = Burgundy

, image8 = PeterIofPortugal.jpg

, name9 = Ferdinand I
, nickname9 = The Handsome; The Debonair; The Inconstant; The Fickle; The Inconscient
, native9 = pt, Fernando I
, life9 = 31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37)
, reignstart9 = 18 January 1367
, reignend9 = 22 October 1383
, notes9 = Son of Peter I
, family9 = Burgundy

, image9 = Portrait of King Fernando I, Belem Collection.JPG

House of Aviz (1385–1580)

The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

, life1 = 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 75)
, reignstart1 = 6 April 1385
, reignend1 = 14 August 1433
, notes1 = Illegitimate son of Peter I
, family1 = Aviz

, image1 = Anoniem - Koning Johan I van Portugal (1450-1500) - Lissabon Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga 19-10-2010 16-12-61.jpg

, name2 = Edward
, nickname2 = The Eloquent; The Philosopher; The Philosopher-King
, native2 = pt, Duarte I
, life2 = 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46)
, reignstart2 = 14 August 1433
, reignend2 = 9 September 1438
, notes2 = Son of John I
, family2 = Aviz

, image2 = Duarte of Portugal detail.jpg

, name3 = Afonso V
, nickname3 = The African; The Crusader
, native3 =
, life3 = 15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49)
, reignstart3 = 13 September 1438
—
15 November 1477
, reignend3 = 11 November 1477
—
28 August 1481
, notes3 = Son of Edward I
, family3 = Aviz

, image3 = AfonsoV-P.jpg

, name4 = John II
, nickname4 = The Perfect Prince; The Man (El Hombre)
, native4 = pt, João II
, life4 = 3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40)
, reignstart4 = 11 November 1477
—
28 August 1481
, reignend4 = 15 November 1477
—
25 October 1495
, notes4 = Son of Afonso V
, family4 = Aviz

, image4 = IOANNES_QVARTVS_PORTVGALIAE_REX_(Kunsthistorisches_Museum).png

, name5 = Manuel I
, nickname5 = The Fortunate; The Grocer King/The Spices King (Le Roi-Épicier)
, native5 =
, life5 = 31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52)
, reignstart5 = 25 October 1495
, reignend5 = 13 December 1521
, notes5 = Cousin of John II
Grandson of Edward I
, family5 = Aviz

, image5 = Fons Vitae (c. 1515-1517) - Colijn de Coter (attributed) (cropped).png

, name6 = John III
, nickname6 = The Pious; The Colonizer
, native6 = pt, João III
, life6 = 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55)
, reignstart6 = 13 December 1521
, reignend6 = 11 June 1557
, notes6 = Son of Manuel I
, family6 = Aviz

, image6 = D. João III - Cristóvão Lopes (attrib).png

, name7 = Sebastian I
, nickname7 = The Desired; The Asleep; The Sleeper; The Sleeping Hero; The Sleeping King; The Hidden; The Crusader
, native7 = pt, Sebastião I
, life7 = 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24)
, reignstart7 = 11 June 1557
, reignend7 = 4 August 1578
, notes7 = Grandson of John III
, family7 = Aviz

, image7 = Don Sebastian de Portugal.JPG

, name8 = Henry I
, nickname8 = The Chaste; The Cardinal; The Cardinal-King
, native8 = pt, Henrique I
, life8 = 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68)
, reignstart8 = 4 August 1578
, reignend8 = 31 January 1580
, notes8 = Son of Manuel I
Brother of John III
Great-uncle of Sebastian
, family8 = Aviz

, image8 = Ritratto di Enrico I del Portogallo (1587) - Cristofano dell'Altissimo (Galleria degli Uffizi).png

, name9 = Anthony I
, nickname9 = The Prior of Crato; The Determined; The Fighter; The Resistant; The Independentist
, native9 = pt, António I
, life9 = 1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64)
, reignstart9 = (''Disputed'') 24 July 1580
, reignend9 = (''Disputed'') 1583
, notes9 = Grandson of Manuel I
Nephew of Henry I
, family9 = Aviz

, image9 = Anthony I of Portugal.jpg

House of Habsburg (1581–1640)

The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.

, life5 = 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71)
, reignstart5 = 17 April 1581
, reignend5 = 13 September 1598
, notes5 = Grandson of Manuel I
Nephew of Henry I
, family5 = Habsburg

, image5 = Portrait of Philip II of Spain (by Workshop of Titian) - Museo del Prado, Madrid.jpg
, alt5 = King Philip I

, name6 = Philip II
, nickname6 = The Pious
, native6 = pt, Filipe II
, life6 = 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42)
, reignstart6 = 13 September 1598
, reignend6 = 31 March 1621
, notes6 = Son of Philip I
, family6 = Habsburg

, image6 = Felipe III de España.jpg
, alt6 = King Philip II

, name7 = Philip III
, nickname7 = The Great; The Tyrant; The Oppressor
, native7 = pt, Filipe III
, life7 = 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60)
, reignstart7 = 31 March 1621
, reignend7 = 1 December 1640
, notes7 = Son of Philip II
, family7 = Habsburg

, image7 = Philip IV of Spain - Velázquez 1644.jpg
, alt7 = King Philip II

House of Braganza (1640–1910)

The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.

, life1 = 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 53)
, reignstart1 = 1 December 1640
, reignend1 = 6 November 1656
, notes1 = Great-great-grandson of Manuel I
, family1 = Braganza

, image1 = Portrait of John, Duke of Braganza c. 1630 (The Royal Castle in Warsaw).png

, name2 = Afonso VI
, nickname2 = The Victorious
, native2 =
, life2 = 21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40)
, reignstart2 = 6 November 1656
, reignend2 = 12 September 1683
, notes2 = Son of John IV
, family2 = Braganza

, image2 = Afonso VI, Rei de Portugal.JPG

, name3 = Peter II
, nickname3 = The Pacific
, native3 = pt, Pedro II
, life3 = 26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58)
, reignstart3 = 6 November 1683
, reignend3 = 9 December 1706
, notes3 = Son of John IV
Brother of Afonso VI
, family3 = Braganza

, image3 = D. Pedro II, Rei de Portugal.JPG

, name4 = John V
, nickname4 = The Magnanimous; The Magnificent; The Generous; The Most Faithful King; The Nuns' Lover; The Portuguese Sun-King
, native4 = pt, João V
, life4 = 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60)
, reignstart4 = 9 December 1706
, reignend4 = 31 July 1750
, notes4 = Son of Peter II
, family4 = Braganza

, image4 = D. João V (1689-1750) Hd.jpg,

, name5 = Joseph I
, nickname5 = The Reformer
, native5 = pt, José I
, life5 = 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62)
, reignstart5 = 31 July 1750
, reignend5 = 24 February 1777
, notes5 = Son of John V
, family5 = Braganza

, image5 = Portrait of Joseph Emanuel, King of Portugal (1773) - Miguel António do Amaral.png

, name6 = Maria I
, nickname6 = The Pious; The Mad
, native6 = pt, Maria I
, life6 = –
, reignstart6 = 24 February 1777
, reignend6 = 20 March 1816
, notes6 = Daughter of Joseph I
, family6 = Braganza

, image6 = Maria I, Queen of Portugal - Giuseppe Troni, atribuído (Turim, 1739-Lisboa, 1810) - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

, name7 = Peter III
, nickname7 = The Capacidónio; The Builder; The Edifier; The Sacristan; The Enabler
, native7 = pt, Pedro III
, life7 = –
, reignstart7 = 24 February 1777
, reignend7 = 25 May 1786
, notes7 = Husband of Maria I
Son of John V
'' jure uxoris'' king
, family7 = Braganza

, image7 = Portrait of Infante Pedro (future King Pedro III) - Attributed to Vieira Lusitano - Google Cultural Institute (cropped).jpg

, name8 = John VI
, nickname8 = The Clement; The Merciful
, native8 = pt, João VI
, life8 = 13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58)
, reignstart8 = 20 March 1816
, reignend8 = 10 March 1826
, notes8 = Son of Maria I and Peter III
, family8 = Braganza

, image8 = Retrato de D. João VI, Rei de Portugal.jpg

, name9 = Peter IV
, nickname9 = The Soldier King; The Liberator; The Emperor; The Hero of Two Worlds
, native9 = pt, Pedro IV
, life9 = 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35)
, reignstart9 = 10 March 1826
, reignend9 = 2 May 1826
, notes9 = Son of John VI
, family9 = Braganza

, image9 = DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg

, name10 = Maria II
, nickname10 = The Educator; The Good Mother
, native10 = pt, Maria II
, life10 = 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)
, reignstart10 = 2 May 1826
26 May 1834
, reignend10 = 23 June 1828
15 November 1853
, notes10 = Daughter of Peter IV
, family10 = Braganza

, image10 = Queen Maria II by John Simpson.jpg

, name11 = Michael I
, nickname11 = The Absolute King; The Absolutist; The Traditionalist; The Usurper; The Grandfather of Europe
, native11 = pt, Miguel I
, life11 = 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64)
, reignstart11 = 26 February 1828
, reignend11 = 6 May 1834
, notes11 = Son of John VI
Brother of Peter IV
Uncle of Maria II
, family11 = Braganza

, image11 = Infante D. Miguel de Bragança (1827), by Johann Nepomuk Ender (cropped).png

, name12 = Ferdinand II
, nickname12 = The Artist King
, native12 = pt, Fernando II
, life12 = 29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69)
, reignstart12 = 16 September 1837
, reignend12 = 15 November 1853
, notes12 = Husband of Maria II
'' jure uxoris'' king
, family12 = Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry

, image12 = Ferdinand II, King Consort of Portugal 1861.jpg

, name13 = Peter V
, nickname13 = The Hopeful; The Beloved; The Well-Beloved
, native13 = pt, Pedro V
, life13 = 16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24)
, reignstart13 = 15 November 1853
, reignend13 = 11 November 1861
, notes13 = Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II
, family13 = Braganza/ Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and GothaAlso referred as the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 ''Almanach de Gotha'', Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of th
1838 Portuguese constitution
declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"

, image13 = D. Pedro V fotografado por Mayer & Pierson.png

, name14 = Louis I
, nickname14 = The Popular; The Musician King; The Painter King
, native14 = pt, Luís I
, life14 = 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50)
, reignstart14 = 11 November 1861
, reignend14 = 19 October 1889
, notes14 = Son of Maria II and Ferdinand II
Brother of Peter V
, family14 = Braganza/ Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

, image14 = LodewijkPortugal.jpg

, name15 = Carlos I
, nickname15 = The Diplomat; The Martyr; The Martyred; The Oceanographer; The Hunter; The Painter King; The Obese
, native15 =
, life15 = 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44)
, reignstart15 = 19 October 1889
, reignend15 = 1 February 1908
, notes15 = Son of Louis I
, family15 = Braganza/ Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

, image15 = S.M.F. El-Rei D. Carlos I de Portugal.jpg

, name16 = Manuel II
, nickname16 = The Patriot; The Sorrowful; The Unfortunate; The Studious; The Scholar; The Erudite; The Learned; The Bibliophile; The Missed-King
, native16 =
, life16 = 15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42)
, reignstart16 = 1 February 1908
, reignend16 = 5 October 1910
, notes16 = Son of Carlos I
Last King of Portugal
, family16 = Braganza/ Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and GothaSome historians consider that Manuel II was preceded by his elder brother Luís Filipe, not by his father Carlos. In fact, while king Carlos died instantly under the bullets of the anarchists on 1 February 1908, his son Luís Filipe, the crown prince, survived for at least twenty-five minutes, enough to allow governmental officials to name him king. This act is, however, usually considered as historically irrelevant, given that the crown prince never recovered from his coma. His younger brother Manuel (who was also injured, though not seriously) is therefore considered to have been the direct successor of the murdered king Carlos I.

, image16 = Manoel II, King of Portugal (Nov 1909).png

See also

*List of Portuguese royal consorts
*List of viceroys of Portugal
*List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
* Style of the Portuguese sovereign
* Families
** Family tree of Portuguese monarchs
** Descendants of John VI of Portugal
** Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal
** Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal

References

Bibliography

*
* Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan (1981), "Portugal", in ''Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal families of Europe'', London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228–237. . (revised and updated edition by Prentice Hall College Div - November 1991. .)
* Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos (2002), ''Costados do Duque de Bragança'', Lisboa, Guarda-Mor Edições.
* Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete (dir.)(1989), ''Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil'', vol. I, Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia.
* (reprint)

External links

History of titles of the kings of Portugal with bibliography

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monarchs, List of Portuguese
Portugal
Lists of Portuguese people
Portuguese history timelines

Portugal politics-related lists