Contents
1 Name 2 History
2.1 Origin 2.2 Invitation of the Varangians 2.3 Foundation of the Kievan state 2.4 Early foreign relations
2.4.1 Volatile steppe politics
2.4.2 Rus'–
Byzantine
Byzantine relations
2.4.3 Sviatoslav
2.5 Reign of Vladimir and Christianisation 2.6 Golden age 2.7 Fragmentation and decline
2.7.1
Novgorod
Novgorod Republic
2.7.2 Northeast
2.7.3 Southwest
2.8 Final disintegration
3 Economy 4 Society 5 Historical assessment 6 Foreign relations
6.1 Turco-Mongols
6.2
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire
6.3 Military campaigns
7 Administrative divisions 8 Principal cities 9 Religion 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References
12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources
13 Further reading 14 External links
Name[edit]
Main articles:
Rus' (name)
Rus' (name) and Ruthenia
During its existence,
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' was known as the "land of the Rus'"
(Old East Slavic: Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ, from the ethnonym
Рѹ́сь; Greek: Ῥῶς; Arabic: الروس al-Rūs), in
Greek as Ῥωσία, in Old French as Russie, Rossie, in Latin as
Russia
Russia (with local German spelling variants Ruscia and Ruzzia), and
from the 12th century also Ruthenia.[2] Various etymologies
have been proposed, including Ruotsi, the Finnish designation for
Sweden, and Ros, a tribe from the middle
Dnieper
Dnieper valley
region.[12]
In the Norse sources, the sagas, the principality is called
Garðariki, and the peoples, according to Snorre Sturlason, are called
Suiones, the confederation of Great Sviþjoð (Þjoð means people in
Norse; cf. etymology of Sweden) were made up of the peoples along the
Dniepr
Dniepr called
Tanais
Tanais that separated Asia and
Europe
Europe (called Enea by
Snorri Sturluson), all the way to the Baltics and
Scandinavia.[13]
The term Kievan Rus' (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya
Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in
Russian historiography
Russian historiography to
refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev.[14] In
English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it
was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A
History of Russia,[15] to distinguish the early polity from
successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term
was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская
Русь (Kijeŭskaja Rus’) and Ки́ївська Русь
(Kyivs'ka Rus’), respectively.
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
See also: Rus' Khaganate
Prior to the emergence of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands
between the
Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea and
Black Sea
Black Sea were primarily populated by
eastern Slavic tribes.[16] In the northern region around
Novgorod
Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs[17] and neighboring Krivichi,
who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina,
Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia
regions, were the Finnic
Chud
Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around
Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian
origins,[18] the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the
Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and
to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way
to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.
Approximate ethno-linguistic map of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' in the 9th century:
Five Volga Finnic groups of the Merya, Mari, Muromians, Meshchera and
Mordvins
Mordvins are shown as surrounded by the
Slavs
Slavs to the west; the three
Finnic groups of the Veps, Ests and Chuds, and Indo-European
Balts
Balts to
the northwest; the
Permians
Permians to the northeast the (Turkic)
Bulghars
Bulghars and
Khazars
Khazars to the southeast and south.
Controversy persists over whether the Rus' were
Varangians
Varangians (Vikings)
or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary
sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on
archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, and
legends and literature from centuries later.[19] To some
extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern
states in the region.[20] According to the "Normanist" view,
the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist
historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves
Slavs.[21][22][23] Normanist theories focus on
the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Primary
Chronicle,[24] although even this account was not produced
until the 12th century.[25] Nationalist accounts have
suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the
Varangians,[26] noting that only a handful of Scandinavian
words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in
the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names.[27]
Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a
Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the
latest.[28] On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper
were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling
class, while the great majority of their subjects were
Slavs.[27] Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by
nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must
have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other
cultural practices.
Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an
Arab
Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided
one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as
tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear
a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only
cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free."[29]
Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the
Byzantine
Byzantine court
(949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom
we call
Norsemen
Norsemen by another name")[30] but explains the name
as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people
made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi
on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen
because of the location of their origin.").[31] Leo the
Deacon, a 10th-century
Byzantine
Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to
the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek
rituals and customs.[32] But 'Scythians' in Greek parlance is
used predominantly as a generic term for nomads.
Invitation of the Varangians[edit]
The Invitation of the
Varangians
Varangians by Viktor Vasnetsov:
Rurik
Rurik and his
brothers
Sineus and Truvor
Sineus and Truvor arrive at the lands of the Ilmen Slavs.
According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs
in the 9th century were divided between the
Varangians
Varangians and the
Khazars.[33] The
Varangians
Varangians are first mentioned imposing
tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859.[34] In 862, the
Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of
Novgorod
Novgorod rebelled against the
Varangians, driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them
further tribute, set out to govern themselves." The tribes had no
laws, however, and soon began to make war with one another, prompting
them to invite the
Varangians
Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the
region:
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said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince who may rule over us, and
judge us according to the Law." They accordingly went overseas to the
Varangian Rus'. … The Chuds, the Slavs, the
Krivichs
Krivichs and the Ves
then said to the Rus', "Our land is great and rich, but there is no
order in it. Come to rule and reign over us". They thus selected three
brothers with their kinfolk, who took with them all the Rus' and
migrated.— The Primary Chronicle[35]
The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established
themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk,
respectively.[36] Two of the brothers died, and
Rurik
Rurik became
the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik
Dynasty.[37] A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold
and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople).
On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev,
captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated
the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over
the country of the Polyanians."[38][39]
The Chronicle reports that
Askold and Dir
Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople
with a navy to attack the city in 863–66, catching the Byzantines by
surprise and ravaging the surrounding area,[39] though other
accounts date the attack in 860.[40] Patriarch Photius vividly
describes the "universal" devastation of the suburbs and nearby
islands,[41] and another account further details the
destruction and slaughter of the invasion.[42] The Rus' turned
back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm
dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later
account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch
and the Emperor to the Virgin.[43] The attack was the first
encounter between the Rus' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to
send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus' and
the Slavs.[44][45]
Foundation of the Kievan state[edit]
East-Slavic tribes and peoples, 8th–9th centuries
Rurik
Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his
kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son,
Igor.[39][46] In 880-82, Oleg led a military force
south along the
Dnieper
Dnieper river, capturing
Smolensk
Smolensk and
Lyubech
Lyubech before
reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed
himself prince, and declared
Kiev
Kiev the "mother of Rus'
cities."[note 1][48] Oleg set about consolidating his
power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod,
imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes.[38][49] In
883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By
885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs,
forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued
to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by
Rurik
Rurik in the north.[50]
The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs,
beeswax, honey, and slaves for export,[51] and because it
controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north,
Novgorod
Novgorod served as a commercial link between the
Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea and the
Volga trade route
Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and
across the
Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets
and products from
Central Asia
Central Asia and the Middle
East.[52][53] Trade from the Baltic also moved south
on a network of rivers and short portages along the
Dnieper
Dnieper known as
the "route from the
Varangians
Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black
Sea and on to Constantinople.
Kiev
Kiev was a central outpost along the
Dnieper
Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route
between the
Khazars
Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central
Europe.[54] These commercial connections enriched Rus'
merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of
churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns.[53]
Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and
religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and
money-lending system may have also been in place.[51]
Early foreign relations[edit]
Volatile steppe politics[edit]
The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and
volatile relationships with the
Khazars
Khazars and other neighbors on the
Pontic steppe.[55][56][57] The Khazars
dominated the
Black Sea
Black Sea steppe during the 8th century,[58]
trading and frequently allying with the
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire against
Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the
Göktürk Khaganate led the
Magyars
Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and
Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe
region,[59] leading to military conflict, disruption of trade,
and instability within the Khazar Khaganate.[60] The Rus' and
Slavs
Slavs had earlier allied with the
Khazars
Khazars against
Arab
Arab raids on the
Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control
of the trade routes.[61]
The
Volga trade route
Volga trade route (red), the "route from the
Varangians
Varangians to the
Greeks" (purple) and other trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries
(orange)
The
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to
expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first
with the
Khazars
Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe
groups.[55] The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson,
formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against
raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying
Constantinople.[62] Cherson also served as a key diplomatic
link with the
Khazars
Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the
centre of
Black Sea
Black Sea commerce.[63] The Byzantines also helped
the
Khazars
Khazars build a fortress at
Sarkel
Sarkel on the Don river to protect
their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and
the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between
the Don and Volga rivers.[64]
The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure
on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and
trade.[65] In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the
lands of the lower Dniester and
Dnieper
Dnieper rivers with the
Tivertsi
Tivertsi and
the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking
Rus' access to the Black Sea.[66][67] In 894, the
Magyars
Magyars and
Pechenegs
Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines
and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the
Magyars
Magyars to
attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn
persuaded the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs to attack the
Magyars
Magyars from their rear. Boxed
in, the
Magyars
Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the
Carpathian Mountains
Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars
of an important ally and a buffer from the
Rus'.[68][69] The migration of the
Magyars
Magyars allowed
Rus' access to the Black Sea,[70] and they soon launched
excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don
river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and
plundering into the
Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea region from 864,[note 2] with
the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided
Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.[note
3][73][74]
As the 10th century progressed, the
Khazars
Khazars were no longer able to
command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with
the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs against them.[75] The
Pechenegs
Pechenegs were thus secure to
raid the lands of the
Khazars
Khazars from their base between the Volga and
Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west.[56] Rus'
relations with the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately
formed alliances with and against one another. The
Pechenegs
Pechenegs were
nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the
Rus' for agricultural goods and other products.[76] The
lucrative Rus' trade with the
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire had to pass through
Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful
relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle
reports the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making
peace, they were waging war with one another again in
920.[77][78]
Pechenegs
Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus'
in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the
Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.[79]
Rus'–
Byzantine
Byzantine relations[edit]
Rus' under the walls of
Constantinople
Constantinople (860)
After the Rus' attack on
Constantinople
Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine
Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the
Slavs. Prince
Rastislav of Moravia
Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to
provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures, so in 863 the
brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries, due to their
knowledge of the Slavonic
language.[45][80][81] The
Slavs
Slavs had no written
language, so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet, later
developed into Cyrillic, and standardized the language of the Slavs,
later known as Old Church Slavonic. They translated portions of the
Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents, and
the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories, including
Kievan Rus'. The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both
evangelical and diplomatic purposes, spreading
Byzantine
Byzantine cultural
influence in support of imperial foreign policy.[82] In 867
the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in
874 he speaks of an "Archbishop of the Rus'."[44]
Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after
Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and
military concerns.[83] The wealth and income of the Rus'
depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium. Constantine
Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev,
collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a
flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the
Dnieper
Dnieper to the
Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube
delta, and on to Constantinople.[76][84] On their
return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit.
The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when
disputes arose. The
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus' attacked
Constantinople
Constantinople again in 907, probably to secure trade access. The
Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg, an
account imbued with legendary detail.[44][85]
Byzantine
Byzantine sources do not mention the attack, but a pair of treaties in
907 and 911 set forth a trade agreement with the
Rus',[77][86] the terms suggesting pressure on the
Byzantines, who granted the Rus' quarters and supplies for their
merchants and tax-free trading privileges in
Constantinople.[44][87]
The Chronicle provides a mythic tale of Oleg's death. A sorcerer
prophesies that the death of the
Grand Prince
Grand Prince would be associated with
a certain horse. Oleg has the horse sequestered, and it later dies.
Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass, gloating
that he had outlived the threat, when a snake strikes him from among
the bones, and he soon becomes ill and dies.[88][89]
The Chronicle reports that Prince Igor succeeded Oleg in 913, and
after some brief conflicts with the
Drevlians
Drevlians and the Pechenegs, a
period of peace ensued for over twenty years.
Princess Olga's avenge to the Drevlians. Radzivill chronicle
In 941, Igor led another major Rus' attack on Constantinople, probably
over trading rights again.[44][90] A navy of 10,000
vessels, including
Pecheneg
Pecheneg allies, landed on the Bithynian coast and
devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus.[91] The attack
was well-timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the
Byzantine
Byzantine fleet
was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its
army was stationed in the east. The Rus' burned towns, churches, and
monasteries, butchering the people and amassing booty. The emperor
arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek
fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus', luring them into
surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek
fire.[92]
Liutprand of Cremona wrote that "the Rus', seeing
the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank,
weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others
caught fire." Those captured were beheaded. The ploy dispelled the
Rus' fleet, but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as
Nicomedia, with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and
set up for use as targets. At last a
Byzantine
Byzantine army arrived from the
Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly
destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an
exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). The outcome
indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911, suggesting
a shift in the balance of power.[91]
Igor returned to
Kiev
Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of
warriors from among neighboring
Slavs
Slavs and
Pecheneg
Pecheneg allies, and sent
for reinforcements of
Varangians
Varangians from “beyond the
sea.”[92][93] In 944 the Rus' force advanced again
on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a
Byzantine
Byzantine force from Cherson
responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war,
and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus', the
Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was
completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with
terms less favorable to the Rus', including stringent regulations on
the conduct of Rus' merchants in Cherson and
Constantinople
Constantinople and
specific punishments for violations of the law.[94] The
Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern
of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against
them,[95] though the more favorable terms further suggest a
shift in power.[91]
Sviatoslav[edit]
Madrid Skylitzes, meeting between John Tzimiskes and Sviatoslav
Following the death of
Grand Prince
Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled
as regent in
Kiev
Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca.
963).[note 4] His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by
rapid expansion through the conquest of the
Khazars
Khazars of the Pontic
steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life,
Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe,
eventually moving his capital from
Kiev
Kiev to
Pereyaslavets on the Danube
in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity,
Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his
abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most
part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his
failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud
among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.
Reign of Vladimir and Christianisation[edit]
Main article:
Christianization
Christianization of Kievan Rus'
Rogneda of Polotsk, Vladimir I of
Kiev
Kiev and Izyaslav of Polotsk
Baptism of Saint Prince Vladimir, by Viktor Vasnetsov, in the St
Volodymyr's Cathedral
It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was
first introduced, but the importance of the
Kiev
Kiev principality was
recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing
struggle between
Vladimir the Great
Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev
dominated the state of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. The
Grand Prince
Grand Prince ("velikiy kniaz'") of
Kiev
Kiev controlled the lands around
the city, and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other
cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came
during the reigns of
Vladimir the Great
Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and Prince
Yaroslav I the Wise
Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054). Both rulers continued the steady
expansion of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' that had begun under Oleg.
Vladimir had been prince of
Novgorod
Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died
in 972. He was forced to flee to
Scandinavia
Scandinavia in 976 after his
half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken
control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl
Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a
Viking
Viking army
and reconquered
Novgorod
Novgorod and
Kiev
Kiev from Yaropolk.[96] As Prince
of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization
of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. The Primary Chronicle
states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of
the traditional idol-worship (paganism) of the Slavs, he sent out some
of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different
parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite, the
Jews, and the
Muslims
Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. They
rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the
consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had
permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. They
found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at
Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral
of
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made
up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to
follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the
faith of the
Byzantine Rite
Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which
Vladimir made a journey to
Constantinople
Constantinople and arranged to marry
Princess Anna, the sister of
Byzantine
Byzantine emperor Basil II.[97]
Ivan Eggink's painting represents Vladimir listening to the Orthodox
priests, while the papal envoy stands aside in discontent.
Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his
close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea
and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper
River. Adherence to the
Eastern Church
Eastern Church had long-range political,
cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written
in
Cyrillic
Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been
produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the
conversion to Christianity of the Eastern
Slavs
Slavs and introduced them to
rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the
necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did
business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary
business Greek).[98] In contrast, educated people in medieval
Western and Central
Europe
Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from
the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East
Slavs
Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct
from those of other
Eastern Orthodox
Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation
needed] (See
Old East Slavic language
Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan
Rus for details). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church
maintained communion with both Rome and
Constantinople
Constantinople for some time,
but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to
follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of
the Greek world,
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the
Western world.[99]
Golden age[edit]
Golden Gate, Kiev
Yaroslav, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers.
A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of
Novgorod
Novgorod at the
time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving
brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers
and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the
Novgorodians and the help of
Viking
Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk
and became the grand prince of
Kiev
Kiev in 1019.[100] Although he
first established his rule over
Kiev
Kiev in 1019, he did not have
uncontested rule of all of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir,
Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe,
especially the
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia
the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his
sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France,
Hungary
Hungary and
Norway. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya
Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in
Kiev
Kiev and Saint Sophia
Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is
said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the
great
Kiev
Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus'
as an ecclesiastical academy.
In the centuries that followed the state's foundation, Rurik's
descendants shared power over Kievan Rus'. Princely succession moved
from elder to younger brother and from uncle to nephew, as well as
from father to son. Junior members of the dynasty usually began their
official careers as rulers of a minor district, progressed to more
lucrative principalities, and then competed for the coveted throne of
Kiev.
Fragmentation and decline[edit]
The gradual disintegration of the
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' began in the 11th
century, after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The position of the
Grand Prince
Grand Prince of
Kiev
Kiev was weakened by the growing influence of regional
clans.
An unconventional power succession system was established (rota
system) whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the
ruling dynasty rather than from father to son, i.e. in most cases to
the eldest brother of the ruler, fomenting constant hatred and rivalry
within the royal family.[citation needed]
Familicide was
frequently deployed to obtain power and can be traced particularly
during the time of the Yaroslavichi (sons of Yaroslav), when the
established system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II
Monomakh as the
Grand Prince
Grand Prince of Kiev,[clarification needed] in
turn creating major squabbles between Olegovichi from Chernihiv,
Monomakhs from Pereyaslav, Izyaslavichi from Turov/Volhynia, and
Polotsk
Polotsk Princes.[citation needed]
The Nativity, a Kievan (possibly Galician) illumination from the
Gertrude Psalter
The most prominent struggle for power was the conflict that erupted
after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The rivaling
Principality
Principality of
Polotsk
Polotsk was contesting the power of the
Grand Prince
Grand Prince by occupying
Novgorod, while Rostislav Vladimirovich was fighting for the Black Sea
port of
Tmutarakan
Tmutarakan belonging to Chernihiv.[citation needed]
Three of Yaroslav's sons that first allied together found themselves
fighting each other especially after their defeat to the
Cuman
Cuman forces
in 1068 at the Battle of the Alta River. At the same time, an uprising
took place in Kiev, bringing to power
Vseslav of Polotsk
Vseslav of Polotsk who supported
the traditional Slavic paganism.[citation needed] The ruling
Grand Prince
Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to
Poland
Poland asking for support and in couple
of years returned to establish the order.[citation needed] The
affairs became even more complicated by the end of the 11th century
driving the state into chaos and constant warfare. On the initiative
of
Vladimir II Monomakh
Vladimir II Monomakh in 1097 the first federal council of Kievan
Rus took place near
Chernihiv
Chernihiv in the city of
Liubech
Liubech with the main
intention to find an understanding among the fighting sides. However,
even though that did not really stop the fighting, it certainly cooled
things off.[citation needed]
By 1130, all descendants of Vseslav the Seer had been exiled to the
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire by Mstislav the Great. The most fierce resistance to
Monomakhs posed Olegovichi when the izgoi Vsevolod II managed to
become the
Grand Prince
Grand Prince of Kiev. Rostislavichi who have initially
established in
Halych
Halych lands by 1189 were defeated by the
Monomakh-Piast descendant Roman the Great.[citation needed]
The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of
Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the
Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the
Varangians
Varangians to the Greeks, along
which the goods were moving from the
Black Sea
Black Sea (mainly Byzantine)
through eastern
Europe
Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of
Kiev
Kiev wealth
and prosperity.
Kiev
Kiev was the main power and initiator in this
relationship, once the
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the
supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and
Kiev
Kiev lost its
appeal.[citation needed]
The last ruler to maintain a united state was Mstislav the Great.
After his death in 1132, the
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a
rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of
Kiev
Kiev instead of
focusing on the external threat of the
Cumans
Cumans was embroiled in
conflicts with the growing power of the
Novgorod
Novgorod Republic. In 1169, as
the
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' state was full of internal conflict, Andrei
Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev. The sack of the city
fundamentally changed the perception of
Kiev
Kiev and was evidence of the
fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'.[101] By the end of the 12th
century, the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been
divided into roughly twelve different principalities.[102]
The
Crusades
Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated
the decline of Kievan Rus'. In 1204, the forces of the Fourth Crusade
sacked Constantinople, making the
Dnieper
Dnieper trade route
marginal.[11] At the same time, the
Teutonic Knights
Teutonic Knights (of the
Northern Crusades) were conquering the
Baltic region
Baltic region and threatening
the Lands of Novgorod. Concurrently with it, the Ruthenian Federation
of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' started to disintegrate into smaller principalities as
the
Rurik dynasty
Rurik dynasty grew. The local
Orthodox Christianity
Orthodox Christianity of Kievan
Rus', while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan
state and losing its main base in Constantinople, was on the brink of
extinction. Some of the main regional centres that developed later
were Novgorod, Chernigov, Halych, Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir-upon-Klyazma,
Volodimer-Volyn and Polotsk.
Novgorod
Novgorod Republic[edit]
Main article: Republic of Novgorod
In the north, the Republic of
Novgorod
Novgorod prospered because it controlled
trade routes from the
River Volga
River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus'
declined,
Novgorod
Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled
Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly,
which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In 1136,
Novgorod
Novgorod revolted against Kiev, and became independent.[103]
Now an independent city republic, and referred to as "Lord Novgorod
the Great" it would spread its "mercantile interest" to the west and
the north; to the
Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea and the low-populated forest regions
respectively.[103] In 1169,
Novgorod
Novgorod acquired its own
archbishop, named Ilya, a sign of further increased importance and
political independence.
Novgorod
Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy
although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus.
Northeast[edit]
Main article: Vladimir-Suzdal
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1139 map of the Grand Duchy of Kiev, where northeastern territories
identified as the Transforrest Colonies (Zalesie) by Joachim Lelewel
In the northeast,
Slavs
Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory
that later would become the
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and
merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of
Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by
Suzdal
Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of
Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal
asserted itself as a major power in
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' in the late 12th
century. In 1169,
Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy
Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of
Vladimir-Suzdal
Vladimir-Suzdal sacked
the city of
Kiev
Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий
Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/
Grand Prince
Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to claim primacy
in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled
briefly in
Kiev
Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal.
In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved
from
Kiev
Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.
Southwest[edit]
Main article: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
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To the southwest, the principality of
Halych
Halych had developed trade
relations with its Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and
emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus'. In 1199, Prince Roman
Mstislavych united the two previously separate principalities. In 1202
he conquered Kiev, and assumed the title of
Knyaz
Knyaz of Kievan Rus',
which was held by the rulers of
Vladimir-Suzdal
Vladimir-Suzdal since 1169. His son,
Prince Daniel
Prince Daniel (r. 1238–1264) looked for support from the West. He
accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae" ("King of Rus") from the Roman
papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In
1370, the patriarch of the
Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople
granted the King of
Poland
Poland a metropolitan for his Ruthenian subjects.
Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for
Novagrudok shortly afterwards. Cyprian, a candidate pushed by the
Lithuanian rulers, became Metropolitan of
Kiev
Kiev in 1375 and
metropolitan of
Moscow
Moscow in 1382; this way the church in the Russian
countries was reunited for some time. In 1439,
Kiev
Kiev became the seat of
a separate "Metropolitan of Kiev,
Halych
Halych and all Rus'" for all Greek
Orthodox Christians under Polish-Lithuanian rule.
However, a long and unsuccessful struggle against the Mongols combined
with internal opposition to the prince and foreign intervention
weakened Galicia-Volhynia. With the end of the Mstislavich branch of
the
Rurikids
Rurikids in the mid-14th century, Galicia-
Volhynia
Volhynia ceased to
exist;
Poland
Poland conquered Halych;
Lithuania
Lithuania took Volhynia, including
Kiev, conquered by
Gediminas
Gediminas in 1321 ending the rule of
Rurikids
Rurikids in
the city. Lithuanian rulers then assumed the title over Ruthenia.
Final disintegration[edit]
Lilac borders: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, one of the successor
states of Kievan Rus'
The state finally disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol
invasion of Rus', fragmenting it into successor principalities who
paid tribute to the
Golden Horde
Golden Horde (the so-called Tatar Yoke). In the
late 15th century, the Muscovite Grand Dukes began taking over former
Kievan territories and proclaimed themselves the sole legal successors
of the Kievan principality according to the protocols of the medieval
theory of translatio imperii.
On the western periphery,
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' was succeeded by the
Principality
Principality of Galicia-Volhynia. Later, as these territories, now
part of modern central
Ukraine
Ukraine and Belarus, fell to the Gediminids,
the powerful, largely Ruthenized Grand Duchy of
Lithuania
Lithuania drew heavily
on Rus' cultural and legal traditions. Due to the fact of the economic
and cultural core of Rus' being located on the territory of modern
Ukraine, Ukrainian historians and scholars consider
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' to be
a founding Ukrainian state.[6]
On the north-eastern periphery of Kievan Rus', traditions were adapted
in the
Vladimir-Suzdal
Vladimir-Suzdal
Principality
Principality that gradually gravitated towards
Moscow. To the very north, the
Novgorod
Novgorod and Pskov Feudal Republics
were less autocratic than Vladimir- Suzdal-
Moscow
Moscow until they were
absorbed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Russian historians consider
Kievan Rus the first period of Russian history.
Economy[edit]
During the Kievan era, trade and transport depended largely on
networks of rivers and portages.[104] The peoples of Rus'
experienced a period of great economic expansion, opening trade routes
with the
Vikings
Vikings to the north and west and with the
Byzantine
Byzantine Greeks
to the south and west; traders also began to travel south and east,
eventually making contact with
Persia
Persia and the peoples of Central Asia.
Society[edit]
See also:
Old Russian Law
Old Russian Law and Russkaya Pravda
Administering justice in Kievan Rus, by Ivan Bilibin
Ship burial
Ship burial of a Rus' chieftain as described by the
Arab
Arab traveler
Ahmad ibn Fadlan, who visited North-Eastern
Europe
Europe in the 10th
century.
Henryk Siemiradzki
Henryk Siemiradzki (1883)
Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev
became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes;
therefore the leader of
Kiev
Kiev gained political "control" over the
surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of
traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort
to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of
the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and
was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes
became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and
placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became
known as the verv'.
In the 11th and the 12th centuries, the princes and their retinues,
which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites, dominated the
society of Kievan Rus'. Leading soldiers and officials received income
and land from the princes in return for their political and military
services. Kievan society lacked the class institutions and autonomous
towns that were typical of Western European feudalism. Nevertheless,
urban merchants, artisans and labourers sometimes exercised political
influence through a city assembly, the veche (council), which included
all the adult males in the population. In some cases, the veche either
made agreements with their rulers or expelled them and invited others
to take their place. At the bottom of society was a stratum of slaves.
More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour
duty to the princes. The widespread personal serfdom characteristic of
Western
Europe
Europe did not exist in Kievan Rus'.
The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of
the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people
that found work by labouring for wages on the manors that began to
develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political
structure. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law
code, they were theoretically equal to the prince, so they enjoyed as
much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. However, in the
13th century, they slowly began to lose their rights and became less
equal in the eyes of the law.
Historical assessment[edit]
The field of Igor Svyatoslavich's battle with the Polovtsy, by
Viktor Vasnetsov
Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western
Europe,[105] was not only the largest contemporary European
state in terms of area but also culturally advanced.[106]
Literacy in Kiev,
Novgorod
Novgorod and other large cities was
high.[107][108] As birch bark documents attest, they
exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for schools. Novgorod
had a sewage system[109] and wood paving not often found in
other cities at the time. The
Russkaya Pravda
Russkaya Pravda confined punishments to
fines and generally did not use capital punishment.[110]
Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property and
inheritance rights.[111][112][113]
The economic development of Kievan Rus may be translated into
demographic statistics. Around 1200,
Kiev
Kiev had a population of 50,000,
Novgorod
Novgorod and Chernigov both had around 30,000.[114]
Constantinople
Constantinople had population of about 400,000 around
1180.[115] The Soviet scholar
Mikhail Tikhomirov calculated
that
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' on the eve of the Mongol invasion had around 300
urban centres.[116]
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' also played an important genealogical role in European
politics. Yaroslav the Wise, whose stepmother belonged to the
Macedonian dynasty, which ruled the
Byzantine
Byzantine empire from 867 to 1056,
married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized
Sweden. His daughters became queens of Hungary, France and Norway, his
sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a
Byzantine
Byzantine emperor
(not to mention a niece of the Pope), while his granddaughters were a
German Empress and (according to one theory) the queen of Scotland. A
grandson married the only daughter of the last
Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon king of
England. Thus the
Rurikids
Rurikids were a well-connected royal family of the
time.[117][118]
Foreign relations[edit]
See also:
Varangians
Varangians and
Grand Prince
Grand Prince of Kiev
Turco-Mongols[edit]
See also:
Schechter Letter
Schechter Letter and Mongol invasion of Rus'
The sacking of Suzdal, by Batu Khan
From the 9th century, the
Pecheneg
Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship
with Kievan Rus′. For over two centuries they launched sporadic
raids into the lands of Rus′, which sometimes escalated into
full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev
reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary
military alliances (e.g. the 943
Byzantine
Byzantine campaign by Igor).[note
5] In 968, the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of
Kiev.[119] Some speculation exists that the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs drove
off the
Tivertsi
Tivertsi and the
Ulichs
Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester
river in Bukovina. The
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire was known to support the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic
states.[citation needed]
Boniak was a
Cuman
Cuman khan who led a series of invasions on Kievan
Rus′. In 1096,
Boniak attacked Kiev, plundered the
Kiev
Kiev
Monastery
Monastery of
the Caves, and burned down the prince's palace in Berestovo. He was
defeated in 1107 by Vladimir Monomakh, Oleg, Sviatopolk and other
Rus′ princes.[120]
The
Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire invaded
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying
numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev.
Giovanni de Plano Carpini, the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan,
traveled through
Kiev
Kiev in February 1246 and wrote:
"They [the Mongols] attacked Rus, where they made great havoc,
destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid
siege to Kiev, the capital of Rus; after they had besieged the city
for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When
we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls
and bones of dead men lying about on the ground.
Kiev
Kiev had been a very
large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost
to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred
houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete
slavery"[121]
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire[edit]
See also: Rus'–
Byzantine
Byzantine War
Druzhina
Byzantium quickly became the main trading and cultural partner for
Kiev, but relations were not always friendly. The most serious
conflict between the two powers was the war of 968–971 in Bulgaria,
but several Rus' raiding expeditions against the
Byzantine
Byzantine cities of
the
Black Sea
Black Sea coast and
Constantinople
Constantinople itself are also recorded.
Although most were repulsed, they were concluded by trade treaties
that were generally favourable to the Rus'.
Rus'-
Byzantine
Byzantine relations became closer following the marriage of the
porphyrogenita Anna to Vladimir the Great, and the subsequent
Christianization
Christianization of the Rus':
Byzantine
Byzantine priests, architects and
artists were invited to work on numerous cathedrals and churches
around Rus', expanding
Byzantine
Byzantine cultural influence even further.
Numerous Rus' served in the
Byzantine
Byzantine army as mercenaries, most
notably as the famous Varangian Guard.
Military campaigns[edit]
Caspian expeditions of the Rus'
Caspian expeditions of the Rus' (864 - 1041)
Rus'–
Byzantine
Byzantine Wars (830 - 1043)
1018 Polish intervention
Administrative divisions[edit]
See also: List of early East Slavic states
11th century
Novgorod
Novgorod Land 862–1478 the allied territory of Kievan Rus'; from
1136 the
Novgorod
Novgorod Republic
Principality
Principality of Rostov-
Suzdal
Suzdal
Rostov
Rostov
Principality
Principality until 1125; became
Vladimir-Suzdal
Vladimir-Suzdal
Principality
Principality in 1155
Principality of Polotsk
Principality of Polotsk 9th century-14th century (separatist
territory, partial suzerainty under Kievan Rus')
Principality
Principality of Minsk
Principality
Principality of
Smolensk
Smolensk from 1054
Principality
Principality of Pereyaslavl
Principality
Principality of Volhynia
Principality
Principality of
Kiev
Kiev from 1132–1399
Principality
Principality of Galicia
Principality of Turov
Principality of Turov and Pinsk
Principality
Principality of Chernigov
Murom-
Ryazan
Ryazan
Principality
Principality until 1078
Principality
Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
City of
Tmutarakan
Tmutarakan from 988 until some time in the 12th century
Belaya Vezha from 965 until some time in the 12th century
Southern dependencies Oleshky, New Galich, Peresechen'
Drevlian territories annexed to Rus' by Oleg ?-884; 912–946
(vassal of Rus' from 914,
Drevlians
Drevlians Uprising in 945)
Principal cities[edit]
Belgorod Kievsky, capital of Rus' under
Rurik
Rurik Rostislavich
Chernihiv, capital along with
Kiev
Kiev from 1024–1036 (joint rule
between Yaroslav and Mstislav)
Halych
Kiev
Minsk, centre of
Principality
Principality of Minsk
Murom
Pereyaslavets, capital of Rus' from 969–971 (in current day Romania)
Polotsk
Rostov
Rostov Veliky
Ryazan
Smolensk
Staraya Ladoga
Suzdal
Tmutarakan
Veliky Novgorod
Vladimir
Vyshgorod, princes' residence and royal library (at Mezhyhirya)
Religion[edit]
Model of the original Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev; used on modern
2 hryvni of Ukraine
Saint Sophia Cathedral in
Polotsk
Polotsk (rebuilt in the mid-18th century
after destruction by Russian army)
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, mid-11th century
Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir, 1160
In 988, the Christian Church in Rus' territorially fell under the
jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of
Constantinople
Constantinople after it
was officially adopted as the state religion. According to several
chronicles after that date the predominant cult of
Slavic paganism
Slavic paganism was
persecuted.
The exact date of creation of the
Kiev
Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as
well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is
considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some
sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or
Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the
Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources
is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople
in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv,
Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The
Kiev
Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the
Council of Bari
Council of Bari in
1098.
After the sacking of
Kiev
Kiev in 1169, part of the
Kiev
Kiev metropolis started
to move[citation needed] to Vladimir-upon-Klyazma, concluding
the move sometime after 1240 when
Kiev
Kiev was taken by Batu Khan.
Metropolitan Maxim was the first metropolitan who chose
Vladimir-upon-Klyazma as his official residence in 1299. As a result,
in 1303,
Lev I of Galicia
Lev I of Galicia petitioned Patriarch Athanasius I of
Constantinople
Constantinople for the creation of a new
Halych
Halych metropolis; however,
it only existed until 1347.[citation needed]
The
Church of the Tithes
Church of the Tithes was chosen as the first Cathedral Temple. In
1037, the cathedral was transferred to the newly built Saint Sophia
Cathedral in Kiev. Upon the transferring of the metropolitan seat in
1299, the
Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir
Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir was chosen as the new
cathedral.
By the mid 13th century, the dioceses of
Kiev
Kiev Metropolis (988) were as
follows:
Kiev
Kiev (988), Pereyaslav,
Chernihiv
Chernihiv (991), Volodymyr-Volynsky
(992), Turov (1005),
Polotsk
Polotsk (1104),
Novgorod
Novgorod (~990s), Smolensk
(1137),
Murom
Murom (1198), Peremyshl (1120),
Halych
Halych (1134),
Vladimir-upon-Klyazma (1215),
Rostov
Rostov (991), Bilhorod, Yuriy (1032),
Chełm (1235), Tver (1271). There also were dioceses in Zakarpattia
and Tmutarakan. In 1261 the Sarai-Batu diocese was
established.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Old Russian Chronicles
De Administrando Imperio
Slavic studies
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' Park
Mother of Rus' cities
Symbols of the Rurikids
History
Part of a series on the
History of Belarus
Prehistory Early East Slavs
Middle ages
Kievan Rus'
Principality
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Notes[edit]
^ Normanist scholars accept this moment as the foundation of the
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' state, while anti-Normanists point to other Chronicle
entries to argue that the East Slav Polianes were already in the
process of forming a state independently.[47]
^ Abaskun, first recorded by
Ptolemy
Ptolemy as Socanaa, was documented in
Arab
Arab sources as "the most famous port of the Khazarian Sea". It was
situated within three days' journey from Gorgan. The southern part of
the
Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea was known as the "Sea of Abaskun".[71]
^ The Khazar khagan initially granted the Rus' safe passage in exchange for a share of the booty but attacked them on their return voyage, killing most of the raiders and seizing their haul.[72]
^ If Olga was indeed born in 879, as the
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle seems to
imply, she would have been about 65 at the time of Sviatoslav's birth.
There are clearly some problems with chronology.
^
Ibn Haukal
Ibn Haukal describes the
Pechenegs
Pechenegs as the long-standing allies of
the Rus, whom they invariably accompanied during the 10th century
Caspian expeditions.
References[edit] Citations[edit]
^ Б.Ц.Урланис. Рост населения в Европе (PDF) (in Russian). p. 89..mw-parser-output cite.citation font-style:inherit .mw-parser-output .citation q quotes:"""""""'""'" .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center .mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration color:#555 .mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center .mw-parser-output code.cs1-code color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error display:none;font-size:100% .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error font-size:100% .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em .mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format font-size:95% .mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left padding-left:0.2em .mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right padding-right:0.2em
^ a b ‹See Tfd›(in Russian) Назаренко А. В. Глава I // Древняя Русь на международных путях: Междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX—XII вв. — М.: Языки русской культуры, 2001. — c. 40, 42—45, 49—50. — ISBN 5-7859-0085-8.
^ Magocsi (2010), p. 73.
^ a b c John Channon & Robert Hudson, Penguin Historical Atlas of
Russia
Russia (Penguin, 1995), p.16.
^ a b Kievan Rus, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ a b Plokhy, Serhii (2006). The Origins of the Slavic Nations:
Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and
Belarus
Belarus (PDF). New York:
Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–15.
ISBN 978-0-521-86403-9. Retrieved 2010-04-27. For all the salient
differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in
common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to
Kievan Rus', the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of
present-day Ukraine.
^ Kyivan Rus’, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (1988), Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
^ See Historical map of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1054.
^ Bushkovitch, Paul. A Concise History of Russia. Cambridge University Press. 2011.
^ Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central
Europe
Europe (1993),
p.15.
^ a b "Civilization in Eastern
Europe
Europe Byzantium and Orthodox Europe".
occawlonline.pearsoned.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 22
January 2010.
^ Paul R. Magocsi, A History of
Ukraine
Ukraine (2010), pp.56-57.
^ http://heimskringla.no/wiki/Ynglinga_saga
^ Tolochko, A. P. (1999). "Khimera "Kievskoy Rusi"". Rodina (in Russian) (8): 29–33.
^ Vasily Klyuchevsky, A History of Russia, vol. 3, pp. 98, 104
^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584 (Cambridge, 2003), pp.2-4.
^ Carl Waldman & Catherine Mason, Encyclopedia of European Peoples (2006), p.415.
^ Martin (2003), p.4.
^ Janet Martin, From
Kiev
Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450, in
Russia: A History (Oxford Press, 1997, edited by Gregory Freeze), p.
2.
^ Magocsi (2010), p. 55.
^ Magocsi (2010), p. 56.
^ Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, pp. 23-28 (Oxford Press, 1984).
^ Internet Encyclopedia of
Ukraine
Ukraine Normanist theory
^ The Russian Primary Chronicle, Encyclopædia Britannica Online;
Russian
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine,
Selected Text, University of Toronto (retrieved June 4, 2013).
^ Riasanovsky, p. 25.
^ Riasanovsky, pp. 25-27.
^ a b David R. Stone, A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the war in Chechnya (2006), pp. 2-3.
^ Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepherd, The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (Harlow, Essex: 1996), pp. 38–39.
^ Fadlan, Ibn (2005). (Richard Frey) Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers.
^ Rusios, quos alio nos nomine Nordmannos apellamus. ‹See Tfd›(in Polish) Henryk Paszkiewicz (2000). Wzrost potęgi Moskwy, s.13, Kraków. ISBN 83-86956-93-3
^ Gens quaedam est sub aquilonis parte constituta, quam a qualitate corporis Graeci vocant [...] Rusios, nos vero a positione loci nominamus Nordmannos. James Lea Cate. Medieval and Historiographical Essays in Honor of James Westfall Thompson. p.482. The University of Chicago Press, 1938
^ Leo the Deacon, The History of Leo the Deacon:
Byzantine
Byzantine Military
Expansion in the Tenth Century (Alice-Mary Talbot & Denis
Sullivan, eds., 2005), pp. 193-94.
^ Magocsi (2010), p. 59.
^
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, p.6.
^
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine,
pp.6–7.
^ Magocsi (2010), pp. 55, 59–60
^ Thomas McCray,
Russia
Russia and the Former Soviet Republics (2006), p. 26
^ a b Janet Martin, "The First East Slavic State", A Companion to Russian History (Abbott Gleason, ed., 2009), p. 37
^ a b c
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine,
p.8.
^ Georgije Ostrogorski, History of the
Byzantine
Byzantine State (2002), p.228;
George Majeska, "Rus' and the
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire", A Companion to
Russian History (Abbott Gleason, ed., 2009), p.51.
^ F. Donald Logan, The
Vikings
Vikings in History (2005), pp.172–73.
^ The Life of St. George of Amastris describes the Rus' as a barbaric people "who are brutal and crude and bear no remnant of love for humankind." David Jenkins, The Life of St. George of Amastris (University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), p.18.
^
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, p.8;
Ostrogorski (2002), p.228; Majeska (2009), p.51.
^ a b c d e Majeska (2009), p.52.
^ a b Dimitri Obolensky, Byzantium and the
Slavs
Slavs (1994), p.245.
^ Martin (1997), p. 3.
^ Martin (2009), pp. 37–40.
^
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine,
pp.8-9.
^
Primary Chronicle
Primary Chronicle Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine,
p. 9.
^ George Vernadsky, Kievan
Russia
Russia (1976), p. 23.
^ a b Walter Moss, A History of Russia: To 1917 (2005), p. 37.
^ Magocsi (2010), p. 96
^ a b Martin (2009), p. 47.
^ Martin (2009), pp. 40, 47.
^ a b Magocsi (2010), p. 62.
^ a b Magocsi (2010), p.66.
^ Martin (2003), pp. 16–19.
^ Victor Spinei, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the
Danube
Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century (2009),
pp. 47–49.
^ Peter B. Golden,
Central Asia
Central Asia in World History (2011), p. 63.
^ Magocsi (2010), pp.62-63.
^ Vernadsky (1976), p. 20.
^ Majeska (2009), p. 51.
^ Angeliki Papageorgiou, "Theme of Cherson (Klimata)", Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World (Foundation of the Hellenic World, 2008).
^ Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria (2006), pp. 31–32.
^ Martin (2003), pp. 15–16.
^ Vernadsky (1976), pp.24–25.
^ Spanei (2009), p.62.
^ John V. A. Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century (1991), pp. 138–139.
^ Spanei (2009), pp. 66, 70.
^ Vernadsky (1976), p. 28.
^ B. N. Zakhoder (1898–1960). The Caspian Compilation of Records
about Eastern
Europe
Europe (online version).
^ Vernadsky (1976), pp. 32–33.
^ Gunilla Larsson. Ship and society: maritime ideology in Late Iron
Age
Sweden
Sweden Uppsala Universitet, Department of Archaeology and Ancient
History, 2007. ISBN 9150619152. p. 208.
^ Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Volume 35, Number 4. Mouton, 1994. (originally from the University of California, digitalised on 9 March 2010)
^ Moss (2005), p. 29.
^ a b Martin (2003), p. 17.
^ a b Magocsi (2010), p. 67.
^ The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text (Samuel Hazzard Cross, trans., 1930), p. 71.
^ Moss (2005), pp.29–30.
^ Saints Cyril and Methodius, [1] Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Primary Chronicle, pp.62-63
^ Obolensky (1994), pp..244-246.
^ Magocsi (2010), pp.66-67
^ Vernadsky (1976), pp.28-31.
^ Vernadsky (1976), p.22.
^ John Lind,
Varangians
Varangians in Europe's Eastern and Northern Periphery,
Ennen & nyt (2004:4).
^ Logan (2005), p.192.
^ Vernadsky, pp.22-23
^ Chronicle, p.69
^ Chronicle, pp.71-72
^ a b c Ostrogorski, p.277
^ a b Logan, p.193.
^ Chronicle, p.72.
^ Chronicle, pp.73-78
^ Spinei, p.93.
^ "Vladimir I (grand prince of Kiev) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584, (Cambridge, 1995), p. 6-7
^ Franklin, Simon (1992). "Greek in Kievan Rus'". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 46: 69–81. doi:10.2307/1291640.
^ Colucci, Michele (1989). "The Image of Western Christianity in the Culture of Kievan Rus'". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 12/13: 576–586.
^ "Yaroslav I (prince of Kiev) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
^ Pelenski, Jaroslaw (1987). "The Sack of
Kiev
Kiev of 1169: Its
Significance for the Succession to Kievan Rus'". Harvard Ukrainian
Studies. 11: 303–316.
^ Kollmann, Nancy (1990). "Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 14: 377–387.
^ a b Magocsi 2010, p. 85.
^ William H. McNeill (1 January 1979). Jean Cuisenier (ed.). Europe
as a Cultural Area. World Anthropology. Walter de Gruyter.
pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-3-11-080070-8. Retrieved 8 February
2016. For a while, it looked as if the Scandinavian thrust toward
monarchy and centralization might succeed in building two impressive
and imperial structures: a Danish empire of the northern seas, and a
Varangian empire of the Russian rivers, headquartered at Kiev.... In
the east, new hordes of steppe nomads, fresh from central Asia,
intruded upon the river-based empire of the
Varangians
Varangians by taking over
its southern portion.
^ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html (archive)
^
Sherman, Charles Phineas (1917). "Russia". Roman Law in the Modern
World. Boston: The Boston
Book
Book Company. p. 191. The adoption of
Christianity by Vladimir... was followed by commerce with the
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire. In its wake came
Byzantine
Byzantine art and culture. And in
the course of the next century, what is now Southeastern
Russia
Russia became
more advanced in civilization than any western European State of the
period, for
Russia
Russia came in for a share of
Byzantine
Byzantine culture, then
vastly superior to the rudeness of Western nations.
^ Tikhomirov, Mikhail Nikolaevich (1956). "Literacy among the citi dwellers". Drevnerusskie goroda (Cities of Ancient Rus) (in Russian). Moscow. p. 261.
^ Vernadsky, George (1973). "Russian Civilization in the Kievan
Period: Education". Kievan Russia. Yale University Press. p. 426.
ISBN 0-300-01647-6. It is to the credit of Vladimir and his
advisors they built not only churches but schools as well. This
compulsory baptism was followed by compulsory education... Schools
were thus founded not only in
Kiev
Kiev but also in provincial cities. From
the "Life of St. Feodosi" we know that a school existed in Kursk
around the year of 1023. By the time of Yaroslav's reign (1019–54),
education had struck roots and its benefits were apparent. Around
1030, Iaroslav founded a divinity school in
Novgorod
Novgorod for 300 children
of both laymen and clergy to be instructed in "book-learning". As a
general measure, he made the parish priests "teach the people".
^ Miklashevsky, N.; et al. (2000). "Istoriya vodoprovoda v Rossii". ИСТОРИЯ ВОДОПРОВОДА В РОССИИ [History of water-supply in Russia] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: ?. p. 240. ISBN 9785820601149.
^ "The most notable aspect of the criminal provisions was that
punishments took the form of seizure of property, banishment, or, more
often, payment of a fine. Even murder and other severe crimes (arson,
organised horse thieving, and robbery) were settled by monetary fines.
Although the death penalty had been introduced by Vladimir the Great,
it too was soon replaced by fines."
Magocsi, Paul Robert
Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A
History of Ukraine, p. 90, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
ISBN 0-8020-0830-5.
^ Tikhomirov, Mikhail Nikolaevich (1953). Пособие для изучения Русской Правды (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Издание Московского университета. p. 190.
^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584, (Cambridge, 1995), p. 72
^ Vernadsky, George (1973). "Social organization: Woman". Kievan Russia. Yale University Press. p. 426. ISBN 0-300-01647-6.
^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584, (Cambridge, 1995), p. 61
^ J. Phillips, The
Fourth Crusade
Fourth Crusade and the Sack of
Constantinople
Constantinople page
144
^ Tikhomirov, Mikhail Nikolaevich (1956). "The origin of Russian cities". Drevnerusskie goroda (Cities of Ancient Rus) (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 36, 39, 43.
^ "In medieval Europe, a mark of a dynasty's prestige and power was the willingness with which other leading dynasties entered into matrimonial relations with it. Measured by this standard, Yaroslav's prestige must have been great indeed... . Little wonder that Iaroslav is often dubbed by historians as 'the father-in-law of Europe.'" -(Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-8020-5808-6.)
^ "By means of these marital ties, Kievan Rus’ became well known
throughout Europe." —
Magocsi, Paul Robert
Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of
Ukraine, p. 76, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
ISBN 0-8020-0830-5.
^ Lowe, Steven; Ryaboy, Dmitriy V. The Pechenegs, History and Warfare.
^ Боняк [Boniak].
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian).
1969–1978. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 10
January 2014.
^ "The Destruction of Kiev". Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
Sources[edit] .mw-parser-output .refbegin font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em .mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul list-style-type:none;margin-left:0 .mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none .mw-parser-output .refbegin-100 font-size:100% Magocsi, Paul R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442610217. This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. – Russia
Further reading[edit]
Christian, David. A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia.
Blackwell, 1999.
Franklin, Simon and Shepard, Jonathon, The Emergence of Rus,
750–1200. (Longman History of Russia, general editor Harold
Shukman.) Longman, London, 1996. ISBN 0-582-49091-X
Fennell, John, The Crisis of Medieval Russia, 1200–1304. (Longman
History of Russia, general editor Harold Shukman.) Longman, London,
1983. ISBN 0-582-48150-3
Jones, Gwyn. A History of the Vikings. 2nd ed. London: Oxford Univ.
Press, 1984.
Martin, Janet, Medieval
Russia
Russia 980–1584. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1993. ISBN 0-521-36832-4
Obolensky, Dimitri (1974) [1971]. The
Byzantine
Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern
Europe, 500-1453. London: Cardinal.
Pritsak, Omeljan. The Origin of Rus'. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press, 1991.
Stang, Håkon. The Naming of Russia. Meddelelser, Nr. 77. Oslo:
University of Oslo Slavisk-baltisk Avelding, 1996.
Alexander F. Tsvirkun E-learning course. History of Ukraine. Journal
Auditorium,
Kiev
Kiev 2010
Velychenko, Stephen, National history as cultural process : a
survey of the interpretations of Ukraine's past in Polish, Russian,
and Ukrainian historical writing from the earliest times to 1914"
Edmonton,1992.
Velychenko, Stephen, "Nationalizing and Denationalizing the Past.
Ukraine
Ukraine and
Russia
Russia in Comparative Context", Ab Imperio 1 (2007).
Velychenko, Stephen "New wine old bottle. Ukrainian history
Muscovite-Russian Imperial myths and the Cambridge-History of Russia,"
http://historians.in.ua/index.php/dyskusiya/853-stephen-velychenko-new-wine-old-bottle-ukrainian-history-muscovite-russian-imperial-myths-and-the-cambridge-history-of-russia
External links[edit]
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Look up Kievan Rus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Historical map of
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Ukraine
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Graphic History of Kievan Rus from c. 800 to 988 at the Wayback
Machine (archived November 9, 2013)
Rus’, Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Ancient Rus: trade and crafts
Chronology of
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' 859-1240.
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Coordinates: 50°27′N 30°31′E / 50.450°N 30.517°E / 50.450; 30.517
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