Karl Ludwig Sand
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Karl Ludwig Sand (
Wunsiedel (; Northern Bavarian: ''Wåuṉsieḏl'' or ''Wousigl'') is the seat of the Upper Franconian district of in northeast Bavaria, Germany. The town is the birthplace of poet Jean Paul. It also became known for its annual Festival and the Rudo ...
,
Upper Franconia Upper Franconia (german: Oberfranken) is a ''Regierungsbezirk'' (administrative 'Regierungs''region 'bezirk'' of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, the others being Middle F ...
(then in
Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an e ...
), 5 October 1795 –
Mannheim Mannheim (; Palatine German: or ), officially the University City of Mannheim (german: Universitätsstadt Mannheim), is the second-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after the state capital of Stuttgart, and Germany's ...
, 20 May 1820) was a German university student and member of a liberal
Burschenschaft A Burschenschaft (; sometimes abbreviated in the German ''Burschenschaft'' jargon; plural: ) is one of the traditional (student associations) of Germany, Austria, and Chile (the latter due to German cultural influence). Burschenschaften were fo ...
(student association). He was executed in 1820 for the murder of the
conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
dramatist
August von Kotzebue August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (; – ) was a German dramatist and writer who also worked as a consul in Russia and Germany. In 1817, one of Kotzebue's books was burned during the Wartburg festival. He was murdered in 1819 by Karl L ...
the previous year in
Mannheim Mannheim (; Palatine German: or ), officially the University City of Mannheim (german: Universitätsstadt Mannheim), is the second-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after the state capital of Stuttgart, and Germany's ...
. As a result of his execution, Sand became a martyr in the eyes of many German nationalists seeking the creation of a united German national state.


Biography

Karl Ludwig Sand was born to Gottfried Christoph Sand and his wife Dorothea Johanna Wilhelmina Schöpf (1766–1826), on 5 October 1795. His siblings were George, Fritz, Caroline and Julia.


Education

In 1804 he attended the ''Lateinschule'' (Latin school) in
Wunsiedel (; Northern Bavarian: ''Wåuṉsieḏl'' or ''Wousigl'') is the seat of the Upper Franconian district of in northeast Bavaria, Germany. The town is the birthplace of poet Jean Paul. It also became known for its annual Festival and the Rudo ...
and in 1810 he moved on to the grammar school (''Gymnasium'') in Hof, living with the school's rector, Georg Heinrich Saalfrank, a friend of Sand's Enlightened Protestant family. Following the closure of the Hof Gymnasium on the institution of Montgelas's Reforms, Sand followed his teacher to the Neues Gymnasium (New Grammar School) in
Regensburg Regensburg or is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers. It is capital of the Upper Palatinate subregion of the state in the south of Germany. With more than 150,000 inhabitants, Regensburg is the ...
, completing his studies in September 1814. In November 1814 Sand matriculated at the
University of Tübingen The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (german: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; la, Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-W ...
. In 1815, Sand volunteered under Major von Falkenhausen, participating in the
Battle of Waterloo The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium). A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armies of the Sevent ...
in June and in Paris by July. He returned from the war disillusioned with its results and fell into a deep depression. In 1816, while at the
University of Erlangen A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...
, Sand formed Burschenschaft Teutonia with his friend Dittmar, meeting at castle ruins near Erlangen which they had named Ruttli. They built a meeting house for their group of 80 students. Sand's depression was further intensified by the destruction of Ruttli by the competing political group the Landmannschaft and the drowning death of Dittmar in 1817. Starting in 1817 he studied at the
University of Jena The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (german: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, abbreviated FSU, shortened form ''Uni Jena''), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. The ...
, attending the lectures of
Jakob Friedrich Fries Jakob Friedrich Fries (; 23 August 1773 – 10 August 1843) was a German post-KantianTerry Pinkard, ''German Philosophy 1760-1860: The Legacy of Idealism'', Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 199–212. philosopher and mathematician. Biogra ...
,
Heinrich Luden Heinrich Luden (10 April 1778 – 23 May 1847) was a German historian. Luden was born in Loxstedt in the district of Stade. At the age of 17 Luden went to the ''Domschule'' (Cathedral School) in Bremen. He subsequently studied theology ...
and
Lorenz Oken Lorenz Oken (1 August 1779 – 11 August 1851) was a German naturalist, botanist, biologist, and ornithologist. Oken was born Lorenz Okenfuss (german: Okenfuß) in Bohlsbach (now part of Offenburg), Ortenau, Baden, and studied natural history and ...
and joining further Burschenschaften. Sand was among the nationalist students who gathered at the 1817 Wartburg festival, in which Kotzebue's ''History of the German Empires'' was one of the books ceremoniously burned.


Murder of August von Kotzebue

Sand already contemplated the murder of
August von Kotzebue August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (; – ) was a German dramatist and writer who also worked as a consul in Russia and Germany. In 1817, one of Kotzebue's books was burned during the Wartburg festival. He was murdered in 1819 by Karl L ...
in a diary entry of 5 May 1818. He called him a "traitor to the nation" and a "deceiver of the people" and characterized him as an enemy of the Burschenschaft. On the morning of 23 March 1819 Sand, using the pseudonym Henry, visited Kotzebue in his Mannheim house. Refused entry to the house and told to return in the afternoon, Sand returned just before five o'clock. Having exchanged just a few words with Kotzebue, Sand produced a dagger and, with the words "Here, you traitor to the fatherland!", stabbed him repeatedly in the chest. Surprised by Kotzebue's four-year-old son witnessing the event from the nursery, Sand lost his wits and stabbed himself. Leaving the house, he handed a servant a piece of writing he had prepared ''("Death to August von Kotzebue")'', and stabbed himself again in the street. His suicide attempt failed, and he was taken to hospital.


Aftermath

The Mannheim ''Hofgericht'' (court of law) sentenced Sand to death on 5 May 1820. He was
beheaded Decapitation or beheading is the total separation of the head from the body. Such an injury is invariably fatal to humans and most other animals, since it deprives the brain of oxygenated blood, while all other organs are deprived of the au ...
by
Franz Wilhelm Widmann Franz may refer to: People * Franz (given name) * Franz (surname) Places * Franz (crater), a lunar crater * Franz, Ontario, a railway junction and unorganized town in Canada * Franz Lake, in the state of Washington, United States – see Fran ...
, who was the official executioner at the time. Sand's murder of Kotzebue was a catalyst for government restrictions on liberal and German nationalist thought. On 20 September 1819
Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein ; german: Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859), known as Klemens von Metternich or Prince Metternic ...
called a meeting of representatives from across the
German Confederation The German Confederation (german: Deutscher Bund, ) was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, w ...
to create the
Carlsbad Decrees The Carlsbad Decrees (german: Karlsbader Beschlüsse) were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town ...
which outlawed the Burschenschaften and put limits on freedom of the press and the rights of members of such organizations, banning them from public office, teaching or studying at universities.Full text of Carlsbad Decrees
/ref>
Alexandre Dumas, père Alexandre Dumas (, ; ; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (), 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas père (where '' '' is French for 'father', to distinguish him from his son Alexandre Dumas fils), was a French writer. ...
wrote about Sand's life and published excerpts from his journals and letters in ''Karl Ludwig Sand'',''Karl Ludwig Sand''
by Alexandre Dumas, père
part of ''Celebrated Crimes''.''Celebrated Crimes''
Alexandre Dumas, père
Prior to writing his story, Dumas visited Widmann's son in
Mannheim Mannheim (; Palatine German: or ), officially the University City of Mannheim (german: Universitätsstadt Mannheim), is the second-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after the state capital of Stuttgart, and Germany's ...
in 1838 to gather information about Sand's character.
Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; rus, links=no, Александр Сергеевич ПушкинIn pre-Revolutionary script, his name was written ., r=Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn, ...
also memorialized Sand in his poem about assassins entitled "Kinzhal" (The Dagger).Terras, Victor, ''Handbook of Russian literature By Victor Terras'' page 96 In Germany three films have been made concerning the events of Karl Sand's life: ''Karl Sand'' in 1964, ''Sand'' in 1971, and ''Die Unbedingten'' in 2009.


Writings

* ''Gründung einer allgemeinen freien Burschenschaft'', 1817 * ''Teutsche Jugend an die teutsche Menge, zum 18. October 1818'' * ''Todesstoß dem August von Kotzebue'', 1818/19, published posthumously.


References


Further reading

*
Friedrich Wilhelm Carové Friedrich Wilhelm Carové (June 20, 1789 – March 18, 1852) was a German philosopher and publicist. Biography He was a lawyer, held some judicial offices, was made doctor of philosophy by the University of Heidelberg, and officiated for a short ...
: ''Ueber die Ermordung Kotzebue’s.'' Eisenach 1819 *''Authentischer Bericht über die Ermordung des Kaiserlich-Russischen Staatsraths Herrn August von Kotzebue; nebst vielen interessanten Notizen über ihn und über Carl Sand, den Meuchelmörder.'' Mannheim 1819 (Nachdruck Berlin 1999, hg. v. Antonia Meiners) *''Die wichtigsten Lebensmomente Karl Ludwig Sand’s aus Wunsiedel.'' Nürnberg 1819 *''Nachtrag zu den wichtigsten Lebensmomenten Karl Ludwig Sand’s aus Wunsiedel mit der vollständigen Erzählung seiner Hinrichtung am 20. Mai 1820.'' Nürnberg 1820 *''Ausführliche Darstellung von Karl Ludwig Sand’s letzten Tagen und Augenblicken.'' Stuttgart 1820 *''Charles-Louis Sand. Mémoires avec le récit des circonstances qui ont accompagné l’assassinat d’Auguste de Kotzebue, et une justification des universités d’Allemagne.'' Trad. de l’anglais, Paris 1819 * arl Levinvon Hohnhorst (Hrsg.): ''Vollständige Uebersicht der gegen Carl Ludwig Sand wegen Meuchelmordes verübt an dem K iserlich Russischen Staatsrath v. Kotzebue geführten Untersuchung. Aus den Originalakten ausgezogen, geordnet und hrsg.'', 2 Abthn., Stuttgart, Tübingen 1820 *Carl Courtin: ''Carl Ludwig Sand’s letzte Lebenstage und Hinrichtung. Geschichtlich dargestellt.'' Franckenthal 1821 * obert Wesselhöft ''Carl Ludwig Sand. Dargestellt durch seine Tagebücher und Briefe von einigen seiner Freunde.'' Altenburg 1821 *''Noch acht Beitraege zur Geschichte August von Kotzebues und C. L. Sands. Aus öffentlichen Nachrichten zusammengestellt.'' Mühlhausen 1821 *Friedrich Cramer (Hrsg.): ''Acten-Auszüge aus dem Untersuchungs-Process über Carl Ludwig Sand; nebst anderen Materialien zur Beurtheilung desselben und August von Kotzebue.'' Altenburg, Leipzig 1821 *''Sand u Kotzebues und Sands Tat', o. J., m 1820 Sammelband (ohne Titelblatt, vielleicht ''„Actenmäßige Untersuchung ... des Falles Sand“'' 1820/21, Flugschriften), darin: ''1. Die Bildung des Zeitgeistes'', ''2. August von Kotzebue nach der Geschichte seiner Schrift „Bahrst mit der eisernen Stirne“'', ''3. August von Kotzebues Autorenverhältnisse'', ''4. Kotzebues politisch-literarische Bulletins 1818'', ''5. Sand’s That nach dem Acten-Inhalt'', ''6. Sand’s Zustand nach der That'', ''7. Actenmäßige Notizen über Sand’s Person und frühere Lebensgeschichte'', ''8. Sand’s Gesinnungen über und gegen August von Kotzebue'', ''9. Sandische Aufsätze: Todesstoß und das Todesurteil über Kotzebue'', ''10. Sands Verhältnisse zu Andern, zur Burschenschaft, zu einem lit. Verein, zum Turnwesen u. dgl.'', ''11. Sand über sich selbst, seine Grundansichten, seine That, nebst Urtheilen Anderer über ihn'', ''12. Gerichtliche Vertheidigung für Sand. Urtheilsgründe als Bericht'' *C. T. Riedel: ''Galerie der Verbrecher, Bd. 3: Sand, Louvel, Grandission, Ponterie, Damiens, Low, Angiolino, Sondershausen.'' Nordhausen 1822 *C rl E nst Jarcke: ''Carl Ludwig Sand und sein an dem kaiserlich-russischen Staatsrath v. Kotzebue verübter Mord. Eine psychologisch-criminalistische Erörterung aus der Geschichte unserer Zeit. Neue, aus ungedruckten Quellen vermehrte Bearbeitung.'' Berlin 1831 *Friedrich Münch: ''Follen, Sand und Löning. Neues Licht in altes Dunkel. Aus den Erinnerungen von Friedrich Münch.'' In: ''Die Gartenlaube.'' 20/44/1872, S. 722–725 *Julius Busch: ''Karl Ludwig Sand. Nach einem am 7. April 1902 im Altertumsverein gehaltenen Vortrag.'' In: ''Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter.'' 20/1–3/1919, S. 3–11 *Karl Alexander von Müller: ''Karl Ludwig Sand.'' München 1923, 2. Aufl. 1925 *Max Doblinger: ''Tagebucheintragungen des Erzherzogs Johann, des späteren Reichsverwesers, über Karl Ludwig Sand und die Karlsbader Beschlüsse.'' In: Herman Haupt (Hrsg.): ''Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte der Burschenschaft und der deutschen Einheitsbewegung.'' Bd. 8, Heidelberg 1925, 2. Aufl. 1966, S. 151–153 *Heinrich von Stein, Reinhard Buchwald: ''Karl Ludwig Sand'' Scherer 1947 *Ernst Cyriaci: ''Die Coburger Familie von Sand 1275–1940.'' Coburg 1941 berarbeitet und verbessert 1970 ff., Manuskript im Stadtarchiv Coburg*Peter Brückner: ''„Bewahre uns Gott in Deutschland vor irgendeiner Revolution!“ Die Ermordung des Staatsrats von Kotzebue durch den Studenten Sand.'' Berlin 1975, 2. Aufl. 1978 (Wagenbachs Taschenbücherei, Bd. 6). *Ernst Wilhelm Wreden: ''Karl Ludwig Sand – „Mörder aus Vaterlandsliebe“. Eine biographische Skizze.'' In: Horst Bernhardi, Ernst Wilhelm Wreden (Hrsg.): ''Jahresgabe der Gesellschaft für burschenschaftliche Geschichtsforschung 1975.'' o. O. 1975, S. 5–7 *Ernst Abbühl: ''Karl Ludwig Sand. Sein Bild in der historischen Forschung und in der Literatur. Eine vergleichende Analyse.'' Diss. phil. masch., Bern 1978 *Günther Heydemann: ''Carl Ludwig Sand. Die Tat als Attentat.'' Hof 1985 (Oberfränkische Köpfe, d. 3. *Günther Heydemann: ''Der Attentäter Carl Ludwig Sand. 20 Briefe und Dokumente aus den Erlanger und Jenaer Studienjahren.'' In: Christian Hünemörder (Hrsg.): ''Darstellungen und Quellen zur Geschichte der deutschen Einheitsbewegung im neunzehnten und zwanzigsten Jahrhundert.'' Bd. 12, Heidelberg 1986, S. 7–77 *Renate Lotz: ''Bildnis und Erinnerung – Carl Sand. Ausstellung 3. April–31. Oktober 1985.'' Fichtelgebirgsmuseum Wunsiedel, Wunsiedel 1985 (Begleitheft zu Ausstellungen des Fichtelgebirgsmuseums, Heft 2) *Hagen Schulze: ''Sand, Kotzebue und das Blut des Verräters.'' In: Alexander Demandt (Hrsg.): ''Das Attentat in der Geschichte.'' Köln 1996, S. 215–233 *Harald Neumann: ''Carl Ludwig Sand. Theologiestudent und Attentäter.'' Wissenschaft & Praxis, Berlin 1997. *Klaus Beyersdorf: ''Der Burschenschafter und Kotzebue-Attentäter Karl Ludwig Sand 1795–1820. Ein Mitglied der alten Coburger Familie von Sand.'' In: ''Coburger Geschichtsblätter.'' 6/3/1998, S. 87–90 *Antonia Meiners (Hrsg.): ''Authentischer Bericht über die Ermordung des Kaiserlich-Russischen Staatsraths Herrn August von Kotzebue.'' Berliner Handpresse, Berlin 1999. Nachdr. der Ausg. Mannheim 1819 *George S. Williamson. ''What Killed August von Kotzebue? The Temptations of Virtue and the Political Theology of German Nationalism, 1789-1819,'' in ''The Journal of Modern History'' (2000). *Sabine Bayerl (Hrsg.): ''Authentischer Bericht über die Ermordung des Kaiserlich-Russischen Staatsraths Herrn August von Kotzebue.'' Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2005. Beigefügt: ''Acten-Auszüge aus dem Untersuchungs-Process über Carl Ludwig Sand.'' Nachdr. der 2. Aufl. Mannheim 1819 sowie Altenburg 1821. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sand, Karl Ludwig 1795 births 1820 deaths People from Wunsiedel German people convicted of murder 19th-century executions by Germany People executed for murder People convicted of murder by Germany Executed people from Bavaria People executed by Germany by decapitation Executed students