The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Papuan languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non- Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogr ...

established by

Arthur Capell Arthur Capell (28 March 1902 – 10 August 1986) was an Australian linguist, who made major contributions to the study of Australian languages, Austronesian languages and Papuan languages. Early life Capell was born in Newtown, New South Wales ...

in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.

Languages

The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are: * Goroka family ** Daulo *** Siane, Yaweyuha *** Gahuku: Alekano (Gahuku),

Asaro River Asaro River is a river in Eastern Highlands province, Papua New Guinea, located at . The Asaro is a tributary of the Tua. See also *Asaro Mudmen The "Mudmen" of Papua New Guinea's Asaro tribe, also known as the ''Holosa'', are those who wea ...

: Dano (Upper Asaro), Tokano (Lower Asaro) ** Benabena ** South Goroka: Fore, Gimi ** Isabi, Gende ** Henganofi *** Abaga *** Kamono (Kamano) *** Fayatina River **** Kanite, Inoke-Yate **** Yagaria ***(? Ke’yagana) ubsumed under another language by Usher* Kainantu family ** Kenati **Tairoric (East Kainantu): Binumarien (Afaqina), Tairoa (North Tairora, Omwunra, Vinaata), Waffa ** Gauwa (West Kainantu) *** Gadsup (Oyana, Akuna, Ontenu), Agarabi, Kambaira ***

Awa Awa (or variants) may refer to: People * Awa (given name), notable people named Awa or Hawa * Awá (Brazil), an indigenous people of Brazil * Awa-Kwaiker, an indigenous people of Colombia and Ecuador Languages * Awa language (China) or Wa (Va) ...

, Oweina ***Auyana: Awiyaana (incl. Kosena), Usarufa

Pronouns

The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows: : The possessive forms are: :

Evolution

Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Awa language: *''are'' 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V] *''nu'' 'louse' < *niman Tairora language: *''ato'' 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V] *''ir'' 'tree' < *inda *''(n)am'' 'breast' < *amu *''nume'' 'louse' < *niman *''kubu'' 'short' < *k(a,u)tu(p,mb)aC *''mi-'' 'give' < *mV- Fore language: *''na-'' 'eat' < *na- *''numaa'' 'louse' < *niman *''mi-'' 'give' < *mV- *''amune'' 'egg' < *mun(a,i,u)ka *''kasa'' 'new' < *kVndak *''mone'' 'nose' < *mundu

Gende language Gende (Gendeka, Gene; also Bundi) is a Papuan language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( ...

: *''ami'' 'breast' < *amu *''mut'' 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs' *''mina-'' 'stay' < *mVna- *''nogoi'' 'water < * k *''(tu)nima'' 'louse' < *niman *''me-'' 'give' < *mV- Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms: * *tá a'1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu * *tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja *genitive forms ending in *-i

Vocabulary

Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):Foley, William A. (1986).
The Papuan Languages of New Guinea
'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . : Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986): :

Proto-languages

Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:Usher, Timothy. 2020
North Kainantu
''New Guinea World''. Accessed 20210-01-19. :

References

External links

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World
Kainantu
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kainantu-Goroka languages Languages of Papua New Guinea Morobe–Eastern Highlands languages