Kōhaku Uta Gassen

, more commonly known simply as ''Kōhaku'', is an annual New Year's Eve television special produced by Japanese public broadcaster NHK. It is broadcast live simultaneously on television and radio, nationally and internationally by the NHK network and by some overseas (mainly cable) broadcasters who buy the program. The show ends shortly before midnight. Before the show began broadcasting on television in late 1953, the show was held on 3 January and only consisted of a radio broadcast.

The program divides the most popular music artists of the year into competing teams of red and white. The "red" team or is composed of all female artists (or groups with female vocals), while the "white" team or is all male (or groups with male vocals). At the end of the show, judges and the audience vote to decide which group performed better. The honor of performing on ''Kōhaku'' is strictly by invitation, so only the most successful singing acts in the Japanese entertainment industry can perform. In addition to the actual music performances, the costumes, hair-styles, makeup, dancing, and lighting are important. Even today, a performance on ''Kōhaku'' is said to be a big highlight in a singer's career because of the show's wide reach.

Song selection process

The songs and performers are examined by a selection committee put together by NHK. The basis for selection are record sales and adaptability to the edition's theme.

At the same time, a demographic survey is conducted regarding the most popular singers for each and what kind of music people want to hear. This and the song selection explain the amalgamation of the musical genres and its artists.

There are, however, exceptions to the process. Momoe Yamaguchi chose to sing her favorite song "Hito Natsu no Keiken" (ひと夏の経験) with its suggestive lyrics during the 25th edition, despite NHK's pick of a different song.

Show

When the show was first broadcast on radio in 1951, each team had a few performers, all of whom would perform within an hour. Since 1989, the program goes on for at least four hours as both teams, each having at least 25 performers, perform their songs.

At the end of the show, the audience and a panel of judges—notable celebrities who may or may not have a connection to the music industry—vote to select the winning team. In the past, the audience vote has been composed of a head count of the venue audience members, who could vote for either team ( NHK Hall, which has been the venue for most ''Kōhaku'' editions since 1971, can seat 3,000 people). This counted as one vote.

As of the 54th (2003) and 55th editions (2004), viewers who watch the program through ISDB-S on NHK BS Hi-vision could vote by having their own head count in their respective households. Although it was still sketchy to determine in the 55th, the audience vote was counted as two votes: one for the venue audience and one for ISDB-S viewers.

The audience vote(s) are added to those of the judges who each have to vote for one team. The team with the most votes wins.

The above process was done differently for the 56th edition (2005). Instead, the NHK Hall head count, the vote count from cellphone users and the vote count from ISDB-S viewers each counted as one vote. As stated above, the team that got at least two votes won.

In the 57th edition (2006), aside from cellphone and ISDB-S viewers and the NHK Hall audience, 1seg users voted. Its format had been reverted to the ball voting system—from the audience head count and the judges' votes.

From the 58th edition (2007) to the 63rd edition (2012) and again in the 65th (2014), 66th (2015), and 68th (2017) through 70th editions (2019), the winner was determined through an overall head count, all from cellphone, ISDB-S viewers, 1seg users, and the NHK Hall Audience (including guests). Voting reverted temporarily to judges plus audience-unit votes in the 64th edition (2013) and 67th (2016) except that viewing audience votes (from internet, cellphone, digital TV, and 1seg voting) during halftime and end of show would each count as one vote and the NHK Hall head count as another single vote. The 71st edition (2020) featured off-venue voting only as there was no live audience in attendance due to concerns that arose from the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The 71st edition also saw performances emanating from multiple venues within NHK's studio premises with NHK Hall still the main staging area.

Aside from the performances, there are special performances where certain performers do their act together, the so-called "Ring Show" where performers from both teams take part in a "singing exercise," as well as performances from non-competing artists both in Japan and abroad. At the end of the show, all the performers sing " Hotaru no Hikari" (蛍の光) together. The song is based on the Scottish "Auld Lang Syne" that is commonly sung at New Year parties in the west. In addition, the 50th edition of the show included a "Countdown Special" to welcome the year 2000.

Results

* In the 56th edition, the roles of mediator and team host were blurred as all four hosts intermingled with both teams.

** Masahiro Nakai is the first male team host of the Red team since Teru Miyata in the 6th and 7th editions. Red team hosts (even in pairs) are usually female.

*** All five members of Arashi act as one host-unit, although at least one member would appear on stage to take the role.

**** The hosts take a neutral position.

Popularity

''Kōhaku'' was once the most-watched show on Japanese television of the year. One major factor was that New Year's Eve in Japan is a holiday traditionally spent at home (see Ōmisoka). Over the years, the annual event's popularity has declined from an all-time high of an 81.4 rating in 1963 to a low of 30.6 in the Kantō region for the first part of the 2006 event. The 2021 ''Kōhaku'' program set a record low for the second portion of the show with a 34.3 viewership rating in the Kantō region. Despite the drop, ''Kōhaku'' is consistently the top-rated musical event each year.

Outside Japan, Taiwan also hosts a similar ''Kōhaku'' competition, '' Super Star'' (超級巨星紅白藝能大賞), which broadcasts on the eve of Chinese New Year. Similar to ''Kōhaku'', the special is held at a live venue, Taipei Arena. Unlike ''Kōhaku'', ''Super Star'' does not have gender-affiliated teams and the special is pre-taped hours before airing instead of being a live broadcast. The first special premiered on February 13, 2010, the eve of the 2010's Chinese New Year. The most recent special was broadcast on February 11, 2020.

Notable participants

Japanese entertainers

The following is a list of acts with notable contributions to the Japanese entertainment industry, and have a minimum of five appearances on ''Kōhaku'' to their credit (appearance numbers in parentheses are as of the 73rd edition):

Pop, Rock, and Other Contemporary

* Ai Otsuka (大塚 愛) (6)
* Aiko (13)
* Aimer (1)
* Aimyon (あいみょん) (4)* AKB48 (12)
* Akiko Wada (和田 アキ子) (39)
* Akina Nakamori (中森 明菜) (7)
* Akira Fuse (布施 明) (25)
* Angela Aki (安藝 聖世美) (6)
* Arashi (嵐) (12)
* AAA (7)
* Aya Matsuura (松浦 亜弥) (5)¹
* Ayaka (絢香) (8)
* Ayaka Hirahara (平原 綾香) (8)
* Ayumi Hamasaki (浜崎 あゆみ) (15)
* Ayumi Ishida (いしだ あゆみ) (10)
* Be First (1)
* BoA (6)
* Chemistry (5)
* Chisato Moritaka (森高 千里) (6)
* Da Pump (6)
* Daichi Miura (三浦 大知) (4)
* Dreams Come True (15)
* E-girls (5)
* Every Little Thing (8)
* Exile (12)
* Four Leaves (7)
* Gackt (5)
* Gen Hoshino (星野 源) (8)
* Generations from Exile Tribe (3)
* Goro Noguchi (野口 五郎) (11)
* Gospellers (6)
* Hideaki Tokunaga (德永 英明) (10)
* Hideki Saijō (西城 秀樹) (18)
* Hikaru Genji (6)
* Hinatazaka46 (日向坂46) (4)
* Hiroko Moriguchi (森口 博子) (6)
* Hiromi Go (郷 ひろみ) (31)
* Hiromi Iwasaki (岩崎 宏美) (14)
* Hiromi Ōta (太田 裕美) (5)
* Ikimono-gakari (いきものがかり) (10)
* Ikue Sakakibara (榊原 郁恵) (6)
* Izumi Yukihara (雪村 いづみ) (10)
* JO1 (1)
* Junko Sakurada (桜田 淳子) (9)
* Junretsu (純烈) (5)
* Kana Nishino (西野 カナ) (9)
* Kanjani Eight (関ジャニ∞) (11)
* Ken Hirai