Jugendstil

''Jugendstil'' ("Youth Style") was an artistic movement, particularly in the decorative arts, that was influential primarily in Germany and elsewhere in Europe to a lesser extent from about 1895 until about 1910. It was the German counterpart of Art Nouveau. The members of the movement were reacting against the historicism and neo-classicism of the official art and architecture academies. It took its name from the art journal '' Jugend'', founded by the German artist Georg Hirth. It was especially active in the graphic arts and interior decoration.

Its major centers of activity were Munich and Weimar and the Darmstadt Artists' Colony founded in Darmstadt in 1901. Important figures of the movement included the Swiss graphic artist Hermann Obrist, Otto Eckmann, and the Belgian architect and decorator Henry van de Velde. In its earlier years, the style was influenced by Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style). It was also influenced by Japanese prints. Later, under the Secessionists' influence, it tended toward abstraction and more geometrical forms.Encyclopedia Britannica On-Line edition, ''Jugendstil''

History

The movement had its origins in Munich with the founding of an association of visual artists in 1892, which broke away from the more formal historical and academic styles of the Academy. Georg Hirth chose the name '' Munich Secession'' for the Association. Later, the Vienna Secession, founded in 1897 and the Berlin Secession took their own names from the Munich group. The journal of the group, '' Jugend'', begun in 1896, along with another Munich publication, ''Simplicissimus'' and '' Pan'' in Berlin, became the most visible showcases of the new style. The leading figures of this movement, including Peter Behrens, Bernhard Pankok, and Richard Riemerschmid, as well as the majority of the founding members of the Munich Secession, all provided illustrations to ''Jugend''.

In the beginning, the style was used primarily in illustrations and graphic arts. ''Jugendstil'' combined floral decoration and sinuous curves with more geometric lines, and soon was used for covers of novels, advertisements, and exhibition posters. Designers often created original styles of typeface that worked harmoniously with the image, such as the Arnold Böcklin typeface created in 1904.

Otto Eckmann was one of the most prominent German artists associated with both ''Jugend'' and ''Pan''. His favourite animal was the swan, and so great was his influence that the swan came to serve as the symbol of the entire movement. Another prominent designer in the style was Richard Riemerschmid, who made furniture, pottery, and other decorative objects in a sober, geometric style that pointed forward toward Art Deco. The Swiss artist Hermann Obrist, living in Munich, made designs sinuous double curves, modeled after plants and flowers, which were a prominent motif of the early style.

Joseph Maria Olbrich and the Darmstadt Artists' Colony

The Darmstadt Artists' Colony is a remarkable collection of ''Jugendstil'' buildings created beginning in 1899 by Ernest Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse, a grandson of Queen Victoria, to promote both commerce and the arts. He brought together a group of designers to create his new community, including Peter Behrens, Hans Christiansen, and Joseph Maria Olbrich. The Colony architecture represented a complete break with the earlier floral style, and was much bolder in its design. Behrens and several of the other architects built their own houses there, and designed every detail, from the doorknobs to the dishes.

The most impressive building of the Colony is the Ernst-Ludwig House, named for the Grand Duke, which contained the workshops of the artists. It was designed by Olbrich, with an entrance in the form of a three-quarter circle, flanked by two statues, ''Force'' and ''Beauty'', by Ludwig Habich (1901).

File:Fauteuil et décors de porte de Peter Behrens (Musée de la colonie d'artistes, Darmstadt) (8729765938).jpg, Armchair and aluminum bronze doors designed by Peter Behrens for his music room at Darmstadt
File:Darmstadt-Mathildenhoehe-Glueckert-Haus-01-gje.jpg, The Mathildenhöhe – Glückert House (1901)
File:DA-Haus Behrens1.jpg, Behrens' house
File:La colonie dartistes jugendstil (Mathildenhöhe, Darmstadt) (7882268852).jpg, Entrance to the Ernst-Ludwig House, the workshop of the artists at the Darmstadt Colony, by Joseph Maria Olbrich (1901)
File:La maison de J.M. Olbrich (Mathildenhöhe, Darmstadt) (7945572864).jpg, Olbrich's house, reconstructed in a simpler style after it was destroyed in World War II. Only the colored checkerboard design is original.
File:Darmstadt-Mathildenhoehe mit Hochzeitsturm 2005-05-08b.jpg, Exhibition Building (1901)
File:Hochzeitsturm DA.jpg, Wedding Tower (1901)

Henry van de Velde and Weimar

File:Kunstpalast, Raum 6 Henry Van de Velde Zimmer, Foto Otto Renard, 1902.jpg, Interior of Room 6 of the Arts Palace, Düsseldorf by Henry van de Velde (1902)
File:Deep plate by Henry van de Velde, Meissen factory, 1903, porcelain with blue underglaze and gold decoration - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt - Darmstadt, Germany - DSC00722.jpg, Porcelain plate by Henry van de Velde for Meissen factory (1903) (Darmstandt Museum)
File:Henry van de velde per theodor müller, terrina (1905-06 ca.) e coltello da caviale (1903), argento, weimar.JPG, Silver terrine by Henry van de Velde (1905–06)
The city of Weimar was another important center of the ''Jugendstil'', thanks largely to the Belgian architect and designer Henry van de Velde. Van de Velde had played an important role in the early Belgian Art Nouveau, building his own house and decorating it in Art Nouveau style, with the strong influence of the British Arts and Crafts Movement. He was a known in Germany for his work in Belgium and Paris, and began a new career in Dresden in 1897, with a display at the Dresden Exposition of decorative arts. His work became known in Germany through decorative arts journals, and he received several commissions for interiors in Berlin, for a villa in Chemnitz, the Folkwang Museum in Hagen, and the Nietzsche House in Weimar for Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. He settled in Weimar in 1899 and produced a wide variety of decorative works, including silverware and ceramics, all in strikingly original forms. His silverware was particularly unusual: each piece had its own form, with sleek curving lines, but together they formed a harmonious ensemble. In 1902, he decorated the apartment of Count Harry Kessler, a prominent patron of the Impressionist painters.

In 1905, with the patronage of the Grand Duke of Weimar, he created the Grand Ducal School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar. He created a showcase of applied arts for the Dresden Exposition of Applied Arts in 1906, decorated with paintings by Ludwig von Hofmann, intended as the main room of a new museum of decoration in Weimar. He transposed the characteristics of his silverware, dishes, and furniture into the architecture. Van de Velde left off the curling vegetal lines of Art Nouveau decoration and replaced them with much simpler, more stylized curves which were part of the structure of his buildings and decorative works.

In 1907, van de Velde became director of the a new school of decorative arts in Weimar. His remake of Art Nouveau into a more functional and simplified style very different appeared in his door handles, his chairs, and the facades of his buildings. The ornament merged into the structure.

The importance of Weimar as a cultural was broken in 1906, when its main patron, Count Harry Kessler, commissioned Rodin to make a nude statue for the Archduke. The Archduke was scandalized, and Kessler was forced to resign. The Weimar school of design lost its importance until 1919, when it returned as the Bauhaus under Walter Gropius, and played a major part in the emergence of modern architecture.

Peter Behrens and the German Werkbund

The architect and designer Peter Behrens (1868–1940) was a key figure in the final years of the ''Jugendstil'', and in the transition to modern architecture. Born in Hamburg, where he studied painting, Behrens moved to Munich in 1890 and worked as a painter, illustrator and bookbinder. In 1890, he was one of the founders of the Munich Secession. In 1899, he was invited to participate in the Darmstadt Artists' Colony, where he designed his own house and all of its contents, including the furniture, towels and dishes.

After 1900 he became involved in industrial design and the reform of architecture to more functional forms. In 1902, he participated in the Turin International Exposition, one of the first major Europe-wide showcases of Art Nouveau. In 1907, Behrens and a group of other notable ''Jugendstil'' artists, including (Hermann Muthesius, Theodor Fischer, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Bruno Paul, Richard Riemerschmid, and Fritz Schumacher, created the Deutscher Werkbund. Modeled after the Arts and Crafts movement in England, it was goal was to improve and modernize the design of industrial products and everyday objects. He first major project was AEG turbine factory in Berlin (1908–1909). Behren's assistants and students at this time included Mies van der Rohe, C. E. Jeanerette (the future Le Corbusier), and Walter Gropius, the future head of the Bauhaus. The work of Behrens and the Werkbund effectively launched the transition from the ''Jugendstil'' to modernism in Germany, and the end of the ''Jugendstil''.Bony, ''L'Architecture Moderne'' (2012), pp. 55–57

File:MusikzimmerHausBehrensSchiedmayer.jpg, Music room of Behrens' house in Darmstadt (1902)
File:AEG by Peter Behrens.jpg, AEG turbine factory in Berlin, by Peter Behrens (1908–1909)

Architecture and decoration

In Berlin, August Endell was both editor of '' Pan'' magazine and a major figure in ''Jugendstil'' decoration, designing hotels and theaters, such as the interior of Buntes Theater in Berlin (1901), destroyed during World War II. He designed every detail of the interior down to the nails. with each room in a different color, and on a different theme. He also designed the Hackesche Höfe, a complex of buildings in the centre of Berlin, noted for the imaginative details of the decoration, in spirals and curling forms,

File:Köpenicker Straße Buntes Theater 1901.jpg, Buntes Theater, Berlin (1901) by August Endell
File:200806 Berlin 485.JPG, Decoration of the Hackesche Höfe in central Berlin by August Endell
File:Berlin, Hackesche Höfe, Treppenhaus -- 2011 -- 4.jpg, Stairway decoration at Hackesche Höfe in Berlin by August Endell (1901)

Posters and graphic arts

The most prominent graphic artist was Otto Eckmann, who produced numerous illustrations for the movement's journal '' Jugend'', in a sinuous, floral style that was similar to the French style. He also created a type style based upon Japanese calligraphy. Joseph Sattler was another graphic artist who contributed to the style through another artistic journal called '' Pan''. Sattler designed a type face often used in ''Jugendstil''.

Another important German graphic artist was Josef Rudolf Witzel (1867–1925), who produced many early covers for ''Jugend'', with curving, floral forms which helped shape the style.

The magazine ''Simplicissimus'', published in Munich, was also noted for its ''Jugendstil'' graphics, as well as for the modern writers it presented, including Thomas Mann and Rainer Maria Rilke. Important illustrators for the magazine included Thomas Theodor Heine.

File:Joseph Sattler-PAN.jpg, Cover of ''Pan'' magazine by Joseph Sattler (1895)
File:Bernhard Pankok - Jugend 24. Oktober 1896.jpg, Illustration by Bernhard Pankok in ''Jugend'' (1896)
File:Otto Eckmann - Jugend Nr. 32, 1896.jpg, Cover of ''Jugend'' by Otto Eckmann (1896)
File:Otto Eckmann - Jugend Nr. 14, 1896.jpg, Cover of ''Jugend'' by Otto Eckmann (1896)
File:Josef Rudolf Witzel - Jugend Nr. 40, 1896.jpg, Cover of ''Jugend'' issue #40 by Josef Rudolf Witzel (1896)
File:Josef Rudolf Witzel Wein Restaurant Jugend.jpg, Restaurant poster by Josef Rudolf Witzel (1896)
File:Christiansen Andromeda.jpg, ''Andromedia'', an illustration for ''Jugend'' by Hans Christiansen (1898)
File:Umschlag Simpl.JPG, ''Simplicissimus'' cover by Thomas Theodor Heine (1905)
File:Dekorative kunst masthead.gif, Masthead of ''Dekorative kunst'', the Munich decorative arts magazine (1901)

Furniture

The ideal of designers of the ''Jugendstil'' was to make a house a complete work of art, with everything inside, from the furniture to the carpets and the dishware, silverware and the art, in perfect harmony. With this ideal in mind, they established their own workshops to produce furniture.

August Endell, Theodor Fischer, Bruno Paul, and especially Richard Riemerschmid were important figures in ''Jugendstil'' furniture.

File:Armchair by Otto Eckmann, Hohenzollern-Kaufhaus, Berlin, c. 1898, maple, leather - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt - Darmstadt, Germany - DSC00971.jpg, Maple wood and leather armchair by Otto Eckmann (1898)
File:Armchair by Joseph Maria Olbrich, Schenkung U. & H. Kleinstuck, Darmstadt, 1901, bog oak, textile - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt - Darmstadt, Germany - DSC00885.jpg, Armchair by Joseph Maria Olbrich, oak and textile, (1901) Darmstadt Museum
File:Fauteuil de J.M. Olbrich (Musée de la colonie dartistes, Darmstadt) (7928651530).jpg, Armchair by Joseph Maria Olbrich, Darmstadt Museum
File:Bruno paul per k.m. seifert & co. e vereinigte werkstätten für kunst im handwerk, sedia con braccioli, dresda-monaco 1900.JPG, Chair by Bruno Paul (1900)

Metalware

Metallwarenfabrik Straub & Schweizer (WMF) was, by 1900, the world's largest producer of household metalware, mainly in the ''Jugendstil'' style, designed in the WMF Art Studio under Albert Mayer. WMF purchased Orivit, another company known for its ''Jugendstil'' pewter, in 1905.

File:Orivit German Jugendstil Calling Card Tray.jpg, Orivit pewter ''Jugendstil'' calling card tray. Design no. 2043. c.1900
File:Orivit Jugendstil Bowl.jpg, Orivit ''Jugendstil'' pewter bowl with glass liner. c.1900
File:WMF Jugendstil pewter dish.jpg, WMF ''Jugendstil'' pewter dish. Design no.232. c.1906

Notes and citations

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