John Wayne

Marion Mitchell Morrison (born Marion Robert Morrison; May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne

John Wayne and nicknamed Duke, was an American actor and filmmaker.[1] An Academy Award-winner for True Grit (1969), Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades.[2][3] Born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He was president of Glendale High class of 1925.[4] He found work at local film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California

Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident.[5]:63–64 Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation, he appeared mostly in small bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walsh's widescreen epic The Big Trail

The Big Trail (1930), which led to leading roles in numerous B movies throughout the 1930s, most of them in the Western genre. Wayne's career took off in 1939, with John Ford's Stagecoach making him an instant star. He went on to star in 142 motion pictures altogether, including the dozens with his name above the title produced before 1939. Biographer Ronald Davis said, "John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns, and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen, and unconquerable loners extracted from the Republic's central creation myth."[6] Wayne's other well-known Western roles include a cattleman driving his herd north on the Chisholm Trail

Chisholm Trail in Red River (1948), a Civil War veteran whose young niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in The Searchers (1956), a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer (James Stewart) for a woman's hand in marriage in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and a cantankerous one-eyed marshal in True Grit (1969). He is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man

The Quiet Man (1952), Rio Bravo (1959) with Dean Martin, and The Longest Day (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist

The Shootist (1976). He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, and his last public appearance was at the Academy Awards

Academy Awards ceremony on April 9, 1979.[7][8][9]

Contents

1 Early life 2 Film career

2.1 Early career and breakthrough 2.2 Commercial success 2.3 Later career

3 Radio work 4 Personal life 5 Political views 6 Death 7 Legacy

7.1 Awards, celebrations, and landmarks 7.2 Cultural image as an American icon 7.3 John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Foundation 7.4 Legal problems with Duke University

8 Filmography 9 Missed roles 10 Awards and nominations

10.1 Academy Awards

10.1.1 Best Actor 10.1.2 Producer

10.2 Golden Globe 10.3 Brass Balls Award 10.4 In popular culture

11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

Early life[edit]

The house in Winterset, Iowa, where Wayne was born in 1907

Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa.[10] The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30, 1907 that Wayne weighed 13 lbs. (around 6 kg.) at birth. His middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert.[5]:8–9[11][12] Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937), was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915). Wayne's mother, the former Mary "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Wayne's ancestry included Scottish, Irish, Scots-Irish, and English.[13] He was raised Presbyterian.[14][15] Wayne's family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. He attended Glendale Union High School where he performed well in both sport and academics. Wayne was part of his high school's football team and its debating team. He was also the president of the Latin Society and contributed to the school's newspaper sports column.[16] A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier, Duke.[5]:37[17] He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. As a teen, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay, a youth organization of the Freemasons. He played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team.[18] Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but he was not accepted. He, instead, attended the University of Southern California
Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities.[19]:30 Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, a bodysurfing accident.[20] He lost his athletic scholarship, and without funds, had to leave the university.[21][22] As a favor to USC football coach Howard Jones, who had given silent western film star, Tom Mix, tickets to USC games, director John Ford, and Mix hired Wayne as a prop boy and extra.[23][24] Wayne later credited his walk, talk, and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp, who was good friends with Tom Mix.[23] Wayne soon moved to bit parts, establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, he had a minor, uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film Bardelys the Magnificent. Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in Brown of Harvard (1926), The Dropkick
The Dropkick (1927), and Salute (1929) and Columbia's Maker of Men (filmed in 1930, released in 1931).[25] Film career[edit] Early career and breakthrough[edit]

John Wayne
John Wayne as "Singin' Sandy" Saunders in Riders of Destiny
Riders of Destiny (1933)

With Marsha Hunt in Born to the West
Born to the West (1937)

Play media

(video) The manner and voice of Wayne (right) showcased in a short clip from the film Angel and the Badman
Angel and the Badman (1947)

With Jean Rogers
Jean Rogers and Ward Bond
Ward Bond in Conflict (1936)

While working for Fox Film Corporation
Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, Wayne was given on-screen credit as "Duke Morrison" only once, in Words and Music (1929). Director Raoul Walsh
Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in The Big Trail (1930). For his screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary War general "Mad" Anthony Wayne. Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan
Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agreed, and the name was set. Wayne was not even present for the discussion.[5]:84 His pay was raised to $105 a week.[26][citation needed] The Big Trail
The Big Trail was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a then-staggering cost of over $2 million, using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American southwest, still largely unpopulated at the time. To take advantage of the breathtaking scenery, it was filmed in two versions, a standard 35-mm version and another in the new 70 mm Grandeur film process, using an innovative camera and lenses. Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered. However, only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted. Despite being highly regarded by modern critics, the film was considered a huge box office flop at the time.[27] After the commercial failure of The Big Trail, Wayne was relegated to small roles in A-pictures, including Columbia's The Deceiver (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in the serial The Three Musketeers (1933), an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas
Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the French Foreign Legion
French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North Africa. He played the lead, with his name over the title, in many low-budget Poverty Row Westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation. By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about 80 of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939.[28] In Riders of Destiny
Riders of Destiny (1933), he became one of the first singing cowboys of film, albeit via dubbing.[29] Wayne also appeared in some of the Three Mesquiteers
Three Mesquiteers Westerns, whose title was a play on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other Western skills.[25] Stuntman Yakima Canutt
Yakima Canutt and Wayne developed and perfected stunts and onscreen fisticuffs techniques which are still in use.[30] Wayne's breakthrough role came with John Ford's Stagecoach (1939). Because of Wayne's B-movie
B-movie status and track record in low-budget Westerns throughout the 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-budget film. After rejection by all the main studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger
Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor—a much bigger star at the time—received top billing. Stagecoach was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a mainstream star. Cast member Louise Platt
Louise Platt credited Ford as saying at the time that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal "everyman".[31] America's entry into World War II
World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor) and family status (classified as 3-A - family deferment) although actor Henry Fonda, born two years earlier, volunteered and served three years. Wayne repeatedly wrote to John Ford saying he wanted to enlist, on one occasion inquiring whether he could get into Ford's military unit, but consistently kept postponing it until after "he finished just one or two pictures".[5]:212 Wayne did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but Republic Studios was emphatically resistant to losing him since he was their only A-list actor under contract. Herbert J. Yates, President of Republic, threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract,[5]:220 and Republic Pictures
Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process, requesting Wayne's further deferment.[5]:213 Wayne toured U.S. bases and hospitals in the South Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944.[5]:253 with the USO.[32][33][34] By many accounts, his failure to serve in the military was the most painful part of his life.[5]:212 His widow later suggested that his patriotism in later decades sprang from guilt, writing: "He would become a 'superpatriot' for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home."[35] U.S. National Archives records indicate that Wayne had, in fact, made an application[36] to serve in the Office of Strategic Services
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), precursor to the modern CIA, and had been accepted within the U.S. Army's allotted billet to the OSS. William J. Donovan, OSS Commander, wrote Wayne a letter informing him of his acceptance into the Field Photographic Unit, but the letter went to his estranged wife Josephine's home. She never told him about it. Donovan also issued an OSS Certificate of Service to Wayne.[37] Commercial success[edit]

Wake of the Red Witch
Wake of the Red Witch (1948)

Wayne's first color film was Shepherd of the Hills (1941), in which he co-starred with his longtime friend Harry Carey. The following year, he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille, the Technicolor
Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind
Reap the Wild Wind (1942), in which he co-starred with Ray Milland
Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard; it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values. In 1949, director Robert Rossen
Robert Rossen offered the starring role of All the King's Men to Wayne. Wayne refused, believing the script to be un-American in many ways.[5] Broderick Crawford, who eventually got the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima. He lost the leading role in The Gunfighter
The Gunfighter (1950) to Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures
Columbia Pictures because its chief, Harry Cohn, had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox, which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted but for which he refused to bend.[5]

With Joan Blondell
Joan Blondell in Lady for a Night (1942)

One of Wayne's most popular roles was in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman, and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in Flying Tigers (1942), Flying Leathernecks (1951), Island in the Sky (1953), The Wings of Eagles
The Wings of Eagles (1957), and Jet Pilot (1957). He appeared in nearly two dozen of John Ford's films over twenty years, including She Wore a Yellow Ribbon
She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), The Wings of Eagles
The Wings of Eagles (1957), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) with James Stewart: the first movie in which he called someone "Pilgrim". Ford's The Searchers (1956), is often considered to contain Wayne's finest and most complex performance.[citation needed] He named his youngest son Ethan after the character. Later career[edit] John Wayne
John Wayne won a Best Actor Oscar for True Grit (1969). This came 20 years after his only other nomination. Wayne was also nominated as the producer of Best Picture for The Alamo (1960), one of two films he directed. The other was The Green Berets (1968), the only major film made during the Vietnam War
Vietnam War to support the war.[21] During the filming of The Green Berets, the Degar
Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films.[5] Wayne took on the role of the eponymous detective in the crime drama McQ
McQ (1974). His last film was The Shootist
The Shootist (1976), whose main character, J. B. Books, was dying of cancer—the illness to which Wayne himself succumbed three years later. Batjac, the production company cofounded by Wayne, was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in Wake of the Red Witch
Wake of the Red Witch (1948), a film based on the novel by Garland Roark. (A spelling error by Wayne's secretary was allowed to stand, accounting for the variation.)[5] Batjac (and its predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars. Its best-known non-Wayne productions were Seven Men From Now
Seven Men From Now (1956), which started the classic collaboration between director Budd Boetticher and star Randolph Scott, and Gun the Man Down (1956) with contract player James Arness
James Arness as an outlaw. In the Motion Picture Herald Top Ten Money-Making Western Stars poll, Wayne was listed in 1936 and 1939.[38] He appeared in the similar Box Office poll in 1939 and 1940.[39] While these two polls are really an indication only of the popularity of series stars, Wayne also appeared in the Top Ten Money Makers Poll of all films from 1949 to 1957 and 1958 to 1974, taking first place in 1950, 1951, 1954, and 1971. With a total of 25 years on the list, Wayne has more appearances than any other star, surpassing Clint Eastwood
Clint Eastwood (21) who is in second place.[40]

Wayne in The Challenge of Ideas (1961)

In later years, Wayne was recognized as a sort of American natural resource, and his various critics, of his performances and his politics, viewed him with more respect. Abbie Hoffman, the radical of the 1960s, paid tribute to Wayne's singularity, saying, "I like Wayne's wholeness, his style. As for his politics, well—I suppose even cavemen felt a little admiration for the dinosaurs that were trying to gobble them up."[41] Reviewing The Cowboys
The Cowboys (1972), Vincent Canby of The New York Times, who did not particularly care for the film, wrote: "Wayne is, of course, marvelously indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure". Radio work[edit] Like most Hollywood stars, Wayne appeared as a guest on various radio programs, such as The Hedda Hopper
Hedda Hopper Show and The Louella Parsons
Louella Parsons Show. He made a number of appearances in dramatic roles, mainly recreations for radio of his own films, on programs like Screen Directors Playhouse and Lux Radio Theatre. For six months in 1942, Wayne starred in his own radio adventure series, Three Sheets to the Wind, produced by film director Tay Garnett. In the series, an international spy/detective show, Wayne played Dan O'Brien, a detective who used alcoholism as a mask for his investigatory endeavors. The show was intended by Garnett to be a pilot of sorts for a film version, though the motion picture never came to fruition. No episodes of the series featuring Wayne seem to exist, though a demonstration episode with Brian Donlevy
Brian Donlevy in the leading role does exist. Wayne, not Donlevy, played the role throughout the series run on NBC.[42] Personal life[edit] Wayne was married three times and divorced twice. He was fluent in Spanish and his three wives, one of Spanish American
Spanish American descent and two of Hispanic
Hispanic descent, were Josephine Alicia Saenz, Esperanza Baur, and Pilar Pallete. He had four children with Josephine: Michael Wayne (November 23, 1934 – April 2, 2003), Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne LaCava (February 25, 1936 – December 6, 2000), Patrick Wayne
Patrick Wayne (born July 15, 1939), and Melinda Wayne Munoz (born December 3, 1940). He had three more children with Pilar: Aissa Wayne (born March 31, 1956), John Ethan Wayne (born February 22, 1962), and Marisa Wayne (born February 22, 1966).

Wayne with third wife Pilar Pallete
Pilar Pallete at Knott's Berry Farm
Knott's Berry Farm in 1971

Several of Wayne's children entered the film and television industry; Wayne's son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films, and played one of the leads in the 1990s update of the Adam-12 television series. His stormiest divorce was from Esperanza Baur, a former Mexican actress. She believed that Wayne and co-star Gail Russell
Gail Russell were having an affair, a claim which both Wayne and Russell denied. The night the film Angel and the Badman
Angel and the Badman (1947) wrapped, there was the usual party for cast and crew, and Wayne came home very late. Esperanza was in a drunken rage by the time he arrived, and she attempted to shoot him as he walked through the front door.[5] Wayne had several high-profile affairs, including one with Marlene Dietrich that lasted for three years and one with Merle Oberon
Merle Oberon that lasted from 1938 to 1947.[5]:195–197 After his separation from his wife, Pilar, in 1973, Wayne became romantically involved and lived with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941–1995) until his death in 1979.[21] She published a biography of her life with him in 1983, titled Duke: A Love Story.[43] Wayne's hair began to thin in the 1940s, and he had begun to wear a hairpiece by the end of the decade.[44] He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece (such as, according to Life magazine, at Gary Cooper's funeral). During a widely noted appearance at Harvard University, Wayne was asked by a student "Is it true that your toupée is real mohair?" He responded: "Well sir, that's real hair. Not mine, but real hair."[45] A close friend of Wayne's, California Congressman Alphonzo E. Bell, Jr., wrote of him, "Duke's personality and sense of humor were very close to what the general public saw on the big screen. It is perhaps best shown in these words he had engraved on a plaque: 'Each of us is a mixture of some good and some not so good qualities. In considering one's fellow man it's important to remember the good things ... We should refrain from making judgments just because a fella happens to be a dirty, rotten SOB.'"[46] Wayne biographer Michael Munn chronicled Wayne's drinking habits.[17] According to Sam O'Steen's memoir, Cut to the Chase, studio directors knew to shoot Wayne's scenes before noon, because by afternoon he "was a mean drunk".[47] He had been a chain smoker of cigarettes since young adulthood and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964. He underwent successful surgery to remove his entire left lung[48] and four ribs. Despite efforts by his business associates to prevent him from going public with his illness for fear that it would cost him work, Wayne announced he had cancer and called on the public to get preventive examinations. Five years later, Wayne was declared cancer-free. Wayne has been credited with coining the term "The Big C" as a euphemism for cancer.[49] Wayne's height has been reported as at least 6 ft 4 in (193 cm).[5]:47,54 He was a Freemason, a Master Mason in Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56 F&AM, in Tucson, Arizona. He became a 32nd Degree Scottish Rite Mason and later joined the Al Malaikah Shrine Temple in Los Angeles. He became a member of the York Rite.[50] During the early 1960s, John Wayne traveled extensively to Panama, during which he purchased the island of Taborcillo
Taborcillo off the main coast. It was sold by his estate at his death. Wayne's yacht, the Wild Goose, was one of his favorite possessions. He kept it docked in Newport Harbor and it was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in 2011.[51] Wayne was fond of literature, his favorite authors being Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie. His favorite books were David Copperfield, and Conan Doyle's historical novels The White Company and Sir Nigel. Political views[edit] Throughout most of his life, Wayne was a vocally prominent conservative Republican in Hollywood, supporting anti-communist positions.[52] Initially a self-described socialist during his college years, he voted for Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election and expressed admiration for Roosevelt's successor, fellow Democratic President Harry S. Truman.[53] He took part in creating the conservative Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals in February 1944, and was elected president of that organization in 1949. An ardent anti-communist and vocal supporter of the House Un-American Activities Committee, he made Big Jim McLain
Big Jim McLain (1952) with himself as a HUAC investigator to demonstrate his support for the cause of anti-communism. Declassified Soviet documents reveal that, despite being a fan of Wayne's movies, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin contemplated assassination of Wayne for his frequently espoused anti-communist politics.[54][55]

Wayne meets with President Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger
Henry Kissinger in San Clemente, California, July 1972

Wayne supported Vice President Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon in the presidential election of 1960, but expressed his vision of patriotism when John F. Kennedy won the election: "I didn't vote for him but he's my president, and I hope he does a good job."[56] He used his star power to support conservative causes, including rallying support for the Vietnam War
Vietnam War by producing, codirecting, and starring in the financially successful, critically panned The Green Berets (1968).[57] Due to his status as the highest profile Republican star in Hollywood, wealthy Texas
Texas Republican Party backers asked Wayne to run for national office in 1968, as had his friend and fellow actor Senator George Murphy. He declined, joking that he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the White House. Instead, he supported his friend Ronald Reagan's runs for Governor of California
Governor of California in 1966 and 1970. He was asked to be the running mate for Democratic Alabama Governor George Wallace
George Wallace in 1968, but he rejected the offer[52] and actively campaigned for Richard Nixon;[58] Wayne addressed the Republican National Convention
Republican National Convention on its opening day in August 1968. For a while, he was also a member of the anti-communist John Birch Society.[59] Wayne openly differed with the Republican Party over the issue of the Panama
Panama Canal, as he supported the Panama
Panama Canal Treaty in the mid-1970s;[60] conservatives had wanted the U.S. to retain full control of the canal, but Wayne believed that the Panamanians had the right to the canal and sided with President Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter and the Democrats. Wayne was a close friend of the late Panamanian leader Omar Torrijos Herrera, and Wayne's first wife, Josephine, was a native of Panama. His support of the treaty brought him hate mail for the first time in his life.[61][62]

in Rio Bravo, 1959

In May 1971, Playboy
Playboy magazine published an interview with Wayne which resulted in a firestorm of controversy. Wayne expressed his support for the Vietnam War,[5]:580 and made headlines for his resolute opinions about social issues and race relations in the United States:

I believe in white supremacy until the blacks are educated to a point of responsibility. I don't believe giving authority and positions of leadership and judgment to irresponsible people ... I don't feel we did wrong in taking this great country away from [the Native Americans] ... Our so-called stealing of this country from them was just a matter of survival. There were great numbers of people who needed new land, and the Indians were selfishly trying to keep it for themselves.[19]:289[63]

In the same Playboy
Playboy interview, Wayne also responded to questions about whether social programs were good for the country:

I know all about that. In the late Twenties, when I was a sophomore at USC, I was a socialist myself—but not when I left. The average college kid idealistically wishes everybody could have ice cream and cake for every meal. But as he gets older and gives more thought to his and his fellow man's responsibilities, he finds that it can't work out that way—that some people just won't carry their load ... I believe in welfare—a welfare work program. I don't think a fella should be able to sit on his backside and receive welfare. I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim.[5]:580

Death[edit] Although he enrolled in a cancer vaccine study in an attempt to ward off the disease,[48] Wayne died of stomach cancer at the age of 72 on June 11, 1979, at the UCLA Medical Center.[64] His body was buried in the Pacific View Memorial Park Cemetery in Corona del Mar, Newport Beach. According to his son Patrick and his grandson Matthew Muñoz, who was a priest in the California Diocese of Orange, Wayne converted to Roman Catholicism
Roman Catholicism shortly before his death.[65][66] He requested that his tombstone read "Feo, Fuerte y Formal", a Spanish epitaph Wayne described as meaning "ugly, strong, and dignified".[67] The grave, which went unmarked for 20 years, is now marked with a quotation from his controversial 1971 Playboy
Playboy interview: "Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. Comes into us at midnight very clean. It's perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands. It hopes we've learned something from yesterday."[68][69] Among the cast and crew who filmed The Conqueror (1956) on location near St. George, Utah, 91 developed some form of cancer at various times, including stars Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, Pedro Armendáriz, and director Dick Powell. The film was shot in southwestern Utah, east of and generally downwind from the site of recent U.S. Government nuclear weapons tests in southeastern Nevada. Many contend that radioactive fallout from these tests contaminated the film location and poisoned the film crew working there.[70][71] Despite the suggestion that Wayne's 1964 lung cancer and his 1979 stomach cancer resulted from nuclear contamination, he believed his lung cancer to have been a result of his six-packs-a-day cigarette habit.[72] Legacy[edit] Awards, celebrations, and landmarks[edit]

Wayne in The Comancheros (1961)

Wayne's enduring status as an iconic American was formally recognized by the U.S. government in the form of the two highest civilian decorations. On May 26, 1979, he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Hollywood figures and American leaders from across the political spectrum, including Maureen O'Hara, Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, Mike Frankovich, Katharine Hepburn, General and Mrs. Omar Bradley, Gregory Peck, Robert Stack, James Arness, and Kirk Douglas, testified to Congress in support of the award. Robert Aldrich, president of the Directors Guild of America, made a particularly notable statement:

It is important for you to know that I am a registered Democrat and, to my knowledge, share none of the political views espoused by Duke. However, whether he is ill disposed or healthy, John Wayne
John Wayne is far beyond the normal political sharpshooting in this community. Because of his courage, his dignity, his integrity, and because of his talents as an actor, his strength as a leader, his warmth as a human being throughout his illustrious career, he is entitled to a unique spot in our hearts and minds. In this industry, we often judge people, sometimes unfairly, by asking whether they have paid their dues. John Wayne has paid his dues over and over, and I'm proud to consider him a friend and am very much in favor of my government recognizing in some important fashion the contribution that Mr. Wayne has made.[73]

Wayne was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Presidential Medal of Freedom on June 9, 1980, by President Jimmy Carter. He had attended Carter's inaugural ball "as a member of the loyal opposition", as he described it. In 1998, he was awarded the Naval Heritage Award by the US Navy Memorial Foundation for his support of the Navy and military during his film career. In 1999, the American Film Institute
American Film Institute (AFI) named Wayne 13th among the Greatest Male Screen Legends of Classic Hollywood cinema. Various public locations are named in honor of Wayne, including the John Wayne Airport
John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California, where a nine-foot bronze statue of him stands at the entrance; the John Wayne
John Wayne Marina[74] for which Wayne bequeathed the land, near Sequim, Washington; John Wayne Elementary School (P.S. 380) in Brooklyn, New York, which boasts a 38-foot mosaic mural commission by New York artist Knox Martin[75] entitled " John Wayne
John Wayne and the American Frontier";[76] and a 100-plus-mile trail named the " John Wayne
John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington's Iron Horse State Park. A larger than life-size bronze statue of Wayne atop a horse was erected at the corner of La Cienega Boulevard and Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California, at the former offices of the Great Western Savings and Loan Corporation, for which Wayne had made a number of commercials. In the city of Maricopa, Arizona, part of Arizona State Route 347
Arizona State Route 347 is named John Wayne
John Wayne Parkway, which runs through the center of town. In 2006, friends of Wayne and his former Arizona business partner, Louis Johnson, inaugurated the "Louie and the Duke Classics" events benefiting the John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Foundation[77] and the American Cancer
Cancer Society.[78][79] The weekend-long event each fall in Casa Grande, Arizona, includes a golf tournament, an auction of John Wayne memorabilia, and a team roping competition.[78] Several celebrations took place on May 26, 2007, the centennial of Wayne's birth. A celebration at the John Wayne
John Wayne birthplace in Winterset, Iowa, included chuck-wagon suppers, concerts by Michael Martin Murphey and Riders in the Sky, a Wild West Revue in the style of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, and a Cowboy Symposium with Wayne's costars, producers, and costumers. Wayne's films ran repetitively at the local theater. Ground was broken for the New John Wayne
John Wayne Birthplace Museum and Learning Center at a ceremony consisting of over 30 of Wayne's family members, including Melinda Wayne Muñoz, Aissa, Ethan, and Marisa Wayne. Later that year, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver
Maria Shriver inducted Wayne into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[80] In 2016 Republican assemblyman Matthew Harper
Matthew Harper proposed marking May 26 as " John Wayne
John Wayne Day" in California.[81] This resolution was struck down by a vote of 35 to 20, due to Wayne's views on race and his support of controversial organizations such as the John Birch Society
John Birch Society and the House Un-American Activities Committee.[81][82] Cultural image as an American icon[edit]

With Lucille Ball
Lucille Ball in I Love Lucy, 1955

Wayne rose beyond the typical recognition for a famous actor to that of an enduring icon who symbolized and communicated American values and ideals.[83] By the middle of his career, Wayne had developed a larger-than-life image, and as his career progressed, he selected roles that would not compromise his off-screen image.[84] At a party in 1957, Wayne confronted actor Kirk Douglas
Kirk Douglas about the latter's decision to play the role of Vincent van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh in the film Lust for Life, saying: "Christ, Kirk, how can you play a part like that? There's so goddamn few of us left. We got to play strong, tough characters. Not these weak queers."[85] Wayne's rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II, when Sands of Iwo Jima
Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) was released. His footprints at Grauman's Chinese theater in Hollywood were laid in concrete that contained sand from Iwo Jima.[86] His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975, he asked to meet John Wayne, the symbolic representation of his country's former enemy.[87] Likewise when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959, he made two requests: to visit Disneyland and meet Wayne.[88] Wayne is the only actor to appear in every edition of the annual Harris Poll
Harris Poll of Most Popular Film Actors, and the only actor to appear on the list after his death. Wayne has been in the top ten in this poll for 19 consecutive years, starting in 1994, 15 years after his death.[89] John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Foundation[edit] The John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Foundation was founded in 1985 in honor of John Wayne, after his family granted the use of his name for the continued fight against cancer.[90] The foundation's mission is to "bring courage, strength, and grit to the fight against cancer".[90] The foundation provides funds for innovative programs that improve cancer patient care, including research, education, awareness, and support.[90] Legal problems with Duke University[edit]

In The Longest Day, 1962

Newport Beach, California-based John Wayne
John Wayne Enterprises sells products such as Kentucky straight bourbon using Wayne's picture. When the company tried to trademark the image appearing on one of the bottles, Duke University
Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, filed a notice of opposition. According to court documents, Duke has tried three times since 2005 to stop the company from trademarking the name. The company wants a federal judge in Orange County, California, to declare that both brands can be allowed. The company's complaint filed in federal court says the university "does not own the word 'Duke' in all contexts for all purposes."[91] The university's official position is not to object if Wayne's image is used, but if the company wants to use the Duke name without Wayne, the university says, "we are also committed to protecting the integrity of Duke University's trademarks."[91] Richard Howell, an attorney for John Wayne Enterprises, said the company supports a co-use agreement, though he believed the name "Duke" would be more likely associated with Wayne than with the university.[91] On September 30, 2014, federal judge David Carter dismissed the suit against Duke University, saying the jurisdiction was incorrect.[92] Filmography[edit] Main article: John Wayne
John Wayne filmography Between 1926 and 1976, Wayne appeared in over 170 motion pictures, and became one of America's biggest box office stars. Only Clark Gable sold more tickets than Wayne, although the ticket prices were not commensurate since, although both actors started their careers at the same time, Gable's career height preceded Wayne's by approximately fifteen years. Missed roles[edit]

In 1947, Wayne was offered the role of Jimmy Ringo in The Gunfighter, a script that Columbia Pictures
Columbia Pictures had purchased specifically for him. Wayne turned it down, despite having expressed a strong desire to play the part, because of his longstanding feud with Columbia's president, Harry Cohn. Columbia sold the rights to Twentieth Century Fox, and the role went to Gregory Peck. Wayne's final film, The Shootist
The Shootist (1976), is often compared to The Gunfighter
The Gunfighter and contains numerous plot similarities.[5][93] Wayne rebuffed the lead role in the 1952 film High Noon
High Noon because he felt the film's story was an allegory against blacklisting, which he actively supported. In a 1971 interview, Wayne said he considered High Noon "the most un-American thing I've ever seen in my whole life", and that he would "never regret having helped run screenwriter Carl Foreman, [who was later blacklisted] out of the country".[19]:142 An urban legend has it that in 1955, Wayne turned down the role of Matt Dillon in the long-running television series Gunsmoke
Gunsmoke and recommended James Arness
James Arness instead. While he did suggest Arness for the part, and introduced him in a prologue to the first episode, no film star of Wayne's stature would have considered a television role at the time.[94] Terry Southern's biographer Lee Hill wrote that the role of Major T. J. "King" Kong in Dr. Strangelove
Dr. Strangelove (1964) was originally written with Wayne in mind, and that Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick offered him the part after Peter Sellers
Peter Sellers injured his ankle during filming; he immediately turned it down.[95] In 1966, Wayne accepted the role of Major Reisman in The Dirty Dozen (1967), and asked Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for some script changes, but eventually withdrew from the project to make The Green Berets. He was replaced by Lee Marvin.[96] Though Wayne actively campaigned for the title role in Dirty Harry (1971), Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. decided that at 63 he was too old, and cast the 41-year-old Clint Eastwood.[97] Mel Brooks
Mel Brooks offered Wayne the role of the Waco Kid (eventually played by Gene Wilder) in Blazing Saddles
Blazing Saddles (1974). After reading the script Wayne declined, fearing the dialogue was "too dirty" for his family image, but told Brooks that he would be "first in line" to see the movie.[98][99] Wayne turned down the role of the Colonel leading the Cavalry charge in Michael Todd's Around the World in 80 Days (1956). Steven Spielberg
Steven Spielberg had hoped Wayne would play the character General Stilwell in the movie 1941. John Wayne
John Wayne rejected the role due to his belief that mocking World War II
World War II was in bad taste. (1978).

Awards and nominations[edit] Academy Awards[edit] As shown below, Wayne was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning once for Best Actor in a Leading Role
Best Actor in a Leading Role in 1969. Best Actor[edit] The category's nominees for each year in which Wayne was nominated are shown, with that year's winner highlighted in yellow.

- 1949 -

- 1969 -

Actor Film Actor Film

Broderick Crawford All the King's Men Richard Burton Anne of the Thousand Days

Kirk Douglas Champion Dustin Hoffman Midnight Cowboy

Gregory Peck Twelve O'Clock High Peter O'Toole Goodbye Mr. Chips

Richard Todd The Hasty Heart Jon Voight Midnight Cowboy

John Wayne Sands of Iwo Jima John Wayne True Grit

Producer[edit]

- 1961 -

Producer Film

Bernard Smith Elmer Gantry

Jerry Wald Sons and Lovers

John Wayne The Alamo

Billy Wilder The Apartment

Fred Zinnemann The Sundowners

Golden Globe[edit] The Golden Globe Awards are presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) to recognize outstanding achievements in the entertainment industry, both domestic and foreign, and to focus wide public attention upon the best in motion pictures and television. In 1953, Wayne was awarded the Henrietta Award (a now retired award) for being World Film Favorite: Male. The Cecil B. DeMille
Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures is an annual award given by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association
Hollywood Foreign Press Association at the Golden Globe Award ceremonies in Hollywood. It was named in honor of Cecil B. DeMille
Cecil B. DeMille (1881–1959), one of the industry's most successful filmmakers; John Wayne
John Wayne won the award in 1966.[100] In 1970, Wayne won a Golden Globe Award for his performance in True Grit. Brass Balls Award[edit] In 1973, The Harvard Lampoon, a satirical paper run by Harvard University students, invited Wayne to receive The Brass Balls Award, created in his "honor", after calling him "the biggest fraud in history". Harvard Square
Harvard Square had become known for leftist intellectualism and protest throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Wayne accepted the invitation as a chance to promote the recently released film McQ, and a Fort Devens
Fort Devens Army convoy offered to drive him into the square on an armored personnel carrier.[101][102] The ceremony was held on January 15, 1974, at the Harvard Square
Harvard Square Theater and the award was officially presented in honor of Wayne's "outstanding machismo and penchant for punching people".[103] Although the convoy was met with protests by members of the American Indian Movement
American Indian Movement and others, some of whom threw snowballs, Wayne received a standing ovation from the audience when he walked onto the stage.[101] An internal investigation was launched into the Army's involvement in the day.[102] In popular culture[edit] In the 2003 sci-fi cartoon Bounty Hamster, the titular protagonist, a talking blue hamster named Marion, is parodic of John Wayne's real first name and the character he played in True Grit. See also[edit]

Biography portal

Hall of Great Western Performers List of film director and actor collaborations National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum List of famous amateur chess players List of Notable Freemasons Red Scare

References[edit]

^ Kehr, Dave. " John Wayne
John Wayne News". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ "John Wayne". The Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ "Quigley's Annual List of Box-Office Champions, 1932–1970". Reel Classics. Retrieved March 25, 2012. ^ http://www.classmates.com/siteui/yearbooks/378?page=49 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Roberts, Randy; Olson, James S. (1995). John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-923837-0. ^ Ronald L. Davis (2012). Duke: The Life and Image of John Wayne. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 6. ^ Duke, We're Glad We Knew You: John Wayne's Friends and Colleagues Remember His Remarkable life by Herb Fagen page 230; Retrieved February 13, 2016 ^ Easy Riders Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-And Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood by Peter Biskind page 372; Retrieved February 13, 2016 ^ Los Angeles
Los Angeles Times June 12, 1979; Retrieved February 13, 2016 ^ Madison County, Iowa, birth certificate. ^ (Years later, after Wayne became an actor, a publicist's error referred to his "real" name as Marion Michael Morrison instead of the correct Marion Mitchell Morrison. This error infected virtually every biography of Wayne until Roberts and Olson uncovered the facts in their biography John Wayne: American, drawing on the draft of Wayne's unfinished autobiography, among other sources.) ^ Wayne, John, My Kingdom, unfinished draft autobiography, University of Texas
Texas Library. ^ John Wayne: a tribute, by Norm Goldstein, p. 12, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1979 ^ "John Wayne: American". WashingtonPost.com. May 13, 1997. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ "Ancestry of John Wayne: Fifth Generation". Genealogy.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Chilton, Martin (2016-04-25). "John Wayne: 10 surprising facts". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-10-27. ^ a b Munn, Michael (2003). John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. London: Robson Books. p. 7. ISBN 0-451-21244-4. ^ "A Pictorial History of Glendale High School". Glendale High School. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2012. ^ a b c Ronald L. Davis (May 1, 2001). Duke: The Life and Image of John Wayne. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3329-4. ^ Travers, Steven (2010). USC Trojans: College Football's All-Time Greatest Dynasty. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1589795686. ^ a b c Shephard, Richard. Biography. JWayne.com. Retrieved March 11, 2010. ^ Jewell, Rick (August 1, 2008). "John Wayne, an American Icon". Trojan Family Magazine. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012. ^ a b Hughes, Johnny (2012). Famous gamblers, poker history, and texas stories. Iuniverse. ISBN 978-1475942156. ^ Scott Eyman. John Wayne: The Life and Legend. 2014, pp. 33-34. ^ a b Biography of John Wayne
John Wayne Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Think Quest: Library. ^ "JOHN WAYNE – The Duke - Vallarta Tribune". Vallarta Tribune. 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2017-10-27. ^ Clooney, Nick (November 2002). The Movies That Changed Us: Reflections on the Screen. New York: Atria Books, a trademark of Simon & Schuster. p. 195. ISBN 0-7434-1043-2. ^ Clooney, p. 196. ^ Peterson, Richard A. (1997). Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity. University of Chicago Press. pp. 84–86. ISBN 0-226-66284-5. ^ Canutt, Yakima, with Oliver Drake, Stuntman. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8061-2927-1. ^ Letter, Louise Platt
Louise Platt to Ned Scott Archive, July 7, 2002 pp. 40: ^ "John Wayne, in Australia during WWII". ozatwar.com. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ " John Wayne
John Wayne spends Christmas in Brisbane - John Oxley Library". slq.qld.gov.au. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ "John Wayne, World War II
World War II and the Draft". jwayne.com. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Wayne, Pilar, John Wayne, pp. 43–47. ^ "Press Kits: American Originals Traveling Exhibit". archives.gov. October 25, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ "Photo Gallery - Category: Military Life". sunsetters38bg.com. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Phil Hardy The Encyclopedia of Western Movies, London, Octopus, 1985, ISBN 0-7064-2555-3 ^ Chuck Anderson. "Motion Picture Herald and Boxoffice Polls". B-westerns.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010. ^ "Top Ten Money Making Stars - Poll Results". quigleypublishing.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Time magazine, August 8, 1969. ^ http://dukefanclub.blogspot.com/2011/12/john-waynes-forgotten-radio-show.html ^ "Duke: a love story: an intimate memoir of John Wayne's last years". WorldCat. Retrieved December 12, 2011. ^ "Famous Actors Who've Worn a Hair Piece". Click4hair Informational Blog. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Transcribed from CBS video of the event posted on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dINMVPRA3DY. Accessed July 12.2016 ^ Alphonzo Bell, with Marc L. Weber, The Bel-Air Kid: An Autobiography, Trafford Publishing, 2002, ISBN 978-1-55369-378-9. ^ "Cut to the Chase" by Sam O'Steen. Los Angeles: Michael Wiese Productions (February 2002) ISBN 0-941188-37-X, p. 11. ^ a b Rochman, Sue (Fall 2008). "The Duke's Final Showdown". CR. American Association for Cancer
Cancer Research. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Graystone, Andrew (November 19, 2013). "Viewpoint: Did Richard Nixon change the way people describe cancer?". BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2014. ^ "John Wayne". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Retrieved August 29, 2010. ^ "John Wayne's beloved yacht gets historical protection". The Los Angeles Times. August 11, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2011. ^ a b Jim Beaver, "John Wayne". Films in Review, Volume 28, Number 5, May 1977, pp. 265–284. ^ "Interview: John Wayne". Playboy. Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2014. ^ Montefiore, Sebag (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 1-84212-726-8. ^ "Why Stalin loved Tarzan and wanted John Wayne
John Wayne shot". The Daily Telegraph, April 6, 2004. ^ McCarthy, Todd. Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood. p. 583. ^ Biography.com Editors (July 7, 2014). " John Wayne
John Wayne Biography". The Biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved December 7, 2016. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ^ Judis, John. — "Kevin Phillips, Ex-Populist: Elite Model". — The New Republic. — (c/o Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) — May 22, 2006. ^ "John Wayne, Man and Myth". Washingtonpost.com. September 25, 1995. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Warner, Edwin. — "That Troublesome Panama
Panama Canal Treaty". — Time. — October 31, 1977. ^ "Reagan Angered John Wayne — New York Times". Nytimes.com. March 16, 1987. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Glad, Betty (2009) An Outsider in the White House, Cornell University Press ^ Anatol Lieven (September 27, 2012). America Right Or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism NEW EDITION. Oxford University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-19-966025-4. ^ " John Wayne
John Wayne Dead of Cancer
Cancer on Coast at 72". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2017-10-27. ^ "The religion of John Wayne, actor". Adherents.com. Retrieved October 20, 2008. ^ Kerr, David (October 4, 2011). "My granddaddy John Wayne". California Catholic Daily. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2011. ^ Candelaria, Nash. "John Wayne, Person and Personal The love affairs of an American legend" in Hopscotch: A Cultural Review, Volume 2, Number 4, 2001, pp. 2–13, Duke University
Duke University Press. ^ Gary Wayne. "Pacific View cemetery: Stars' Graves". Seeing-stars.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012. ^ "Actor John Wayne". Apex.net.au. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012. ^ "The Conqueror and Other Bombs". Mother Jones. June 9, 1998. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Sparks, Preston (March 16, 2009). "Blast's ties to cancer unclear". Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Bacon, James (June 27, 1978). "John Wayne: The Last Cowboy". Us Magazine. ^ Whitehead, John W. (June 6, 2011). " John Wayne
John Wayne Was True Grit". The Rutherford Institute. Retrieved May 29, 2013. ^ " John Wayne
John Wayne Marina". Portofpa.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ www.esensedesigns.com (September 21, 2008). "Exhibitions". Knoxmartin.com. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ "John Wayne, Knox Martin — Public Art for Public Schools". Schools.nyc.gov. May 21, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ " John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Foundation". Jwcf.org. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ a b Olson, Jim. — "Louie and the Duke Classics 2006" Archived November 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. — Grande Living. — October 2006. — (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document). ^ "News and Events: 2006 Archive". Jwcf.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Wayne inducted into California Hall of Fame
California Hall of Fame Archived January 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. California Museum. Retrieved March 11, 2010. ^ a b Mettler, Katie. "' John Wayne
John Wayne Day' in Calif. rejected because of actor's statements about minority groups". Washington Post. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ "California lawmakers reject John Wayne
John Wayne Day over racist statements". The Guardian. April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2016. ^ Richard McGhee. John Wayne: Actor, Artist, Hero (1999), p. 135. ^ Levy, Emanuel. "John Wayne: Choosing Roles". emanuellevy.com. Retrieved August 30, 2015. ^ Scott Eyman. John Wayne: The Life and Legend. (2014), p. 293. ^ Endres, Stacey and Robert Cushman. Hollywood at Your Feet. Beverly Hills: Pomegranate Press, 1993 ISBN 0-938817-08-6. ^ "The Nation: Hirohito Winds Up His Grand U.S. Tour". Time.com. October 20, 1975. Retrieved July 30, 2011. ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia (January 24, 1999). "Soviet Leader Met Duke but Not Mickey" – via LA Times. ^ " Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington Flies to Number One and is America's Favorite Movie Star". Harris Interactive. January 23, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013. ^ a b c " John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Foundation: Mission". John Wayne. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014. ^ a b c Cowan, Jill (July 11, 2014). " John Wayne
John Wayne heirs Duke it out with university". Los Angeles
Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 28, 2014. ^ "John Wayne's heirs lose 'Duke' legal brawl". News and Observer. Associated Press. October 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014. ^ Hyams, J. The Life and Times of the Western Movie. Gallery Books (1984), pp. 109-12. ISBN 0831755458 ^ Barabas, S. Gunsmoke: A Complete History. McFarland (1990), pp. 63-4. ISBN 0899504183. ^ Lee Hill, A Grand Guy: The Life and Art of Terry Southern (Bloomsbury, 2001), pp.118–119 ^ Eyman, S. John Wayne: The Life and Legend. Simon & Schuster (2014), p.78. ISBN 1439199582 ^ Eyman (2014), p. 143. ^ Interview: Mel Brooks. Blazing Saddles
Blazing Saddles (DVD). Burbank, California: Warner Brothers Pictures/Warner Home Video, 2004. ISBN 0-7907-5735-4. ^ " Mel Brooks
Mel Brooks on John Wayne, Improv and the Presidential Race," Metro Philadelphia, May 20, 2016 http://www.metro.us/philadelphia/mel-brooks-on-john-wayne-improv-and-the-presidential-race/zsJpes---t1y4luA8q4ho/ ^ "The Cecil B. DeMille
Cecil B. DeMille Award". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012. ^ a b Reed, Phillip, Jr. (January 16, 1974). " John Wayne
John Wayne handles Harvard challenge well". The Bryan Times. Retrieved June 24, 2013. ^ a b Lotman, Mo (2009). Harvard Square: An Illustrated History Since 1950. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-58479-747-0. ^ Zegarac, Nick. " John Wayne
John Wayne – American". The Hollywood Art. Retrieved June 24, 2013.

Further reading[edit]

Baur, Andreas; Bitterli, Konrad (2007). "Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne
John Wayne zum 100". Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg. Geburstag, Nuremberg. ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2. Beaver, Jim (May 5, 1977). "John Wayne". Films in Review. 28. Campbell, James T. (September 2000). "Print the Legend: John Wayne
John Wayne and Postwar American Culture". Reviews in American History. 28 (3). Carey, Harry Jr. (1994). A Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford
John Ford Stock Company. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2865-0. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Clark, Donald; Anderson, Christopher (1995). John Wayne's The Alamo: The Making of the Epic Film. New York: Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8065-1625-9. Davis, Ronald L (2001). Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3329-5. Eyman, Scott (1999). Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81161-8. Eyman, Scott (2014). John Wayne: The Life and Legend. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1439199582. Retrieved August 30, 2015. Jensen, Richard (2012). When the Legend Became Fact - The True Life of John Wayne. Nashville: Raymond Street Publishers, 2012. Landesman, Fred (2004). The John Wayne
John Wayne Filmography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786432523. McCarthy, Todd (1997). Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1598-5. McGhee, Richard D. (1999). John Wayne: Actor, Artist, Hero. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0786407522. Retrieved August 30, 2015. McGivern, Carolyn (2000). John Wayne: A Giant Shadow. Bracknell, England: Sammon. ISBN 0-9540031-0-1. Munn, Michael (2004). John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. Robson. ISBN 978-1-86105-722-8. Raab, Markus (2007). "Beautiful Hearts, Laughers at the World, Bowlers. Worldviews of the Late Western". Baur/Bitterli: Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Myhos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne
John Wayne zum 100. Geburtstag, Nuremberg. ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2. Shepherd, Donald; Slatzer, Robert; Grayson, Dave (1985). Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-17893-X. Wills, Garry (1997). John Wayne's America: The Politics of Celebrity. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80823-4. Maurice Zolotow (1974). Shooting Star: A Biography of John Wayne. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-82969-6.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wayne.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Wayne

Official website John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Foundation John Wayne
John Wayne Cancer
Cancer Institute FBI file on John Wayne Birthplace of John Wayne
John Wayne official website John Wayne
John Wayne on IMDb John Wayne
John Wayne at the TCM Movie Database John Wayne
John Wayne at AllMovie "On the Set of The Alamo": Behind-the-scenes footage from the production of the film, from the Texas
Texas Archive of the Moving Image The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-28A (1966) is available for free download at the Internet Archive John Wayne
John Wayne at Find a Grave

v t e

John Wayne

As director

The Alamo (1960) The Green Berets (1968, with Ray Kellogg)

As producer

Bullfighter and the Lady
Bullfighter and the Lady (1951) Hondo (1953) Track of the Cat
Track of the Cat (1954) Good-bye, My Lady (1956) Gun the Man Down (1956) The Alamo (1960)

As actor

Filmography

Spouses

Josephine Alicia Saenz (m. 1933–1945) Esperanza Baur
Esperanza Baur (m. 1946–1954) Pilar Pallete
Pilar Pallete (m. 1954–1979)

Children

Michael Wayne Patrick Wayne Ethan Wayne

Personal

Batjac Productions John Wayne
John Wayne Island The Wild Goose

Memorials

John Wayne
John Wayne Airport

Awards for John Wayne

v t e

Academy Award
Academy Award for Best Actor

1928–1950

Emil Jannings
Emil Jannings (1928) Warner Baxter
Warner Baxter (1929) George Arliss
George Arliss (1930) Lionel Barrymore
Lionel Barrymore (1931) Fredric March
Fredric March / Wallace Beery
Wallace Beery (1932) Charles Laughton
Charles Laughton (1933) Clark Gable
Clark Gable (1934) Victor McLaglen
Victor McLaglen (1935) Paul Muni
Paul Muni (1936) Spencer Tracy
Spencer Tracy (1937) Spencer Tracy
Spencer Tracy (1938) Robert Donat
Robert Donat (1939) James Stewart
James Stewart (1940) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (1941) James Cagney
James Cagney (1942) Paul Lukas
Paul Lukas (1943) Bing Crosby
Bing Crosby (1944) Ray Milland
Ray Milland (1945) Fredric March
Fredric March (1946) Ronald Colman
Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford
Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer
José Ferrer (1950)

1951–1975

Humphrey Bogart
Humphrey Bogart (1951) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (1952) William Holden
William Holden (1953) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine
Ernest Borgnine (1955) Yul Brynner
Yul Brynner (1956) Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven
David Niven (1958) Charlton Heston
Charlton Heston (1959) Burt Lancaster
Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell
Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier
Sidney Poitier (1963) Rex Harrison
Rex Harrison (1964) Lee Marvin
Lee Marvin (1965) Paul Scofield
Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger
Rod Steiger (1967) Cliff Robertson
Cliff Robertson (1968) John Wayne
John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott1 (1970) Gene Hackman
Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando1 (1972) Jack Lemmon
Jack Lemmon (1973) Art Carney
Art Carney (1974) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1975)

1976–2000

Peter Finch
Peter Finch (1976) Richard Dreyfuss
Richard Dreyfuss (1977) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda
Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley
Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall
Robert Duvall (1983) F. Murray Abraham
F. Murray Abraham (1984) William Hurt
William Hurt (1985) Paul Newman
Paul Newman (1986) Michael Douglas
Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Jeremy Irons
Jeremy Irons (1990) Anthony Hopkins
Anthony Hopkins (1991) Al Pacino
Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Rush (1996) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1997) Roberto Benigni
Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey
Kevin Spacey (1999) Russell Crowe
Russell Crowe (2000)

2001–present

Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington (2001) Adrien Brody
Adrien Brody (2002) Sean Penn
Sean Penn (2003) Jamie Foxx
Jamie Foxx (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman
Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker
Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Sean Penn
Sean Penn (2008) Jeff Bridges
Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth
Colin Firth (2010) Jean Dujardin
Jean Dujardin (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey
Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne
Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck
Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman
Gary Oldman (2017)

1 refused award that year

v t e

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama

Paul Lukas
Paul Lukas (1943) Alexander Knox
Alexander Knox (1944) Ray Milland
Ray Milland (1945) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1946) Ronald Colman
Ronald Colman (1947) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1948) Broderick Crawford
Broderick Crawford (1949) José Ferrer
José Ferrer (1950) Fredric March
Fredric March (1951) Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (1952) Spencer Tracy
Spencer Tracy (1953) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1954) Ernest Borgnine
Ernest Borgnine (1955) Kirk Douglas
Kirk Douglas (1956) Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness (1957) David Niven
David Niven (1958) Anthony Franciosa
Anthony Franciosa (1959) Burt Lancaster
Burt Lancaster (1960) Maximilian Schell
Maximilian Schell (1961) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1962) Sidney Poitier
Sidney Poitier (1963) Peter O'Toole
Peter O'Toole (1964) Omar Sharif
Omar Sharif (1965) Paul Scofield
Paul Scofield (1966) Rod Steiger
Rod Steiger (1967) Peter O'Toole
Peter O'Toole (1968) John Wayne
John Wayne (1969) George C. Scott
George C. Scott (1970) Gene Hackman
Gene Hackman (1971) Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (1972) Al Pacino
Al Pacino (1973) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1974) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1975) Peter Finch
Peter Finch (1976) Richard Burton
Richard Burton (1977) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1978) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1979) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (1980) Henry Fonda
Henry Fonda (1981) Ben Kingsley
Ben Kingsley (1982) Robert Duvall
Robert Duvall / Tom Courtenay
Tom Courtenay (1983) F. Murray Abraham
F. Murray Abraham (1984) Jon Voight
Jon Voight (1985) Bob Hoskins
Bob Hoskins (1986) Michael Douglas
Michael Douglas (1987) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1988) Tom Cruise
Tom Cruise (1989) Jeremy Irons
Jeremy Irons (1990) Nick Nolte
Nick Nolte (1991) Al Pacino
Al Pacino (1992) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1993) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (1994) Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage (1995) Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Rush (1996) Peter Fonda
Peter Fonda (1997) Jim Carrey
Jim Carrey (1998) Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington (1999) Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (2000) Russell Crowe
Russell Crowe (2001) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (2002) Sean Penn
Sean Penn (2003) Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio (2004) Philip Seymour Hoffman
Philip Seymour Hoffman (2005) Forest Whitaker
Forest Whitaker (2006) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2007) Mickey Rourke
Mickey Rourke (2008) Jeff Bridges
Jeff Bridges (2009) Colin Firth
Colin Firth (2010) George Clooney
George Clooney (2011) Daniel Day-Lewis
Daniel Day-Lewis (2012) Matthew McConaughey
Matthew McConaughey (2013) Eddie Redmayne
Eddie Redmayne (2014) Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo DiCaprio (2015) Casey Affleck
Casey Affleck (2016) Gary Oldman
Gary Oldman (2017)

v t e

Cecil B. DeMille
Cecil B. DeMille Award

Cecil B. DeMille
Cecil B. DeMille (1952) Walt Disney
Walt Disney (1953) Darryl F. Zanuck
Darryl F. Zanuck (1954) Jean Hersholt
Jean Hersholt (1955) Jack L. Warner
Jack L. Warner (1956) Mervyn LeRoy
Mervyn LeRoy (1957) Buddy Adler (1958) Maurice Chevalier
Maurice Chevalier (1959) Bing Crosby
Bing Crosby (1960) Fred Astaire
Fred Astaire (1961) Judy Garland
Judy Garland (1962) Bob Hope
Bob Hope (1963) Joseph E. Levine
Joseph E. Levine (1964) James Stewart
James Stewart (1965) John Wayne
John Wayne (1966) Charlton Heston
Charlton Heston (1967) Kirk Douglas
Kirk Douglas (1968) Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (1969) Joan Crawford
Joan Crawford (1970) Frank Sinatra
Frank Sinatra (1971) Alfred Hitchcock
Alfred Hitchcock (1972) Samuel Goldwyn
Samuel Goldwyn (1973) Bette Davis
Bette Davis (1974) Hal B. Wallis
Hal B. Wallis (1975) Walter Mirisch (1977) Red Skelton
Red Skelton (1978) Lucille Ball
Lucille Ball (1979) Henry Fonda
Henry Fonda (1980) Gene Kelly
Gene Kelly (1981) Sidney Poitier
Sidney Poitier (1982) Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier (1983) Paul Newman
Paul Newman (1984) Elizabeth Taylor
Elizabeth Taylor (1985) Barbara Stanwyck
Barbara Stanwyck (1986) Anthony Quinn
Anthony Quinn (1987) Clint Eastwood
Clint Eastwood (1988) Doris Day
Doris Day (1989) Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn (1990) Jack Lemmon
Jack Lemmon (1991) Robert Mitchum
Robert Mitchum (1992) Lauren Bacall
Lauren Bacall (1993) Robert Redford
Robert Redford (1994) Sophia Loren
Sophia Loren (1995) Sean Connery
Sean Connery (1996) Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (1997) Shirley MacLaine
Shirley MacLaine (1998) Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (1999) Barbra Streisand
Barbra Streisand (2000) Al Pacino
Al Pacino (2001) Harrison Ford
Harrison Ford (2002) Gene Hackman
Gene Hackman (2003) Michael Douglas
Michael Douglas (2004) Robin Williams
Robin Williams (2005) Anthony Hopkins
Anthony Hopkins (2006) Warren Beatty
Warren Beatty (2007) Steven Spielberg
Steven Spielberg (2009) Martin Scorsese
Martin Scorsese (2010) Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (2011) Morgan Freeman
Morgan Freeman (2012) Jodie Foster
Jodie Foster (2013) Woody Allen
Woody Allen (2014) George Clooney
George Clooney (2015) Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington (2016) Meryl Streep
Meryl Streep (2017) Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey (2018)

v t e

People's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor

v t e

National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners

1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959: Douglas MacArthur 1960: Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg 1961: John F. Kennedy 1962: Byron "Whizzer" White 1963: Roger Q. Blough 1964: Donold B. Lourie 1965: Juan T. Trippe 1966: Earl H. "Red" Blaik 1967: Frederick L. Hovde 1968: Chester J. LaRoche 1969: Richard Nixon 1970: Thomas J. Hamilton 1971: Ronald Reagan 1972: Gerald Ford 1973: John Wayne 1974: Gerald B. Zornow 1975: David Packard 1976: Edgar B. Speer 1977: Louis H. Wilson 1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy 1979: William P. Lawrence 1980: Walter J. Zable 1981: Justin W. Dart 1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink 1983: Jack Kemp 1984: John F. McGillicuddy 1985: William I. Spencer 1986: William H. Morton 1987: Charles R. Meyer 1988: Clinton E. Frank 1989: Paul Brown 1990: Thomas H. Moorer 1991: George H. W. Bush 1992: Donald R. Keough 1993: Norman Schwarzkopf 1994: Thomas S. Murphy 1995: Harold Alfond 1996: Gene Corrigan 1997: Jackie Robinson 1998: John H. McConnell 1999: Keith Jackson 2000: Fred M. Kirby II 2001: Billy Joe "Red" McCombs 2002: George Steinbrenner 2003: Tommy Franks 2004: William V. Campbell 2005: Jon F. Hanson 2006: Joe Paterno
Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden 2007: Pete Dawkins
Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach 2008: John Glenn 2009: Phil Knight
Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman 2010: Bill Cosby 2011: Robert Gates 2012: Roscoe Brown 2013: National Football League
National Football League & Roger Goodell 2014: Tom Catena
Tom Catena & George Weiss 2015: Condoleezza Rice 2016: Archie Manning

Authority control

WorldCat
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 37103799 LCCN: n79046229 ISNI: 0000 0001 2128 3693 GND: 118629603 SUDOC: 092625908 BNF: cb139010440 (data) BIBSYS: 90560116 MusicBrainz: ed0076ca-cc35-4ea4-86ad-efaf4afcb4dc NLA: 35595047 NDL: 00621632 NKC: jn20000701941 BNE: XX900528 SN