Jingi-kan

The , also known as the Department of Shinto Affairs, Department of Rites, Department of Worship, as well as Council of Divinities, was a Japanese Imperial bureaucracy established in the 8th century, as part of the ''ritsuryō'' reforms. It was first consolidated under Taihō Code which established the and Daijō-kan, the . However, the department and Daijō-kan made its first appearance in the Asuka Kiyomihara Code.

While ''Daijō-kan'' handled secular administrative affairs of the country, ''Jingi-kan'' oversaw almost all matters related to Shintō, particularly of ''kami'' worship. In other words, the general function of ''jingi-kan'' includes to oversee ''kami''-related affairs at court, provincial shrines, performance rites for the , as well as coordinating the provinces' ritual practices with those in the capital based on a code called , which roughly translates to "Code of Celestial and Terrestrial Deities" or "Code of Heavenly and Earthly Gods".

While the department existed for almost a century, there are periods of time in Japanese ancient and medieval history where ''jingi-kan'' was effectively inexistent, parallel to the evolution of the ''ritsuryō'' system and Shinto, such as when the establishment of ''jingi-kan'' was burned down during Ōnin War (1467-1477). Then, during the Meiji period, ''jingi-kan'' was briefly reinstated in 1868 and then dissolved in 1871, succeeded by and Ministry of Religious Education (教部省, ''kyōbushō'').

Term

The term ''jingi-kan'' is composed of the Chinese character , "council" or "department," and , which is an abbreviated form of , "celestial and terrestrial deities." The term , also known as ''amatsukami'' which translates to "celestial deities" or "heavenly gods" encompasses all ''kami'' gods in Shinto that resides in ''Takamagahara'' or "High Plains of Heaven," from whom the Japanese imperial line supposedly descended. The term , also known as '' kunitsukami'', translates to "terrestrial deities" or "earthly gods" and encompasses all ''kami'' gods in Shinto that resides in or have appeared on the earth. Coloquially, the term ''jingi'' can also be used to refer to the rituals performed to the heavenly and earthly gods.

Therefore, there are several ways to translate the term ''jingi''-kan in English:

# "Department of Divinities" or "Council of Divinities," where the term ''jingi'' is used to refer to both heavenly and earthly gods. This is the most common translation used in English.
# "Department of Rites" or "Council of Rites," where the term ''jingi'' refers not to the heavenly and earthly gods but to the rites performed for these gods.
# "Department of Shinto Affairs" or "Council of Shinto Affairs," where "Shinto Affairs" refer to the general function of ''jingi-kan'', that is to oversee all matters related to Shintō.

Ritsuryō Jingi-kan

This Shinto administrative hierarchy was an intentional mirror of its Chinese counterpart, the Ministry of Rites (禮部). The Jingi-kan was charged with oversight of Shinto clergy and rituals for the whole country.

Hierarchy

The Jingikan was staffed by four levels of managers, as seen below:

Functions

In its early days, ''jingi-kan'' has four main functions:

# Carries out annual rites written in ''jingiryō'' as well as overall coordination of shrine rites
# Provides ritualists who assist the sovereign and his court in the performance of palace ceremonies
# When misfortune struck or to determine the cause of ominous events, it performs divination to determine the identity of the responsible Kami.
# Conducts the distribution of tribute offerings (''heihaku'') to shrines for four annual rituals: Kinensai (Toshigoi no Matsuri), the spring and autumn Tsukinamisai, and Niinamesai.

Annual Rites

''Jingi-kan'' must carry out thirteen rites written in ''jingiryō''. The rites are laid out in articles 2 through 9, as well as article 18. Those rituals are:

Jingi-kan in Medieval Japan

From the 10th century to the 15th, the Shirakawa-hakuō family held this position continuously.

In feudal Japan, the Jingi-kan became the final surviving building of the Heian Palace. During the Jōkyū War in 1221, most of the palace was evacuated and fell into disrepair; the Jingi-kan alone remained in operation. A 1624 memoir by a ''Jingi-haku'' reports that the Jingi-kan was still being used as late as 1585 and was demolished during renovations. In 1626, a temporary building was constructed to perform additional ceremonies.

Meiji Jingi-kan

On the thirteenth day of the third month of 1868, Emperor Meiji announced that the new Meiji government would restore direct imperial rule (王政復古, ''ōsei fukko'') and unity of rites and government (祭政一致, ''saisei itchi''). The department was reinstated in 1868 at the beginning of the Meiji period as a provisional step to achieve ''saisei itchi''.

After 1871

In 1870, the Meiji administration attempted to create a new national religion under the term , primarily to keep Christianity from accumulating popularity and influence on the Japanese society and to reeducate the population about the significance of the imperial rule. The attempt lasted from 1870 to 1884. Consequentially, in addition to overseeing Shintō affairs, ''jingi-kan'' also had the role to oversee propaganda.

Then, ''jingi-kan'' was demoted to , Ministry of Divinities, that lasted from 1871 to 1872, as part of the ''saisei itchi'' campaign, bringing ''jingi-kan'' to an end.

The goals of the Great Teaching campaign was deemed too ambiguous or too general to be able to be formed into practice, making it difficult for ''jingi-shō'' to provide a theoretical and spiritual content to be spread among the public. In addition to that, ''jingi-shō'' also lacked staffs to oversee their two major functions, Shintō affairs and propaganda. Because of these two reasons, ''jingi-shō'' was abandoned and dissolved, and the Meiji administration established Ministry of Religious Education (教部省, ''kyōbushō''), also known as Ministry of Doctrine.

See also

* ''Engishiki'', volume 1-10
* State Shinto

Notes

External links

*Kokugakuin University, ''Encyclopedia of Shinto,'
"Concepts of Emperor and State" (''Jingi-kan'')

Former government ministries of Japan
8th-century establishments in Japan
History of Shinto
State Shinto

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