Nièvre
Nièvre () is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, central-east France. Named after the river Nièvre, it had a population of 204,452 in 2019.Douelle, Lot) was a French
civil servant
The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil servants hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leaders ...
,
economist
An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics.
The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...
,
professor
Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professo ...
and
public intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for the normative problems of society. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or ...
. He coined the expression ''
Trente Glorieuses
''Les Trente Glorieuses'' (; 'The Glorious Thirty') was a thirty-year period of economic growth in France between 1945 and 1975, following the end of the Second World War. The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié, who ...
'' ("the glorious thirty
ears
An ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists o ...
) to describe the period of prosperity that France experienced from the end of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
until the
1973 oil crisis
The 1973 oil crisis or first oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), led by Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations that had su ...
.
Biography
Jean Fourastié received his elementary and secondary education at the
private
Private or privates may refer to:
Music
* " In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation''
* Private (band), a Denmark-based band
* "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private'', written and also recorde ...
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
College of Juilly
The College of Juilly (French: ''Collège de Juilly'') was a Catholic private teaching establishment located in the commune of Juilly, in Seine-et-Marne (France). Directed by the French Oratorians, it was created in 1638 by the congregationis ...
from 1914 to 1925. Then in Paris, he boarded at École Massillon and enrolled in
classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles
The ''classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles'' (CPGE) (English: Higher School Preparatory Classes), commonly called ''classes prépas'' or ''prépas'', are part of the French post-secondary education system. They consist of two years of stud ...
at
Lycée Saint-Louis
The lycée Saint-Louis is a highly selective post-secondary school located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, in the Latin Quarter. It is the only public French lycée exclusively dedicated to providing '' classes préparatoires aux grandes ...
. He was admitted into
École Centrale Paris
École Centrale Paris (ECP; also known as École Centrale or Centrale) was a French grande école in engineering and science. It was also known by its official name ''École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures''. In 2015, École Centrale Paris mer ...
, from which he graduated in 1930, but was not attracted by an engineering career. Instead, he pursued studies at École Libre des Sciences Politiques where his professors included Charles Rist and . He received a law degree in 1933, followed by
doctor of law
A Doctor of Law is a degree in law. The application of the term varies from country to country and includes degrees such as the Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D), Juris Doctor (J.D.), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), and Legum Doctor (LL ...
In 1937 with a thesis on insurance supervision.
In 1932, Fourastié successfully passed the examination to become an insurance supervisor for the French state (french: commissaire-contrôleur des compagnies d'assurances). He stayed two years at the , a low-level bureaucratic position, and in 1934 joined the , then part of the French Labor Ministry. He was instrumental in the adoption on of a mandatory accounting framework for insurance companies, France's first-ever attempt at accounting standard-setting. He would stay in the
civil service
The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil servants hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leaders ...
until 1951.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, Fourastié kept working for the state under
Vichy France
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its t ...
insurance
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge ...
at the
Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger ins ...
(CNAM), replacing his ministry colleague Maxime Malinski who was Jewish and thus had been victim of the 1940 Vichy anti-Jewish legislation. Fourastié's course met instant success with CNAM students. He also taught general accounting at École Libre des Sciences Politiques between 1941 and 1943. In early 1942 he briefly served in the (private office) of Vichy Finance Minister
Yves Bouthillier
Yves Bouthillier (26 February 1901 – 4 January 1977) was a French politician. He served as the French Minister of Finance from 1940 to 1942.
Early life
Bouthillier was born in Saint-Martin-de-Ré to Mathilde Bouju and Louis Bouthillier, a merc ...
. In 1941 and 1943, he participated in the committee chaired by Auguste Detœuf that created France's General Accounting Framework (french: Plan Comptable Général), itself largely modeled on the German accounting framework of 1937 championed by
Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; ; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader and convicted war criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1 ...
. In September-October 1944, the ad hoc body that investigated acts of collaboration (french: commission d’épuration du ministère des Finances) cleared Fourastié of any charges, following a process in which Malinski defended Fourastié's innocence.
Fourastié then taught at the newly created
École nationale d'administration
The École nationale d'administration (generally referred to as ENA, en, National School of Administration) was a French ''grande école'', created in 1945 by President Charles de Gaulle and principal author of the 1958 Constitution Michel Deb ...
and played an enhanced role in the renewed committee chaired from 1946 by Robert Lacoste. In 1945,
Jean Monnet
Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (; 9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French civil servant, entrepreneur, diplomat, financier, administrator, and political visionary. An influential supporter of European unity, he is considered one of the ...
hired him to serve as an economic advisor on the
Commissariat général du Plan
The General Planning Commission (''Commissariat général du Plan'') was an advisory body reporting to the government of France. It was established by the Chairman of the French Provisional Government, Charles de Gaulle, on 3 January 1946.
The ...
, serving the country's economic reconstruction under the direct authority of the
Prime Minister of France
The prime minister of France (french: link=no, Premier ministre français), officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
The prime minister i ...
. He served four terms as president of the workforce modernization commission, and in 1961 he was chosen as a member of the "1985 working group" of the ''Commissariat.''
In 1948, Fourastié became vice president of the scientific and technical committee of the European Economic Cooperation Organization (predecessor of the
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate ...
). From 1954 to 1957, he led the
European Coal and Steel Community
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a European organization created after World War II to regulate the coal and steel industries. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemb ...
's study group on the conditions and effects of technical progress in the
steel industry
Steel is an alloy made up of iron with added carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant t ...
. In 1957 he was appointed as a
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoni ...
expert for the Mexican government and to the economic commission for
Latin America
Latin America or
* french: Amérique Latine, link=no
* ht, Amerik Latin, link=no
* pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived ...
chair
A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. They may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in vari ...
of Economics and Industrial Statistics at CNAM.
In 1966, Fourastié became a columnist for the daily newspaper ''
Le Figaro
''Le Figaro'' () is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826. It is headquartered on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. The oldest national newspaper in France, ''Le Figaro'' is one of three French newspapers of r ...
''. Until 1968 he presented the monthly program "Quart d'heure" ("quarter hour") on French state television.
In 1968, he was elected to the
Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosop ...
, and became its president in 1978. In 1981, he was named president of the central administrative commission of the
Institut de France
The (; ) is a French learned society, grouping five , including the Académie Française. It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institut ...
.
Publications
* ''Le Contrôle de l'État sur les sociétés d'assurances''. Paris, Faculté de Droit, 1937, 275 p.
* ''Le Nouveau Régime juridique et technique de l'assurance en France''. Paris, L'Argus, 1941, 282 p.
* ''La Comptabilité''. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1943, 128 p. Coll. Que sais-je? ()
* '. Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1944, 271 p.
* ''L'Économie française dans le monde'', avec la collaboratioun de Henri Montet. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1945, 136 p., Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 191
* ''Les Assurances au point de vue économique et social''. Paris, Payot, 1946, 132 p. (Bibliothèque économique).
* ''Esquisse d'une théorie générale de l'évolution économique contemporaine'', Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1947, 32 p.
* ''Note sur la philosophie des sciences'', Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1948, 36 p.
* ''Le Grand Espoir du XXe siècle. Progrès technique, progrès économique, progrès social''. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1949, 224 p. - Réed 1989 collection Tel Gallimard
* ''La Civilisation de 1960''. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1947. 120 p. (Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 279). Ed. remaniée en 1953 sous le titre : La Civilisation de 1975, en 1974, sous le titre : La Civilisation de 1995 et en 1982 sous le titre : La Civilisation de 2001. 11e éd. : 1982.
* ''Le progrès technique et l'évolution économique'', Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris'', Paris, les cours de Droit (deux fascicules), 1951-52, 249 p.
* ''Machinisme et bien-être''. Paris, Ed. de Minuit, 1951, 256 p. (Coll. l'Homme et la machine, dirigée par Georges Friedmann, n° 1), translated in English : ''The causes of wealth'', The Free Press of Glencoe, Illinois, 1960.
* ''La Productivité'' Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1952, 120 p. (Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 557). (11e éd. : 1987) ()
* ''La prévision économique et la direction des entreprises''. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1955, 152 p.
* ''Productivity, prices et wages'', Paris, O.E.C.E., 1957, 115 p.
* ''Pourquoi nous travaillons''. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1959, 128 p. (Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 818). (8e éd. : 1984). (Traduit en espagnol, japonais, allemand, portugais, grec) ().
* ''La Grande Métamorphose du XXe siècle''. Essais sur quelques problèmes de l'humanité d'aujourd'hui. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1961, 224 p.
* ''La Planification économique en France'', avec la collaboration de Jean-Paul Courthéoux. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1963, 208 p. (Coll. L'organisateur)
* ''Les Conditions de l'esprit scientifique''. Paris, Gallimard, 1966, 256 p. (Coll. Idées n° 96).
* ''Les 40 000 heures''. Paris, Gonthier-Laffont, 1965. 247 p. (Coll. Inventaire de l'avenir n°1).
* ''Essais de morale prospective. Paris, Gonthier ; 1966, 200 p.
* ''Lettre ouverte à quatre milliards d'hommes''. Paris, A. Michel, 1970, 167 p. (Coll. Lettre ouverte)
* ''Prévision, futurologie, prospective'', Cours de l'Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris. 1973-74. Paris, Les cours de droit, 1974, 113 p. (ronéoté).
* '' L'Église a-t-elle trahi ?'' Dialogue entre Jean Fourastié et René Laurentin. Paris, Beauchesne, 1974, 192 p.
* ''Pouvoir d'achat, prix et salaires'', avec la collaboration de Jacqueline Fourastié. Paris, Gallimard, 1977, 223 p. (Coll. Idées n° 374).
* ''La réalité économique. Vers la révision des idées dominantes en France'', avec la collaboration de Jacqueline Fourastié, Paris, R. Laffont, 1978, 365 p. (Réédité en 1986, Paris, Hachette, 423 p. Coll. Pluriel n° 8488) .
* ''Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975'', Paris, Fayard, 1979, 300 p. (Rééd Hachette Pluriel n° 8363) ().
* ''Ce que je crois'', Paris, Grasset, 1981.
* ''Le Rire, suite'', Paris, Denoël-Gonthier, 1983
* ''Pourquoi les prix baissent'', avec la collaboration de Béatrice Bazil, Paris, Hachette, 1984, 320 p. (Coll. Pluriel n° 8390).fourastie-sauvy.org bibliographie fourastie /ref>
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