Ivan Yakovych Franko (

Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...

: Іван Якович Франко, pronounced ˈwɑn ˈjɑkowɪtʃ frɐnˈkɔ 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and

literary critic Literary criticism (or literary studies) is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of literature's goals and methods. ...

, journalist, interpreter, economist, political activist,

doctor of philosophy A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is ...

, ethnographer, and the author of the first detective

novel A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, typically written in prose and published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself ...

s and modern poetry in the

Ukrainian language Ukrainian ( uk, украї́нська мо́ва, translit=ukrainska mova, label=native name, ) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family. It is the native language of about 40 million people and the official state lan ...

. He was a political radical, and a founder of the

socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the ...

and

nationalist Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Th ...

movement in western

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...

. In addition to his own literary work, he also translated the works of such renowned figures as

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

Lord Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English romantic poet and peer. He was one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, and has been regarded as among the ...

, Pedro Calderón de la Barca,

Dante Alighieri Dante Alighieri (; – 14 September 1321), probably baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and often referred to as Dante (, ), was an Italian poet, writer and philosopher. His '' Divine Comedy'', originally called (modern Italian: ...

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...

, Adam Mickiewicz,

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as t ...

and

Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, and philosopher. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friendsh ...

into Ukrainian. His translations appeared on the stage of the Ruska Besida Theatre. Along with

Taras Shevchenko Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko ( uk, Тарас Григорович Шевченко , pronounced without the middle name; – ), also known as Kobzar Taras, or simply Kobzar (a kobzar is a bard in Ukrainian culture), was a Ukrainian poet, wr ...

, he has had a tremendous impact on modern literary and political thought in Ukraine.

Life

Franko was born in the Ukrainian village of Nahuievychi located then in the

Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...

'' kronland'' of

Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...

, today part of Drohobych Raion,

Lviv Oblast Lviv Oblast ( uk, Льві́вська о́бласть, translit=Lvivska oblast, ), also referred to as Lvivshchyna ( uk, Льві́вщина, ), ). The name of each oblast is a relational adjective—in English translating to a noun adjunct w ...

. As a child, he was baptized as Ivan by Father Yosyp Levytsky, known as a poet and the author of the first Galician-Ruthenian , and who was later exiled to Nahuyevychi for a "sharp tongue". At home, however, Ivan was called Myron because of a local superstitious belief that naming a person by a different name will dodge a death. Franko's family in Nahuyevychi was considered "well-to-do", with their own servants and of their own property. Franko senior was reportedly to be a Ukrainianized German colonist, or at least Ivan Franko himself believed. That statement is also supported by Timothy Snyder who describes Yakiv Franko as a village blacksmith of

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...

descent. Snyder however stated that Ivan Franko's mother was of Polish petty noble origin, while more detailed sources state that she came from an impoverished Ukrainian noble background, from the well-known Ukrainian noble family KulchytskyYaroslav Hrytsak. (2006)
Ivan Franko - Peasant son?
Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність vol. 15 and was remotely related to Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny. According to

Yaroslav Hrytsak Yaroslav Hrytsak ( ua, Ярослав Грицак; born 1 January 1960) is a Ukrainian historian, Doctor of Historical Sciences and professor of the Ukrainian Catholic University. Director of the Institute for Historical Studies of Ivan Franko ...

, Ivan Franko was of mixed German, Polish and Ukrainian ancestry. Ivan Franko attended school in the village Yasenytsia Sylna from 1862 until 1864, and from there attended the Basilian monastic school in

Drohobych Drohobych ( uk, Дрого́бич, ; pl, Drohobycz; yi, דראָהאָביטש;) is a city of regional significance in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Drohobych Raion and hosts the administration of Drohobych urban h ...

until 1867. His father died before Ivan was able to graduate from the gymnasium ( realschule), but his stepfather supported Ivan in continuing his education. Soon, however, Franko found himself completely without parents after his mother died as well and later the young Ivan stayed with totally unrelated people. In 1875, he graduated from the Drohobych Realschule, and continued on to Lviv University, where he studied classical philosophy,

and

literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...

. It was at this university that Franko began his literary career, with various works of poetry and his novel ''Petriï i Dovbushchuky'' published by the students' magazine ''Druh'' (''Friend''), whose editorial board he would later join. A meeting with Mykhailo Drahomanov at Lviv University made a huge impression on Ivan Franko. It later developed into a long political and literary association. Franko's own socialist writings and his association with Drahomanov led to his arrest in 1877, along with Mykhailo Pavlyk and Ostap Terletsky, among others. They were accused of belonging to a secret socialist organization, which did not in fact exist. However, the nine months in prison did not discourage his political writing or activities. In prison, Franko wrote the satire ''Smorhonska Akademiya'' (''The Smorhon Academy''). After release, he studied the works of

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

and

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
'' Praca'' (''Labor'') and helped organize workers' groups in

Lviv Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...

. In 1878 Franko and Pavlyk founded the magazine '' Hromads'kyi Druh'' ("Public Friend"). Only two issues were published before it was banned by the government; however, the journal was reborn under the names ''Dzvin'' (''Bell'') and ''Molot'' (''Mallet''). Franko published a series of books called ''Dribna Biblioteka'' ("Petty Library") from 1878 until his second arrest for arousing the peasants to civil disobedience in 1880. After three months in the

Kolomyia Kolomyia, formerly known as Kolomea ( ua, Коломия, Kolomyja, ; pl, Kołomyja; german: Kolomea; ro, Colomeea; yi, ), is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( province), in western Ukraine. It serves as the ad ...

prison, the writer returned to Lviv. His impressions of this exile are reflected in his novel '' Na Dni'' (''At the Bottom''). Upon his release, Franko was kept under police surveillance. At odds with the administration, Franko was expelled from Lviv University, an institution that would be renamed Ivan Franko National University of Lviv after the writer's death. Franko was an active contributor to the journal ''Svit'' (''The World'') in 1881. He wrote more than half of the material, excluding the unsigned editorials. Later that year, Franko moved to his native Nahuievychi, where he wrote the novel ''Zakhar Berkut'', translated

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

's ''

Faust Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend based on the historical Johann Georg Faust ( 1480–1540). The erudite Faust is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil at a crossroa ...

'' and Heine's poem ''Deutschland: ein Wintermärchen'' into Ukrainian. He also wrote a series of articles on

, and reviewed the collection ''Khutorna Poeziya'' ('' Khutir Poetry'') by

Panteleimon Kulish Panteleimon Oleksandrovych Kulish (also spelled ''Panteleymon'' or ''Pantelejmon Kuliš'', uk, Пантелеймон Олександрович Куліш, August 7, 1819 – February 14, 1897) was a Ukrainian writer, critic, poet, folkloris ...

. Franko worked for the journal ''Zorya'' (''Sunrise''), and became a member of the editing board of the newspaper ''Dilo'' (''Action'') a year later. Olha and Ivan Franko

Franko married Olha Khoruzhynska from

Kyiv Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Ky ...

in May 1886, to whom he dedicated the collection ''Z vershyn i nyzyn'' (''From Tops and Bottoms''), a book of poetry and verse. The couple for some time lived in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

, where Ivano Franko met with such people as

Theodor Herzl Theodor Herzl; hu, Herzl Tivadar; Hebrew name given at his brit milah: Binyamin Ze'ev (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish lawyer, journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern po ...

and

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš () is a Czech and Slovak given name, equivalent to the name Thomas. It may refer to: * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937), first President of Czechoslovakia * Tomáš Baťa (1876–1932), Czech footwear entrepreneur * Tomáš Berdy ...

. His wife was to later suffer from a debilitating mental illness due to the death of the first-born son, Andrey, one of the reasons that Franko would not leave Lviv for treatment in

in 1916, shortly before his death. In 1888, Franko was a contributor to the journal ''Pravda'', which, along with his association with compatriots from Dnieper Ukraine, led to a third arrest in 1889. After this two-month prison term, he co-founded the Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party with Mykhailo Drahomanov and Mykhailo Pavlyk. Franko was the Radical party's candidate for seats in the

parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...

of Austria and the Galicia Diet, but never won an election. In 1891, Franko attended the Franz-Josephs-Universität Czernowitz (where he prepared a dissertation on Ivan Vyshensky), and then attended

Vienna University The University of Vienna (german: Universität Wien) is a public research university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich histor ...

to defend a doctoral dissertation on the spiritual romance '' Barlaam and Josaphat'' under the supervision of

Vatroslav Jagić Vatroslav Jagić (; July 6, 1838 – August 5, 1923) was a Croatian scholar of Slavic studies in the second half of the 19th century. Life Jagić was born in Varaždin (then known by its German name of ''Warasdin''), where he attended the el ...

, who was considered the foremost expert of

Slavic languages The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the ...

at the time. Franko received his doctorate of philosophy from

University of Vienna The University of Vienna (german: Universität Wien) is a public research university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich hi ...

on July 1, 1893. He was appointed lecturer in the history of Ukrainian literature at Lviv University in 1894; however, he was not able to chair the Department of Ukrainian literature there because of opposition from

Vicegerent Vicegerent is the official administrative deputy of a ruler or head of state: ''vice'' (Latin for "in place of") and ''gerere'' (Latin for "to carry on, conduct"). In Oxford colleges, a vicegerent is often someone appointed by the Master of a ...

Kazimierz Badeni Count Kasimir Felix Badeni (German: ''Kasimir Felix Graf von Badeni'', Polish: ''Kazimierz Feliks hrabia Badeni''; 14 October 1846 – 9 July 1909), a member of the Polish noble House of Badeni, was an Austrian statesman, who served as Minister- ...

and Galician conservative circles. One of Franko's articles, ''Sotsiializm i sotsiial-demokratyzm'' (''Socialism and Social Democracy''), a severe criticism of Ukrainian Social Democracy and the socialism of

Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

and Engels, was published in 1898 in the journal ''Zhytie i Slovo'', which he and his wife founded. He continued his anti-

Marxist Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialecti ...

stance in a collection of poetry entitled ''Mii smarahd'' (''My Emerald'') in 1898, where he called Marxism "a religion founded on dogmas of hatred and class struggle". His long-time collaborative association with Mykhailo Drahomanov was strained due to their diverging views on socialism and the national question. Franko would later accuse Drahomanov of tying Ukraine's fate to that of

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

in ''Suspil'nopolitychni pohliady M. Drahomanova'' (''The Sociopolitical Views of M. Drahomanov''), published in 1906. After a split in the Radical Party, in 1899, Franko, together with the Lviv historian

Mykhailo Hrushevsky Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky ( uk, Михайло Сергійович Грушевський, Chełm, – Kislovodsk, 24 November 1934) was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figure ...

, founded the National Democratic Party, where he worked until 1904 when he retired from political life. In 1902, students and activists in Lviv embarrassed that Franko was living in poverty, purchased a house for him in the city. He lived there for the remaining 14 years of his life. The house is now the site of the Ivan Franko Museum. Headstone_of_Ivan_Franko,_Lychakiv_cemetery

Headstone_of_Ivan_Franko,_Lychakiv_cemetery

In 1904 Franko took part in an ethnographic expedition in the Boyko areas with Filaret Kolesa, Fedir Vovk, and a Russian ethnographer. 1914 saw publication of his jubilee collection, ''Pryvit Ivanovi Frankovi'' (''Greeting Ivan Franko''), and of his collection ''Iz lit moyeyi molodosti'' (''From the Years of My Youth''). In the last nine years of his life, Franko seldom physically wrote, as he suffered from

rheumatism Rheumatism or rheumatic disorders are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. Rheumatism does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different conditions, including ar ...

which eventually paralyzed his right arm. He was assisted as

amanuensis An amanuensis () is a person employed to write or type what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another, and also refers to a person who signs a document on behalf of another under the latter's authority. In one example Eric Fenby ...

by his sons, particularly Andrey. In 1916, Josef Zastyretz and Harald Hjärne proposed Franko for the 1916

Nobel Prize in Literature ) , image = Nobel Prize.png , caption = , awarded_for = Outstanding contributions in literature , presenter = Swedish Academy , holder = Annie Ernaux (2022) , location = Stockholm, Sweden , year = 1901 , ...

, but he died before the nomination materialized.

Death

Franko died in poverty at 4 pm on 28 May 1916. Those who came to pay their respects saw him lying on the table covered with nothing but a ragged sheet. His burial and burial clothes were paid for by his admirers, and none of his family came to visit him. Franko was buried at the

Lychakivskiy Cemetery Lychakiv Cemetery ( uk, Личаківський цвинтар, translit=Lychakivs’kyi tsvyntar; pl, Cmentarz Łyczakowski we Lwowie), officially State History and Culture Museum-Preserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" ( uk, Державний істор ...

in Lviv. Soon after Franko's death, the world witnessed the creation of two Ukrainian republics.

Family

Wife

Olha Fedorivna Khoruzhynska (m. 1886-1941), a graduate of the Institute of Noble Dames in

Kharkiv Kharkiv ( uk, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest city and municipality in Ukraine.

and later the two-year higher courses in

, she knew several languages and played piano, died in 1941 Ivan franko by trush

Children

* Andriy Franko (1887 - 1913) - died at 27 from heart failure. * Petro Franko (1890–1941), an engineer-chemist, a veteran of

Ukrainian Sich Riflemen Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (german: Ukrainische Sitschower Schützen; uk, Українські cічові стрільці (УСС), translit=Ukraïnski sichovi stril’tsi (USS)) was a Ukrainian unit within the Austro-Hungarian Army d ...

, founder of the Ukrainian Air Force, a Ukrainian politician, a people's deputy in the

Verkhovna Rada The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ( uk, Верхо́вна Ра́да Украї́ни, translit=, Verkhovna Rada Ukrainy, translation=Supreme Council of Ukraine, Ukrainian abbreviation ''ВРУ''), often simply Verkhovna Rada or just Rada, is the ...

** Petro Franko had two daughters who after marrying changed their names * Taras Franko (1889 - 1971), a veteran of

** Roland Franko (1931-2021), a Ukrainian politician, diplomat, a graduate of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, by his efforts in 1996 the United Kingdom freely transferred its Antarctic station Faraday to Ukraine later renamed into Academician Vernadsky ** Zenovia Franko (1925-1991), a Ukrainian philologist and an outstanding person of the Ukrainian nationalist movement in the times of the Soviet Union had sons ** Daryna Franko * Hanna Klyuchko (Franko) (1892 - 1988), a Ukrainian writer, publicist, memoirist

Children in law

* Olha Franko, wife of Petro (above) According to Roland Franko, his grandfather was tall, had a red hair, always wore mustache and the Ukrainian embroidered shirt (

vyshyvanka Vyshyvanka ( uk, вишива́нка or ; be, вышыванка, vyšyvánka) is a casual name for the embroidered shirt in Ukrainian and Belarusian national costumes. Ukrainian vyshyvanka is distinguished by local embroidery features spe ...

) even with a dress-coat. Some of Franko's descendants emigrated to the US and Canada. His grand-nephew, Yuri Shymko, is a Canadian politician and human rights activist living in Toronto, who was elected to Canada's Parliament as well as the Ontario Legislature during the 1980s.

Literary works

''Lesyshyna Cheliad'' and ''Dva Pryiateli'' (''Two Friends'') were published in the literary almanac ''Dnistrianka'' in 1876. Later that year he wrote his first collection of poetry, ''Ballads and Tales''. His first of the stories in the ''Boryslav'' series was published in 1877. Franko depicted the harsh experience of Ukrainian workers and peasants in his novels ''Boryslav Laughs'' (1881–1882) and ''Boa Constrictor'' (1878). His works deal with

Ukrainian nationalism Ukrainian nationalism refers to the promotion of the unity of Ukrainians as a people and it also refers to the promotion of the identity of Ukraine as a nation state. The nation building that arose as nationalism grew following the French ...

and history (''Zakhar Berkut'', 1883), social issues (''Basis of Society'', 1895 and ''Withered Leaves'', 1896), and philosophy (''Semper Tiro'', 1906). He has drawn parallels to the Israelite search for a homeland and the Ukrainian desire for independence in ''In Death of Cain'' (1889) and ''Moses'' (1905). ''Stolen Happiness'' (1893) is considered as his best dramatic masterpiece. In total, Franko has written more than 1,000 works. He was widely promoted in Ukraine during the Soviet period, particularly for his poem " Kameniari" (groundbreakers) which contains revolutionary political ideas, hence earning him the name ''Kameniar'' (groundbreaker).

Works translated into English

English translations of Ivan Franko's works include: * "What is Progress"; * "How a Ruthenian Busied Himself in the Other World", "How Yura Shykmanyuk Forded the Cheremosh", "A Thorn in His Foot" and "As in a Dream"; * "Mykytych's Oak Tree, The Gypsies", "It's His Own Fault" and "The Forest Nymph"; * "Hryts and the Young Lord", "The Cutthroats", "The Involuntary Hero" and "The Raging Tempest"; * "Unknown Waters" and "Lel and Polel"; * "Fateful Crossroads"; * "For the Home Hearth" and "Pillars of Society"; * "From the Notes of a Patient", "The High Life" and "The Postal Clerk"; * "Amidst the Just", "Fatherland", "The Jay's Wing" and "William Tell". * "Zakhar Berkut".

Legacy

In 1962 the city of Stanyslaviv in western Ukraine ( formerly Stanisławów, Poland) was renamed

Ivano-Frankivsk Ivano-Frankivsk ( uk, Іва́но-Франкі́вськ, translit=Iváno-Frankívśk ), formerly Stanyslaviv ( pl, Stanisławów ; german: Stanislau), is a city located in Western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Ivano-Frankivsk Ob ...

in the poet's honor. As of November 2018 on the Ukrainian-controlled part of Ukraine there were 552 streets named after Ivan Franko.https://texty.org.ua/d/2018/streets НА ЧИЮ ЧЕСТЬ НАЗВАНІ ВУЛИЦІ УКРАЇНИ? Texty.org.ua, 6 November 2018 He is also associated with the name Kameniar for his famous poem, "Kameniari" ("The Rock Breakers"), especially during the time of the Soviet regime. Although he was a

, his political views mostly did not correspond to Soviet ideology. On 8 April 1978, the astronomer

Nikolai Chernykh Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh (russian: Никола́й Степа́нович Черны́х) (6 October 1931 – 25 May 2004Казакова, Р.К. Памяти Николая Степановича Черных'. Труды Государст ...

named an

asteroid An asteroid is a minor planet of the inner Solar System. Sizes and shapes of asteroids vary significantly, ranging from 1-meter rocks to a dwarf planet almost 1000 km in diameter; they are rocky, metallic or icy bodies with no atmosphere. ...

in honor of Franko by way of this name, 2428 Kamenyar. In the Americas, Ivan Franko's legacy is alive to this day. Cyril Genik, the best man at Franko's wedding, emigrated to Canada. Genik became the first Ukrainian to be employed by the Canadian government – working as an immigration agent. With his cousin Ivan Bodrug, and Bodrug's friend Ivan Negrich, the three were known as the Березівѕка Трійця (the Bereziv Triumvirate) in Winnipeg. Imbued by Franko's nationalism and liberalism, Genik and his Triumvirate had no compunction about bringing Bishop Seraphim to Winnipeg in 1903 – a renegade Russian monk, consecrated a bishop on Mount Athos – to free the Ukrainians of all the religious and political groups in Canada who were wrangling to assimilate them. Within two years, the charismatic

Seraphim A seraph (, "burning one"; plural seraphim ) is a type of celestial or heavenly being originating in Ancient Judaism. The term plays a role in subsequent Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Tradition places seraphim in the highest rank in Christ ...

built the notorious Tin Can Cathedral in Winnipeg's North-End, which claimed nearly 60,000 adherents. Today, the bust of Ivan Franko, which stands triumphantly on a pillar in the courtyard of the Ivan Franko Manor on McGregor St. in Winnipeg, looks fondly across the street. Two churches stood here, the first (this building has since been demolished) that Seraphim blessed and opened for service upon his arrival, before building his Cathedral. The second was the Independent Greek Church (this building is still intact) of which Ivan Bodrug became the head after Seraphim was removed. Franko's consciousness had been bold, and on the level playing ground of the new world, it served Ukrainians in Canada to find their own identity as Ukrainian-Canadians. In 2019 a Ukrainian-American historical action film '' The Rising Hawk'' with budget $5 million was released. It is based on the historical fiction book ''Zakhar Berkut'' by Ivan Franko.

References

External links

Article on Ivan Franko
from the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Ivan Franko's audiobook "Biblical story about Creation of the Universe"
* *
Ivan Franko. Spirit of Revolt. Translated by J. Weir. Performed by B. Billow (audio)

Władysław Makarski, ''Iwan Franko jako onomasta'' [Ivan Franko as an Onomast]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Franko, Ivan 1857 births 1916 deaths People from Lviv Oblast People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians Ukrainian Radical Party politicians Austro-Hungarian writers Ukrainian male poets Austro-Hungarian politicians Ukrainian atheists Humanists Ukrainian democracy activists Ukrainian literary critics Ukrainian editors University of Lviv alumni Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery Chernivtsi University alumni Ukrainian writers in Polish