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A name in Italian consists of a given name (nome) and a surname (cognome). Surnames are normally written after given names. In official documents, the surname may be written before given names. In speech, the use of given name before family name is standard in an educated style, but, due to bureaucratic influence, the opposite was common (but now it's deprecated).

Italian names, with their fixed nome + cognome structure, have little to do with the ancient Roman naming conventions, which used a tripartite system of given name + gentile name + hereditary or personal name or names. E.g., the Italian nome is not analogous to the ancient Roman nomen, since the former is the given name (distinct between siblings), while the latter the gentile name (inherited, thus shared by all belonging to a gens). Female name giving tradition and name changing rules after adoption for both sexes also differ between Roman antiquity and modern Italian use. Moreover, the low number and steady decline of importance and variety of Roman praenomina is in stark contrast with the current number of Italian given names.[1][2]

Given names

Many Italian male given names :

  • end in -o for example : Alberto, Alessio, Alessandro, Angelo, Anselmo, Antonio, Bruno, Bernardo, Carlo, Cristiano, Claudio, Dario, Diego, Enrico, Enzo, Eugenio, Ezio, Fabrizio , Filippo, Federico, Francesco, Franco, Fulvio, Gaetano, Gennaro, Giorgio, Giuliano, Gregorio, Lorenzo, Marco, Mario, Martino, Massimo, Matteo, Maurizio, Mauro, Nevio, Norberto, Ottaviano, Paolo, Pietro, Riccardo, Roberto, Silvio, Stefano, Tommaso, Umberto, Valentino, Vittorio, etc.
  • Beside that can also end in -e (for example Achille, Aimone, Alceste, Alcide, Amilcare, Amintore, Annibale, Aristotele, Astore, Baldassarre, Beppe, Carmine, Cesare, Clemente, Daniele, Dante, Davide, Emanuele, Ercole, Ettore, Felice, Gabriele, Gaspare, Gastone, Gentile, Giacobbe, Giosuè, Giuseppe, Leone, Melchiorre, Michele, Oddone, Ottone, Pasquale, Raffaele, Salomone, Salvatore, Samuele, Sante, Scipione, Simone, Ulisse, Vitale, Vittore), etc.
  • end in -i (for example Dionigi, Gianni, Giovanni, Luigi, Nanni, Ranieri). etc.

And in -a (for example Andrea, Battista, Elia, Enea, Evangelista, Luca, Mattia or Nicola). Some names, usually of foreign origin (or foreign variant of existing Italian names), end with a consonant, such as Christian/Cristian (cfr Cristiano), Igor, Ivan (cfr Ivano or Giovanni), Loris, Oscar and Walter/Valter (cfr Gualtiero).

Female names :

  • Commonly end in -a : Adriana, Angela, Arianna, Avellina', 'Aurora Berta, Bettina, Carla, Corinna, Cristiana, Diana, Elena, Elisa, Eugenia, Fabrizia, Federica, Francesca, Gabriella, Gianna, Giovanna, Giuliana, Ilaria, Isabella, Lavinia, Loredana, Lucia, Lucrezia, Luisa, Maddalena, Maria, Martina, Massima, Olivia, Ornella, Paola, Patrizia, Piera, Roberta, Simona, Silvia, Sofia, Sonia, Stella, Teresa, Vittoria, Viviana, Zarina, Zita, etc.
  • Can also end in -e, as is the case with Adelaide, Adele, Agnese, Alice, Beatrice, Berenice, Geltrude, Irene, Matilde, Rachele and Venere for example.
  • End in -i (for example Noemi), or even with a consonant (usually of foreign origin, such as Nives, Ester).

A few names end with an accented vowel, for instance Niccolò and Giosuè.

Almost every base name can have a diminutive form ending with -ino/-ina or -etto/etta as in Paolino/Paoletto and Paolina/Paoletta from Paolo and Paola, -ello/-ella, as in Donatello/Donatella from Donato and Donata, or -uccio/-uccia, as in Guiduccio from Guido. The forms -uzzo/-uzza, as in Santuzza from Santa, are typical of Sicilian language.

The most common names are:[3][4]

Since the ancient Romans had a very limited stock of given names (praenomina), very few modern Italian given names (nomi) are derived directly from the classical ones. A rare example would be Marco (from Marcus).

Some nomi were taken from classical clan names (nomina)—for their meanings or because they are euphonic, such as Emilio/Emilia (from Aemilius), Valerio/Valeria (from Valerius), Claudio/Claudia (from Claudius), Orazio (from Horatius), Fabio (from the cognomen Fabius), Flavio/Flavia (from Flavius) and Fulvio from Fulvius.

When combined with a second given name, Giovanni and Pietro are commonly contracted to Gian– and Pier–, as in Gianfranco, Gianluca, Gianluigi, Gianmaria, Giampaolo (Gianpaolo), Giampiero (Gianpiero), Pierangelo, Pierantonio, Pierfranco, Pierluigi, Piermaria, Pierpaolo, and so on.

Italian unisex names are very rare (e.g. Celeste), but the feminine name Maria is common as a masculine second name, as in Gianmaria, Carlo Maria, Anton Maria etc.

Surnames

Italy and Italians have the largest collection of surnames (cognomi) of any ethnicity in the world, with over 350,000.[5][6] Men—except slaves—in ancient Rome always had hereditary surnames, i.e., nomen (clan name) and cognomen (side-clan name). However, the multi-name tradition was lost by the Middle Ages. Outside the aristocracy, where surnames were often patronymic or those of manors or fiefs, most Italians began to assume hereditary surnames around 1450.

Registration of baptisms and marriages became mandatory in parishes after the Council of Trento in 1564.[7]

Suffixes

A large number of Italian surnames end in i, due to the medieval Italian habit of identifying families by the name of the ancestors in the plural (which have an -i suffix in Italian). For instance, Filippo from the Ormanno family (gli Ormanni) would be called "signor Filippo degli Ormanni" ("Mr. Filippo of the Ormannos"). In time, the middle possessive portion ("of the") was dropped, but surnames became permanently pluralized and never referred to in the singular, even for a single person. Filippo Ormanno would therefore be known as Filippo Ormanni.[8] Some families, however, opted to retain the possessive portion of their surnames, for instance Lorenzo de' Medici literally means "Lorenzo of the Medici" (de' is a contraction of dei, also meaning "of the"; c.f. The Medicis).

Some common suffixes indicate endearment (which may also become pluralized and receive an -i ending), for example:

  • -ello/illo/etto/ino (diminutive "little"), e.g., Bernardello, Iannuccillo, Bortoletto, Bernardino, Ravellino, Verdino
  • -one/ne (augmentative "big"), e.g., Mangione, Bellone, Capone, Pastene, Mantone, Vallone
  • -accio/azzo/asso (pejorative[9]), e.g., Boccaccio, Terrazzo, Varasso

Other endings are characteristic of certain regions:[5]

  • Veneto: -asso, -ato/ati, and consonants (l, n, r); -on: Bissacco, Zoccarato, Cavinato, Brombal, Meneghin, Perin, Vazzoler, Peron, Francescon, Zanon, Fanton, Pizzati
  • Sicily: -aro, -isi and "osso": Cavallaro, Cherisi, Rosi, Rosso (Sicily, Piedmont and Veneto)
  • Lombardy and Piemont: -ago/ghi (of Celtic derivation), -engo/enghi (of Germanic derivation): Salmoiraghi, Ornaghi, Vernengo, Martinengo, Giordanengo, Lambertenghi
  • Lombardy: -ate/ati/atti: Lunati, Bonatti, Moratti, Orsatti
  • Piedmont: -ero, -audi, -asco,-zzi, -anti, -ini: Ferrero, Rambaudi, Comaco, Bonazzi, Santi, Baldovini
  • Friuli: -otti/utti and -t: Bortolotti, Pascutti, Codutti, Rigonat, Ret
  • Tuscany: -ai and -aci/ecci/ucci: Bollai, Balducci, Martaci
  • Sardinia: -u, -as and -is: Pusceddu, Piccinnu, Schirru, Marras, Argiolas, Floris, Melis, Abis
  • Calabria: -ace: Storace
  • Campania: -iello: Borriello, Carniello, Davaniello, Manganiello
  • Abruzzo: -us, -is and -iis that stem from traditional Latin names: Fidelibus, De Sanctis, De Laurentiis[10]

Origins

As in most other European naming traditions, patronymics are common. Originally they were indicated by a possessive, e.g., Francesco de Bernardo, meaning "Francis (the son) of Bernard". De Luca ("[son] of Luke") remains one of the most common Italian surnames. However, de ("of") was often dropped and suffixes added, hence de Bernardo evolved to be Bernardo and eventually pluralized as Bernardi (see Suffixes above).

The origin or residence of the family gave rise to many surnames, e.g.,

Ancestors' occupation was also a great source of surnames.

  • Job title: Pastore ("shepherd"), Tagliabue ("ox-cutter"), Passafiume and Passalacqua ("waterman").
  • Objects (metonyms) associated with the vocation: Zappa ("hoe", farmer), Delle Fave ("of the beans", grocer), Martelli ("hammers", carpenter), Tenaglia ("pincer", smith), Farina ("flour", baker), Garitta/Garita ("garitta di vedetta"), Forni ("ovens", cook), Ferraro ("blacksmith").

Nicknames, referring to physical attributes or mannerism, also gave rise to some family names, e.g., Rossi (from rosso "redhead"), Basso ("short"), Caporaso ("shaved or bald head"), Pappalardo ("lard-eater", originally an abusive nickname for one who professed himself a devout person but ate meat and fatty dishes in forbidden times),[11] and Barbagelata ("frozen beard").

A few family names are still in the original Latin, like Santorum, De Juliis and De Laurentiis, reflecting that the family name has been preserved from Medieval Latin sources as a part of their business or household documentation or church records.

Articles

The traditional rule, and the common usage especially in Tuscany, is that, when referring to people by their surnames alone, the definite article should be used (il for most parts, lo before some consonants and consonant clusters, and l' before vowels).[8] Mario Russo, therefore, is called il Russo ("the Russo"). Nowadays, some prefer to use the article only, or chiefly, with historical surnames ("l'Ariosto", "il Manzoni", etc.)

Male given names are never preceded by an article, except in popular Northern regional usage.

However, in Tuscany and in Northern Italy females' given names are usually preceded by articles (la Maria, la Gianna), unless one is speaking of a personally unknown woman (such as Cleopatra, Maria Stuarda, with no article).[12] This is also the traditional grammar rule.

Articles are also used (more often than with men) with the surnames of women: Gianni Rossi can be called il Rossi or (especially nowadays) simply Rossi, but Maria Bianchi is usually la Bianchi (also la Maria Bianchi).

Placing the surname before the name is considered incorrect (except in bureaucratic usage), and is often stigmatized as a shibboleth of illiteracy.

Names that are derived from possessions of noble families normally never had articles preceding them such as the House of Farnese (from a territorial holding) and the Cornaro family (from a prince-bishopric). Articles were omitted for those surnames with an identifiable foreign origin (including Latin ones) such as Cicerone.[8]

This practice somewhat resembles the Greek custom of placing definite articles before all names (see Greek names). This Greco-Italian practice even spread to French in the 17th century, especially in writings regarding figures in literature and painting such as le Poussin.[8] For example, some Italian surnames of Greek sound descent: Papasidero,[11] Papadopulo.

See also

References

  1. ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd Ed. (1970)
  2. ^ Burgio, Dizionario dei nomi propri di persona ISBN 88-7938-013-3
  3. ^ Paginebianche.it Facciamo Nomi e Cognomi
  4. ^ I nomi più comuni in Italia
  5. ^ a b Il Corriere della Sera (Sept 15, 2006), L'Italia è il regno dei cognomi & La provenienza geografica dei cognomi
  6. ^ Italian Surnames: The Funny, Surprising, and Just Plain Weird
  7. ^ Italy World Club, Italian Surnames: Etymology and Origin
  8. ^ a b c d Hall, Robert A. (1941), "Definite Article + Family Name in Italian". Language 17 (1): 33–39
  9. ^ "Proposta di correzioni e aggiunte al G.D.L.I." [Proposed corrections and additions to GDLI] (in Italian). Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016. 
  10. ^ http://www.cognomix.it/cognomi-abruzzesi.php
  11. ^ a b De Felice, Emidio (1995) [1978]. Dizionario dei cognomi italiani (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. 
  12. ^ Meyer-Lübke. Grammaire des langues romanes 3 §150.

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