Isaac Hutner

Yitzchak (Isaac) Hutner ( he, יצחק הוטנר; 1906–1980) was an American Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva (dean).

Originally from Warsaw, Hutner first studied the Torah in Slabodka. He then traveled to Mandatory Palestine where he became a student of the in the Hebron Yeshiva, and narrowly escaped the 1929 Hebron massacre. After this, Hutner returned to Europe, where he befriended Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Menachem Mendel Schneerson, maintaining friendships with both long after they had all established their own institutions in the United States.

Hutner was the long-time dean of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin in Brooklyn, New York, an older institution that grew under his leadership. Hutner's pedagogic style was a blend of the Hasidic and Misnagdic elements of his own family's origins. His discourses, called ''ma'amarim'', contained elements of a Talmudic discourse, a Hasidic Tish and a philosophic lecture. Although his title was rosh yeshiva, Hutner's leadership style more closely resembled that of a rebbe who expected fealty from his followers.

In his later years, Hutner established Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok in Jerusalem, which is named after his own magnum opus. On one of his trips there, Hutner's plane was seized by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine terrorists in the Dawson's Field hijackings, which he survived.

Early life

Hutner was born in Warsaw, Poland, to a family with both Ger Hasidic and non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jewish roots. As a child he received private instruction in Torah and Talmud. As a teenager he was enrolled in the Slabodka yeshiva in Lithuania, headed by Nosson Tzvi Finkel, where he was known as the "Warsaw Illui" (Genius of Warsaw).Gerber, Alan Jay (August 5, 2015
"Ravs Kook and Hutner, zichronum livracha"
''The Jewish Star''. Retrieved October 22, 2020.

In 1925, having obtained a solid grounding in Talmud, Hutner joined a group from the Slabodka yeshiva that established the Hebron Yeshiva in Mandatory Palestine. He studied there until 1929, narrowly escaping the 1929 Hebron massacre because he was away for the weekend. Hutner then returned to Warsaw to visit his parents. He then moved to Germany, to study philosophy at the University of Berlin, where he befriended Joseph B. Soloveitchik"Joseph Soloveitchik (1903-1993)"
''Jewish Virtual Library''. Retrieved October 22, 2020. and Menachem Mendel Schneerson, two future rabbinical leaders then studying in Berlin. In 1932, he authored a book called ''Torat HaNazir''.

In 1933, Hutner married Masha Lipshitz in Kobryn. She was born in Slutsk and raised in the United States. That same year, the couple traveled to Mandatory Palestine, where they remained for about a year, and completed his research and writing of his ''Kovetz Ha'aros'' on Hillel ben Eliakim's commentary on ''midrash sifra.''

Rabbinic and teaching career

In March 1934 Hutner moved to the United States (his wife having preceded him by six months) and settled in Brooklyn, where Hutner joined the faculty of the Rabbi Jacob Joseph School. Sometime between 1935 and 1936 he was appointed office manager of the newly established high school division of the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin known as Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin.

In 1940, after receiving permission from the rosh yeshiva, Yaakov Moshe Shurkin, he began to give a class to the 4th year of the post high school program. Founded in 1904, it was the oldest elementary yeshiva in Brooklyn. Over the years he built up the yeshiva's post-high school beth midrash division and became Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin's senior rosh yeshiva (dean). In this effort he also received the help of Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz who headed Brooklyn's Yeshiva Torah Vodaas. Hutner was able to construct an environment that produced young Talmudic scholars in the model of their compatriots in Eastern Europe. By 1940 he had established a post-high-school beth midrash with hundreds of students.

Nevertheless, at Chaim Berlin, students were allowed to combine their yeshiva study with afternoon and evening classes at college, mainly Brooklyn College and later Touro College. Hutner took great pride in the secular accomplishments of his students insofar as they fit into his vision of a material world governed by the principles of a spiritual Torah way of life. Thus, many alumni of Hutner's yeshiva have attained success as attorneys, accountants, doctors, and in information technology. One of his closest disciples, Israel Kirzner, is an economist who edited Hutner's written works, ''Pachad Yitzchok''. Many of Hutner's disciples earned doctorates, often with his blessing and guidance. This includes his daughter and only child, Bruria David, who obtained her PhD at Columbia University's department of philosophy as a student of Salo Baron. She subsequently founded and became the dean of Beth Jacob Jerusalem, a prominent Jewish women's seminary that caters to young women from Haredi families in the United States. Her dissertation discussed the dual role Zvi Hirsch Chajes as both a traditionalist and '' maskil'' (follower of the enlightenment). The list also includes Ahron Soloveichik (law) rosh yeshiva, Aharon Lichtenstein (literature) rosh yeshiva, Yitzhak Aharon Korff (law, international law and diplomacy), and Yehuda (Leo) Levi (physics) professor and rector.

In the 1950s, Hutner established a ''kollel'' (post graduate division for married scholars) to continue their in-depth Talmudical studies. This school, Kollel Gur Aryeh, was one of the first of its kind in America. Many of his students became prominent educational, outreach, and pulpit rabbis. He stayed in touch with them and was involved in major communal policy decision-making as he worked through his network of students in positions of leadership.

Hutner established Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok in Har Nof, Jerusalem, which he named for his book of the same name. He died in 1980, and was buried in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in East Jerusalem.

Methodology

Hutner's methodology and style was complex, controversial, and difficult to pigeonhole. While placing great emphasis on intellectually penetrating Talmudic study and analysis, emotionally he veered towards the Hasidic-style, and more-so than his Lithuanian-style colleagues reared as Misnagdim could tolerate. Ultimately though, he saw himself more as a traditional Litvish rosh yeshiva.Gordon, Yochanan (March 19, 2019
"Rabbi Hutner And The Rebbe"
''Five Towns Jewish Times''. Accessed July 31, 2022.

The core of Hutner's synthesis of different schools of Jewish thought was rooted in his studies of the teachings of Judah Loew ben Bezalel (1525–1609) a scholar and mystic known as the ''Maharal of Prague''. Various pillars of Hutner's thought system were likely the works of the Vilna Gaon and Moshe Chaim Luzzatto. He would only allude in the most general ways to other great ''mekubalim'' (mystics) such as the Baal Shem Tov, the '' Ari'', Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Mordechai Yosef Leiner of Izbitz and many other great Hasidic masters, as he did with the works of Kabbalah such as the Zohar.

Hutner initiated a number of changes in Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin that differed greatly from the '' mussar'' (ethics) yeshiva practice in Slabodka. He abolished the half-hour learning session in ''mussar'' and replaced it with one of ten or fifteen minutes.

Hutner viewed secular studies as essential for attending college, learning a profession and becoming self-supporting. He obtained, together with Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz, a charter from the New York State Board of Regents to set up a combined yeshiva and college. However, this plan was dropped at the insistence of Aharon Kotler.

Hutner developed a style of celebrating Shabbat and the Jewish holidays by delivering a type of discourse known as a ''ma'amar''. It was a combination of Talmudic discourse, Hasidic celebration (''tish''), philosophic lecture, group singing, and when possible, like on Purim, a ten-piece band was brought in as accompaniment. Many times there was singing and dancing all night. All of this, together with the respect to his authority that he demanded, induced in his students an obedience and something of a "heightened consciousness" that passed into their lives transforming them into literal Hasidim of their rosh yeshiva, who in turn encouraged this by eventually personally donning Hasidic garb (''levush'') and behaving like something of a synthesis between a rosh yeshiva and a rebbe. He also instructed some of his students to do likewise.

Relationships with other rabbis

During his stay in Palestine, Hutner visited Abraham Isaac Kook, the first chief rabbi of Palestine, to whom he was distantly related. Hutner eventually became a member of the non-Zionist Haredi Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah (Council of Torah Sages) of Agudath Israel of America following his immigration to the United States.

Hutner's work ''Pachad Yitzchok'' contains no overt reference to Kook. A few of Hutner's early students recall Hutner's lengthy comments regarding Kook. Eliezer Waldman said that Hutner told them that "Rav Kook was 20 times as great as those who opposed him". Similarly, Moshe Zvi Neria heard Hutner say that "if I would not have met Rav Kook, I would be lacking 50% of myself".

While staying in Berlin, Hutner developed a friendship with Menachem Mendel Schneerson and Joseph B. Soloveitchik. Hutner referred to Soloveitchik as a ''gadol'' (foremost Torah scholar of the time) and to Schneerson as ''tzadik hador'' (righteous one of the generation), while at other times saying some negative things about the latter. Nevertheless, the three maintained close personal relations throughout their lives, though each differed markedly in Torah ''hashkafa'' (weltanschauung), developing a unique bridge and synthesis between the Eastern European world-view and a Western European way of thinking. This enabled them to serve successfully as spiritual leaders after each of them immigrated to the United States of America.

Citing an anonymous source, Hillel Goldberg reports that Hutner became a fierce critic of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic group and the "personality cult built up around" Schneerson.Goldberg, Hillel. ''Between Berlin and Slobodka: Jewish transition figures from Eastern Europe'', Ktav Publishing House, 1989, , p. 79: "Rabbi Hutner relentlessly sustained a biting critique of the Lubavitcher movement on a number of grounds…", p. 187 footnote 41: "Rabbi Hutner was opposed to the personality cult built up around the Lubavitcher Rebbe, and to the public projection of both the Rebbe and the Lubavitch movement, by the movement, through public media-print and broadcast journalism, books, film, and the like." Hutner purposefully moved up his Hanukkah ''ma'amar'' in order to preempt his students from attending Schneerson's Yud Tes Kislev farbrengen. Still, Hutner corresponded regularly with Schneerson throughout his lifetime on a variety of '' halakhic'' (Jewish law), Hasidic and kabbalistic subjects, and occasionally sought his blessing. Hutner also had several lengthy private meetings with Schneerson.

Hutner appointed Soloveitchik's younger brother, whom he had tutored in Warsaw, Ahron Soloveichik (later to head his own yeshiva in Skokie near Chicago, Illinois), as head of his own Yeshivas Rabbi Chaim Berlin. Ahron Soloveichik completed a Doctorate in law at New York University at the same time that he lectured in Hutner's Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin.

In the early 1940s, Hutner asked a friend from Slabodka, Saul Lieberman, to become a dean-Talmudical lecturer in Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin. Lieberman instead accepted an offer from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), the seminary of Conservative Judaism.

Hutner had a number of disagreements with some of the religious scholars who taught in his yeshiva. These disputes were usually not over ideology, but about positions in the school. He eased out many of the older rabbis who were his contemporaries in favor of his disciples. Rabbis Prusskin (a first cousin to his wife), Goldstone, Shurkin, Snow, Avrohom Asher Zimmerman and others are among them. Though Hutner was, by all accounts, quite steadfast in his opinions, he was not above begging forgiveness from those he had slighted, even when they had initiated attacks on him, and adopting a conciliatory tone.

Hutner appointed Slabodka yeshiva educated Avigdor Miller as the ''mashgiach ruchani'' (spiritual mentor and supervisor) of the yeshiva. After the yeshiva relocated to Far Rockaway, New York in the 1960s, Miller resigned from his position due to the difficulties a daily commute from Brooklyn entailed.

TWA hijacking

In the late 1960s he began to visit Israel again, planning to build a new yeshiva there. On 6 September 1970, he and his wife, daughter, and son-in-law Yonasan David were returning to New York on TWA Flight 741 when their flight was hijacked by the PFLP Palestinian terrorist organization. The terrorists freed the non-Jewish passengers and held the Jewish passengers hostage on the plane for one week, after which the women and children were released and sent to Cyprus. The hijacked airplanes were subsequently detonated. The remaining 40-plus Jewish men – including Hutner, David, and two students accompanying Hutner, Meir Fund and Yaakov Drillman – and male flight crew continued to be held hostage in and around Amman, Jordan; Hutner was held alone in an isolated location while Jews around the world prayed for his safe release. The terrorists tried to cut off his beard, but were stopped by their commanders. Hutner was reunited with the rest of the hostages on 18 September, and was finally released on 26 September and flown together with his family members to Nicosia, Cyprus. Israeli Knesset Member Menachem Porush chartered a private plane to meet the Hutners in Nicosia, and Willie Frommer, a former student, gave him his own shirt and '' tallit katan'', since Hutner's ''tallit'', ''tefillin'', shirt, jacket and hat had been confiscated during his three-week ordeal. On 28 September Hutner and his group were flown back to New York via Europe, and were home just in time for the first night of Rosh Hashana.

Published work

In 1938 Hutner published a short booklet of ''halakhic'' decisions sourced in the Sifra but not cited in the Babylonian Talmud. Many years later, he published what is considered to be his ''magnum opus'', which he named '' Pachad Yitzchok'' ("Fear fIsaac", meaning the God whom Isaac adfeared). He called his outlook ''Hilchot Deot Vechovot Halevavot'' ("Laws f'Ideas' and 'Duties f theHeart'") and wrote in a poetic modern-style Hebrew reminiscent of his original mentor Abraham Isaac Kook's style, even though almost all of Hutner's original lectures were delivered in Yiddish.

Notable students

Among Hutner's notable students are Yisroel Eliyah Weintraub, and Feivel Cohen, a noted Posek. Another was the author, Shlomo Carlebach, who was appointed as the ''mashgiach ruchani'' at the Yeshiva Chaim Berlin, but who split with Hutner on policy matters in the 1970s. They were both Holocaust survivors whom Hutner took upon himself to raise as his own "sons" together with others in similar circumstances. Hutner also gave semikhah to Shlomo Carlebach, the musician, during the days that the latter was still with Lubavitch.

Other students included Yonasan David (his son-in-law) and Aharon Schechter, his successors as rosh yeshivas of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin; Aharon Lichtenstein, son-in-law of Joseph B. Soloveitchik and rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion in Israel; Pinchas Stolper of the Orthodox Union and founder of NCSY who followed Hutner's guidelines in setting up this youth outreach movement; Yaakov Feitman, prominent rabbi, past President of the Young Israel Council of Rabbis and disseminator of Hutner's views; Shlomo Freifeld who set up one of the first full-time yeshivas for baal teshuva students in the world; Joshua Fishman, leader and executive Vice President of Torah Umesorah the National Society for Hebrew Day Schools; Yaakov Perlow, the Novominsker Rebbe of Boro Park; and Noah Weinberg founder and head of Aish Hatorah as well as his brother Yaakov Weinberg of Ner Israel Yeshiva in Baltimore.

Works

Works about Hutner

* ''Rabbi Hutner And Rebbe'', by Rabbi Chaim Dalfin (Jewish Enrichment Press, 2019, ISBN 0997909935)
* ''Between Berlin and Slobodka: Jewish Transitional Figures from Eastern Europe'', by Rabbi Dr. Hillel Goldberg (KTAV Publishing House, 2010, ISBN 1602801355)

Works based upon Hutner's writings

* ''Chanukah in a New Light: Grandeur, Heroism and Depth As Revealed Through The Writings of Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner ZTZK"L'' by Pinchas Stolper (Israel Bookshop, 2005, ISBN 1931681767)
* ''Purim In A New Light: Mystery, Grandeur, And Depth As Revealed Through The Writings of Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner'' by Pinchas Stolper (David Dov Publications, 2003, ISBN 1931681309)
* ''Shabbos in a New Light: Majesty, Mystery, Meaning: Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner Sefer Pachad Yitzchak'' by Pinchas Stolper (David Dov Foundation, 2009, ISBN 1600910661)
* ''Living Beyond Time: The Mystery And Meaning Of The Jewish Festivals: Includes 20 Essays Based On The Teachings of Hagaon Harav Yitzchok Hutner ZTZ"L'' By Pinchas Stolper (Shaar Press, 2003, ISBN 1578197449)

See also

* Haredi Judaism

References

External links

*Articles based on Hutner's life and writings
*Biographical

Rabbi Isaac Hutner: A Synoptic Interpretive Biography
by Hillel Goldberg. Tradition magazine, 1987.
*
Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner: The Vision Before His Eyes
by Matis Greenblatt. Jewish Action, 2001.

Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner
Tzadikim. dailyzohar.com, 2021.
*
Ravs Kook and Hutner, zichronum livracha
by Alan Jay Gerber and Yaakov Feitman. The Jewish Star, 2015.

A Life of Majesty and Mystery: An Appreciation of Rav Yitzchok Hutner
by Yaakov Feitman. Mishpacha magazine, 2010.

My Childhood Memories of Rav Yitzchok Hutner on His 40th Yahrzeit
by Yaakov Dovid Homnick. The Jewish Press, 2020.

8 Thoughts and Sayings of Rav Hutner zt”l
by Yair Hoffman. vinnews.com, 2020.

The Voice grows Stronger
by Yisroel Besser. Mishpacha magazine, 2020.

R. Hutner’s Life and Works and his Theory of Education
by Yitzchak Blau. Yeshivat Har Etzion.

Rabbi Hutner And The Rebbe
book review by Yochanan Gordon. ''The 5 Towns Jewish Times'', 2019.
*
The 'Pachad Yitzchak', Rabbi Freifeld and the 'Friedman Brothers'
by Eli Friedman. academia.edu (PDF).
*

by B. Re'em. Dei'ah veDibur, 2006.
** ttps://www.ruchamafeuerman.com/blog/posts/22448 My Father-in-law and Rav Hutner by Ruchama King Feuerman. 2017.

Terror in Black September: An Eyewitness Account
by David Raab, Middle East Forum, 2007.

Taxi Ride to Eternity?
by Linda Feinberg, Jewish World Review, 2007.
*Disciples, relationships with rabbis, legacy

The Changing of an Era: Rav Hutner's Disciples (6-part series)
by Yitschak Rudomin, Israel National News, 2022.
*Torah
*
Joseph: The Fourth 'Patriarch'
by Yehonasan Gefen. Aish HaTorah.

Rav Hutner: Multiple Activities in a Unified Vision of Life
by Yitzchak Blau. Yeshivat Har Etzion, 2019.
*Hanukkah

Rabbi Hutner on Chanukah and the Talmudic Creative Mind
by Daniel J. Epstein. Jewish Action magazine, Orthodox Union, 1989/1990.

Rav Yitzchok Hutner and the Meaning of Hanukkah
by Yaakov Elman. Tablet magazine, 2015.

Chanukah Incandescence from the Pachad Yitzchok
by Yaakov Feitman. Yated Ne'eman, 2016.


Translation from Hebrew into English by Aaron Ross. Chabura-Net, 2008.


by Yitzchak Hutner, ''Pachad Yitzchak''. Translation from Hebrew into English by Aaron Ross, Chabura-Net, 2008.
*Purim

Purim is Forever: A Purim Insight by Rabbi Yitzhak Hutner
by Pinchas Stolper. Orthodox Union, 2014.

Rav Hutner as Master of Parables
by Yitzchak Blau. Torat Har Etzion, 2019.

Purim, the Invention of Anti-Semitism, and the Celebration of Jewish Creativity
by Yaakov Elman. Tablet magazine, 2016.
* Rosh Hashanah

Primary Sources in Open-source Judaism: Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner’s Paḥad Yitzḥok, Rosh Hashana Ma’amar Bet
by Ally Ehrman. The Open Siddur Project, 2015.
*The Holocaust

"Holocaust": A Study of the Term, And the Epoch It Is Meant to Describe
by Yitzchok Hutner. Translated by Chaim Feuerman and Yaakov Feitman, The Jewish Observer magazine, 1977 (PDF).

A Righteous Judgment on a Righteous People: Rav Yitzchak Hutner's Implicit Theology of the Holocaust
by Lawrence J. Kaplan (PDF).

Rabbi Isaac Hutner's "Daat Torah Perspective" on the Holocaust: A Critical Analysis
RCA, Tradition magazine, 1980.
*Music

A Song Born In the Beis Medrash: Rav Yitzchok Hutner — Remember the Era
by Riki Goldstein. Mishpacha magazine, 2021.
*Philosophy

Being-towards-Eternity: R. Isaac Hutner's Adaptation of a Heideggerian Notion
by Daniel Herskowitz and Alon Shalev. The Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, 2018.

Rav Hutner and Emmanuel Levinas, Panim el-Panim
by Gavriel Brown. Kol Hamevaser, Yeshiva University, 2012.

Rav Isaac Hutner's Pahad Yitzhak: A Torah Map of the Human Mind and Psyche in Changing Times
by Yaakov Elman, Stuart Halpern, ed. Books of the People: Revisiting Classic Works of Jewish Thought, Maggid Books, 2017.

Original Sin in the Thought of R. Yitzchak Hutner: An Attempt to Pull at The Threads of the Hutnerian System
by Akiva Y. Weisinger. academia.edu

Self-censorship and the Limits of Lithuanian-Orthodoxy, in Light of R. Isaac Hutner's Published and Concealed Works
(in Hebrew) by Alon Shalev. academia.edu, 2017.

Major Themes in the Biography and Theology of Rabbi Isaac Hutner
by Alon Shalev. MA abstract, academia.edu, 2013.
*
Yitzchok Hutner – A " ro'š ha-šanâ " Giuseppe uscì di prigione
(in Italian) by David Micheletti. academia.edu, 2014.
*
The Battle of The Good Inclination and the Will to Power: Nietzschean Elements in the Life and Works of R' Yitzchak Hutner
by Akiva Y. Weisinger. academia.edu
*Letters

Letters of Love and Rebuke From Rav Yitzchok Hutner
by Dovid Bashevkin. (NCSY) Tablet magazine, 2016.


(in Hebrew). Alamy Stock Photo.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hutner, Yitzchok
1906 births
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Orthodox rabbis from New York City
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Slabodka yeshiva alumni
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