In the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' of 1758–1759,

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

classified the

arthropod Arthropods ( ) are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda. They possess an arthropod exoskeleton, exoskeleton with a cuticle made of chitin, often Mineralization (biology), mineralised with calcium carbonate, a body with differentiated (Metam ...

s, including

insect Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...

arachnid Arachnids are arthropods in the Class (biology), class Arachnida () of the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, opiliones, harvestmen, Solifugae, camel spiders, Amblypygi, wh ...

s and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". He described the

Insect Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...

a as:

A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae (or horns), which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation.

Linnaean Characteristics *Heart: 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood. *Spiracles: lateral pores *Jaw: lateral *Penis: penetrates *Organs of Sense: tongue, eyes, antennae on head, no brain, no ears, no nostrils *Covering: a bony coat of mail *Supports: feet, and in some, wings. Skips on dry ground and buzzes

Orders

Linnaeus divided the class Insecta into seven orders, based chiefly on the form of the wings. He also provided a key to the orders: *4 wings :*pairs dissimilar ::*forewings fully hardened: Coleoptera ::*forewings partly hardened:

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising more than 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from ...

:*pairs similar ::*wings covered with flat scales:

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

::*wings membranous :::*Tail unarmed: Neuroptera :::*Tail bearing a sting: Hymenoptera *2 wings: Diptera *0 wings: Aptera Despite this key, however, Linnaeus grouped insects together that shared other affinities. His genus ''Coccus'', containing the scale insects, he placed among the 4-winged Hemiptera, along with

aphid Aphids are small sap-sucking insects in the Taxonomic rank, family Aphididae. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white Eriosomatinae, woolly ...

s and other plant-attacking insects, even though females have no wings, and males have two wings. Similarly, the sheep ked ''Hippobosca ovina'' (now '' Melophagus ovinus'') was correctly placed among the Diptera, despite being wingless.

Genera

*Coleoptera: ''Scarabaeus'' ( scarab beetles), ''Dermestes'' ( larder beetles), ''Hister'' ( clown beetles), ''Attelabus'' ( leaf-rolling weevils), ''Curculio'' ( true weevils), ''Silpha'' ( carrion beetles), ''Coccinella'' ( ladybirds or ladybugs), ''Cassida'' ( tortoise beetles), ''Chrysomela'' ( leaf beetles), ''Meloe'' ( blister beetles), ''Tenebrio'' (

darkling beetle Darkling beetle is the common name for members of the beetle family Tenebrionidae, comprising over 20,000 species in a cosmopolitan distribution. Taxonomy ''Tenebrio'' is the Latin generic name that Carl Linnaeus assigned to some flour beetles ...

s), ''Mordella'' ( tumbling flower beetles), ''Staphylinus'' (

rove beetle The rove beetles are a family (biology), family (Staphylinidae) of beetles, primarily distinguished by their short elytra (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdominal segments exposed. With over 66,000 species in thousand ...

s), ''Cerambyx'' (

longhorn beetle The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns (whose larvae are often referred to as roundheaded borers), are a large family of beetles, with over 35,000 species described. Most species are characterized by Antenn ...

s), ''Cantharis'' ( soldier beetles), ''Elater'' (

click beetle Elateridae or click beetles (or "typical click beetles" to distinguish them from the related families Cerophytidae and Eucnemidae, which are also capable of clicking) are a family (biology), family of beetles. Other names include elaters, sna ...

s), ''Cicindela'' (

ground beetle Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan family (biology), family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. As of 2015, it ...

s), ''Buprestis'' ( jewel beetles), ''Dytiscus'' ( Dytiscidae), '' Carabus'', ''Necydalis'' ( necydaline beetles), ''Forficula'' ( earwigs), ''Blatta'' (

cockroach Cockroaches (or roaches) are insects belonging to the Order (biology), order Blattodea (Blattaria). About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. Some species are well-known Pest (organism), pests. Modern cockro ...

es) and ''Gryllus'' (other orthopteroid insects) *Hemiptera: ''Cicada'' (

cicada The cicadas () are a superfamily, the Cicadoidea, of insects in the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They are in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, along with smaller jumping bugs such as leafhoppers and froghoppers. The superfamily is divided into two ...

s), ''Notonecta'' ( backswimmers), ''Nepa'' ( water scorpions), ''Cimex'' ( bedbugs), ''Aphis'' (

s), ''Chermes'' ( woolly aphids), ''Coccus'' ( scale insects) and ''Thrips'' ( thrips) *Lepidoptera: ''Papilio'' ( butterflies), ''Sphinx'' ( hawk moths), ''Phalaena'' (

moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...

s) *Neuroptera: ''Libellula'' ( dragonflies and damselflies), ''Ephemera'' ( mayflies), ''Phryganea'' ( caddisflies and stoneflies), ''Hemerobius'' ( lacewings), ''Panorpa'' ( scorpionflies) and ''Raphidia'' ( snakeflies) *Hymenoptera: ''Cynips'' ( Gall wasps), ''Tenthredo'' ( sawflies), ''Ichneumon'' ( ichneumon wasps), ''Sphex'' ( digger wasps), ''Vespa'' (

hornet Hornets (insects in the genus ''Vespa'') are the largest of the Eusociality, eusocial wasps, and are similar in appearance to yellowjackets, their close relatives. Some species can reach up to in length. They are distinguished from other Vespi ...

s), ''Apis'' ( bees), ''Formica'' (

ant Ants are Eusociality, eusocial insects of the Family (biology), family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the Taxonomy (biology), order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from Vespoidea, vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cre ...

s) and ''Mutilla'' ( velvet ants) *Diptera: ''Oestrus'' ( botflies), ''Tipula'' ( crane flies), ''Musca'' ( house flies), ''Tabanus'' ( horse flies), ''Culex'' (

mosquito Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a Family (biology), family of small Diptera, flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word ''mosquito'' (formed by ''Musca (fly), mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish and Portuguese for ''little fly''. Mos ...

es), ''Empis'' ( dance flies), ''Conops'' ( thick-headed flies), ''Asilus'' ( robber flies), ''Bombylius'' ( bee flies) and ''Hippobosca'' ( louse flies) *Aptera: ''Lepisma'' ( silverfish), ''Podura'' (

springtail Springtails (class Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern Hexapoda, hexapods that are no longer considered insects. Although the three lineages are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have in ...

s), ''Termes'' (

termite Termites are a group of detritivore, detritophagous Eusociality, eusocial cockroaches which consume a variety of Detritus, decaying plant material, generally in the form of wood, Plant litter, leaf litter, and Humus, soil humus. They are dist ...

s), ''Pediculus'' ( lice), ''Pulex'' (

flea Flea, the common name for the order (biology), order Siphonaptera, includes 2,500 species of small flightless insects that live as external parasites of mammals and birds. Fleas live by hematophagy, ingesting the blood of their hosts. Adult f ...

s), ''Acarus'' (

mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods) of two large orders, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari. However, most recent genetic analyses do not recover the two as eac ...

s and ticks), ''Phalangium'' ( harvestmen), ''Aranea'' (

spider Spiders (order (biology), order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight limbs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude spider silk, silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and ran ...

s), ''Scorpio'' (

scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the Order (biology), order Scorpiones. They have eight legs and are easily recognized by a pair of Chela (organ), grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward cur ...

s), ''Cancer'' (

crab Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura (meaning "short tailed" in Greek language, Greek), which typically have a very short projecting tail-like abdomen#Arthropoda, abdomen, usually hidden entirely under the Thorax (arthropo ...

lobster Lobsters are Malacostraca, malacostracans Decapoda, decapod crustaceans of the family (biology), family Nephropidae or its Synonym (taxonomy), synonym Homaridae. They have long bodies with muscular tails and live in crevices or burrows on th ...

s and kin), ''Monoculus'' ( water fleas and kin), ''Oniscus'' (

woodlice Woodlice are terrestrial isopods in the suborder Oniscidea. Their name is derived from being often found in old wood, and from louse, a parasitic insect, although woodlice are neither parasitic nor insects. Woodlice evolved from marine isopods ...

), ''Scolopendra'' (

centipede Centipedes (from Neo-Latin , "hundred", and Latin , "foot") are predatory arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda (Ancient Greek , ''kheilos'', "lip", and Neo-Latin suffix , "foot", describing the forcipules) of the subphylum Myriapoda, ...

s) and ''Julus'' (

millipede Millipedes (originating from the Latin , "thousand", and , "foot") are a group of arthropods that are characterised by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments; they are known scientifically as the class Diplopoda, the name derive ...

References

{{Linnaeus1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae Systema Naturae, Insecta Systema Naturae, Insecta