Joseph Brant (Mohawk) by Charles Bird King

Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands include Native American

tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...

and

First Nation Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...

band Band or BAND may refer to: Places *Bánd, a village in Hungary *Band, Iran, a village in Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran * Band, Mureș, a commune in Romania *Band-e Majid Khan, a village in Bukan County, West Azerbaijan Province, I ...

s residing in or originating from a cultural area encompassing the northeastern and Midwest

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

and southeastern

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

. It is part of a broader grouping known as the

Eastern Woodlands The Eastern Woodlands is a cultural area of the indigenous people of North America. The Eastern Woodlands extended roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern Great Plains, and from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf of Mexico, which is now p ...

. The Northeastern Woodlands is divided into three major areas: the Coastal, Saint Lawrence Lowlands, and Great Lakes-Riverine zones.Trigger, "Introduction" 2 The Coastal area includes the Atlantic Provinces in Canada, the Atlantic seaboard of the

, south until

North Carolina North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and ...

. The Saint Lawrence Lowlands area includes parts of Southern

Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central C ...

, upstate New York, much of the

Saint Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (french: Fleuve Saint-Laurent, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connectin ...

area, and

Susquehanna Valley The Susquehanna Valley is a region of low-lying land that borders the Susquehanna River in the U.S. states of New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. The valley consists of areas that lie along the main branch of the river, which flows from Up ...

. The Great Lakes-Riverine area includes the remaining inland areas of the northeast, home to Central Algonquian and Siouan speakers. The

Great Lakes The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lak ...

region is sometimes considered a distinct cultural region, due to the large concentration of tribes in the area. The Northeastern Woodlands region is bound by the Subarctic to the north, the Great Plains to the west, and the Southeastern Woodlands to the south.

List of peoples

* Abenaki ( Tarrantine), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, historically Vermont and New Hampshire **

Eastern Abenaki The Abenaki (Abenaki: ''Wαpánahki'') are an Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States. They are an Algonquian-speaking people and part of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The Eastern Abenaki language was pred ...

, Quebec, Maine, and historically New HampshireSturtevant and Trigger ix *** Kennebec (

Caniba Norridgewock was the name of both an Indigenous village and a Band society, band of the Abenaki ("People of the Dawn") Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans/First Nations in Canada, First Nations, an Eastern Algonquian peoples, A ...

), Maine **

Western Abenaki The Abenaki (Abenaki: ''Wαpánahki'') are an Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States. They are an Algonquian-speaking people and part of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The Eastern Abenaki language was pred ...

: Quebec, Massachusetts, historically New Hampshire and Vermont *

Anishinaabeg The Anishinaabeg (adjectival: Anishinaabe) are a group of culturally related Indigenous peoples present in the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States. They include the Ojibwe (including Saulteaux and Oji-Cree), Odawa, Potawatomi, M ...

(Anishinabe, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic,

Plains In geography, a plain is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or at the base of mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands. In ...

) **

Algonquin Algonquin or Algonquian—and the variation Algonki(a)n—may refer to: Languages and peoples *Algonquian languages, a large subfamily of Native American languages in a wide swath of eastern North America from Canada to Virginia **Algonquin la ...

,"Cultural Thesaurus"

National Museum of the American Indian The National Museum of the American Indian is a museum in the United States devoted to the culture of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It is part of the Smithsonian Institution group of museums and research centers. The museum has three ...

. Accessed April 8, 2014. Quebec, Ontario ** Nipissing, Ontario **

Ojibwe The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa, or Saulteaux are an Anishinaabe people in what is currently southern Canada, the northern Midwestern United States, and Northern Plains. According to the U.S. census, in the United States Ojibwe people are one of ...

(Chippewa, Ojibwa), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin *** Mississaugas, Ontario *** Saulteaux (Nakawē), Ontario **

Odawa people The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa ), said to mean "traders", are an Indigenous American ethnic group who primarily inhabit land in the Eastern Woodlands region, commonly known as the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. They ha ...

(Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario, also currently Oklahoma; later Oklahoma ** Potawatomi, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, Wisconsin; also currently Kansas and Oklahoma * Assateague, formerly MarylandSturtevant and Trigger 241 * Attawandaron (

Neutral Neutral or neutrality may refer to: Mathematics and natural science Biology * Neutral organisms, in ecology, those that obey the unified neutral theory of biodiversity Chemistry and physics * Neutralization (chemistry), a chemical reaction in ...

), Ontario *

Beothuk The Beothuk ( or ; also spelled Beothuck) were a group of indigenous people who lived on the island of Newfoundland. Beginning around AD 1500, the Beothuk culture formed. This appeared to be the most recent cultural manifestation of peoples w ...

, formerly Newfoundland * Chowanoke, formerly North Carolina *

Choptank people The Choptank (or Ababco) were an Algonquian-speaking Native American people that historically lived on the Eastern Shore of Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula. They occupied an area along the lower Choptank River basin, which included parts of p ...

, formerly Maryland * Conoy, Virginia, Maryland *

Erie Erie (; ) is a city on the south shore of Lake Erie and the county seat of Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. Erie is the fifth largest city in Pennsylvania and the largest city in Northwestern Pennsylvania with a population of 94,831 a ...

, formerly Pennsylvania, New York * Etchemin, Maine * Ho-Chunk ( Winnebago), southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, later Iowa and Nebraska * Honniasont, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia *

Hopewell tradition The Hopewell tradition, also called the Hopewell culture and Hopewellian exchange, describes a network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from ...

, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE—500 CE * Housatonic, formerly Massachusetts, New YorkSturtevant and Trigger 198 * Illinois Confederacy (

Illiniwek The Illinois Confederation, also referred to as the Illiniwek or Illini, were made up of 12 to 13 tribes who lived in the Mississippi River Valley. Eventually member tribes occupied an area reaching from Lake Michicigao (Michigan) to Iowa, Ill ...

), Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri; descendants in Oklahoma **

Cahokia The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site ( 11 MS 2) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city (which existed 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis, Missouri. This historic park lies in south- ...

, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, descendants in Oklahoma **

Kaskaskia The Kaskaskia were one of the indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands. They were one of about a dozen cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation, also called the Illinois Confederation. Their longstanding homeland was in ...

, formerly Wisconsin, descendants in Oklahoma **

Miami Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a coastal metropolis and the county seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida, United States. With a population of 442,241 at ...

, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, now Oklahoma * Iroquois Confederacy (

Haudenosaunee The Iroquois ( or ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America/ Turtle Island. They were known during the colonial years to ...

), Ontario, Quebec, and New York ** Cayuga, New York, Oklahoma **

Mohawk Mohawk may refer to: Related to Native Americans * Mohawk people, an indigenous people of North America (Canada and New York) *Mohawk language, the language spoken by the Mohawk people * Mohawk hairstyle, from a hairstyle once thought to have been ...

, New York, Ontario and Quebec ** Oneida, New York and Wisconsin ** Onondaga, New York **

Seneca Seneca may refer to: People and language * Seneca (name), a list of people with either the given name or surname * Seneca people, one of the six Iroquois tribes of North America ** Seneca language, the language of the Seneca people Places Extrat ...

, New York, Oklahoma *** Mingo, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia ** Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, now New York * Kickapoo, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, now Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico * Laurentian ( St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, 14th century—1580 CE *

Lenni Lenape The Lenape (, , or Lenape , del, Lënapeyok) also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada. Their historical territory inclu ...

(

Delaware Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent Del ...

), Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma **

Munsee The Munsee (or Minsi or Muncee) or mə́n'si·w ( del, Monsiyok)Online Lenape Talking Dictionary, "Munsee Indians"Link/ref> are a subtribe of the Lenape, originally constituting one of the three great divisions of that nation and dwelling along ...

-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New YorkGoddard 72 *** Canarsie (

Canarsee The Canarsee (also Canarse and Canarsie) were a band of Munsee-speaking Lenape who inhabited the westernmost end of Long Island at the time the Dutch colonized New Amsterdam in the 1620s and 1630s. They are credited with selling the island of Man ...

), formerly Long Island New YorkGoddard 72 and 237 *** Esopus, formerly New York, later Ontario and Wisconsin *** Hackensack, formerly New York ***

Haverstraw Haverstraw is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Ramapo; east of Orange County; south of the Town of Stony Point; and west of the Hudson River. The town runs from the w ...

( Rumachenanck), New York *** Kitchawank ( Kichtawanks, Kichtawank), New YorkGoddard 237 ***

Minisink The Minisink or (more recently) Minisink Valley is a loosely defined geographic region of the Upper Delaware River valley in northwestern New Jersey (Sussex and Warren counties), northeastern Pennsylvania ( Pike and Monroe counties) and New York ...

, formerly New York *** Navasink, formerly to the east along the north shore of New Jersey *** Raritan, formerly Westchester County, New York *** Sinsink (

Sintsink The Wappinger () were an Eastern Algonquian Munsee-speaking Native American people from what is now southern New York and western Connecticut. At the time of first contact in the 17th century they were primarily based in what is now Dutchess ...

), formerly Westchester County, New York ***

Siwanoy The Siwanoy () were an Indigenous American band of Wappinger people, who lived in Long Island Sound along the coasts of what are now The Bronx, Westchester County, New York, and Fairfield County, Connecticut. They were one of the western bands of ...

, formerly Massachusetts *** Tappan, formerly New York *** WaoranecksGoddard 238 *** Wappinger ( Wecquaesgeek, Nochpeem), formerly New York *** Warranawankongs *** Wiechquaeskeck, formerly New York **

Unami The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) was formed on 14 August 2003 by United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1500 at the request of the Iraqi government to support national development efforts. UNAMI's mandate includes ...

-speaking subgroups *** Acquackanonk, formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey *** Okehocking, formerly southeast Pennsylvania *** Unalachtigo, Delaware, New Jersey * Mahican (

Stockbridge Mahican Stockbridge may refer to: Places United Kingdom * Stockbridge, Edinburgh, a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland * Stockbridge, Hampshire * Stockbridge, West Sussex * Stockbridge Anticline, one of a series of parallel east–west trending folds in th ...

) Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont *

Manahoac The Manahoac, also recorded as Mahock, were a small group of Siouan-language Native Americans (Indigenous people) in northern Virginia at the time of European contact. They numbered approximately 1,000 and lived primarily along the Rappahannock R ...

, VirginiaSturtevant and Fogelson, 290 * Mascouten, formerly Michigan * Massachusett, formerly MassachusettsSturtevant and Trigger 161 ** Ponkapoag, formerly Massachusetts *

Meherrin The Meherrin Nation ( autonym: Kauwets'a:ka, "People of the Water") is one of seven state-recognized nations of Native Americans in North Carolina. They reside in rural northeastern North Carolina, near the river of the same name on the Virgini ...

, Virginia,Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293 North Carolina *

Menominee The Menominee (; mez, omǣqnomenēwak meaning ''"Menominee People"'', also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for "Wild Rice People"; known as ''Mamaceqtaw'', "the people", in the Menominee language) are a federally recog ...

, Wisconsin *

Meskwaki The Meskwaki (sometimes spelled Mesquaki), also known by the European exonyms Fox Indians or the Fox, are a Native American people. They have been closely linked to the Sauk people of the same language family. In the Meskwaki language, th ...

( Fox), Michigan, now Iowa *

Mi'kmaq The Mi'kmaq (also ''Mi'gmaq'', ''Lnu'', ''Miꞌkmaw'' or ''Miꞌgmaw''; ; ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the nort ...

(Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Maine *

Mitchigamea Mitchigamea or Michigamea or Michigamie were a tribe in the Illinois Confederation. Not much is known about them and their origin is uncertain. Originally they were said to be from Lake Michigan, perhaps the Chicago area. Mitchie Precinct, Monroe C ...

, formerly Illinois ** Moingona, formerly Illinois ** Peoria, Illinois, now Oklahoma ** Tamaroa, formerly Illinois ** Wea, formerly Indiana, descendants in Oklahoma *

Mohegan The Mohegan are an Algonquian Native American tribe historically based in present-day Connecticut. Today the majority of the people are associated with the Mohegan Indian Tribe, a federally recognized tribe living on a reservation in the east ...

, Connecticut * Monacan, VirginiaFogelson and Sturtevant 81 * Montaukett ( Montauk), New York * Monyton (

Monetons The Moneton were a historical Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribe from West Virginia. In the late seventeenth century they lived in the Kanawha Valley, near the Kanawha River, Kanawha and New River (Kanawha River), New R ...

, Monekot, Moheton) ( Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia * Nansemond, Virginia *

Nanticoke Nanticoke may refer to: * Nanticoke people in Delaware, United States * Nanticoke language, an Algonquian language * Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, a state-recognized tribe in New Jersey Place names Canada * Nanticoke, Ontario ** Nanticoke Generating S ...

, Delaware and Maryland ** Accohannock * Narragansett, Rhode Island *

Niantic Niantic may refer to: * Niantic people, tribe of American Indians * Niantic, Inc., mobile app developer known for the mobile games ''Ingress'' and ''Pokémon Go'' Ships * ''Niantic'' (whaling vessel), relic of San Francisco Gold Rush *USS ''Ni ...

, coastal Connecticut *

Nipmuc The Nipmuc or Nipmuck people are an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who historically spoke an Eastern Algonquian language. Their historic territory Nippenet, "the freshwater pond place," is in central Massachusetts and nearby part ...

( Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island *

Nottaway The Nottoway are an Iroquoian Native American tribe in Virginia. The Nottoway spoke a Nottoway language in the Iroquoian language family. Names The term ''Nottoway'' may derive from ''Nadawa'' or ''Nadowessioux'' (widely translated as "poiso ...

, Virginia *

Occaneechi The Occaneechi (also Occoneechee and Akenatzy) are Native Americans who lived in the 17th century primarily on the large, long Occoneechee Island and east of the confluence of the Dan and Roanoke rivers, near current-day Clarksville, Virginia. ...

( Occaneechee), VirginiaSturtevant and Fogelson, 291 * Pamplico, North Carolina * Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine * Patuxent, Maryland *

Paugussett The Golden Hill Paugussett is a state-recognized Native American tribe in Connecticut. Granted reservations in a number of towns in the 17th century, their land base was whittled away until they were forced to reacquire a small amount of territory ...

, Connecticut ** Potatuck, New York * Pawtucket, Massachusetts, New Hampshire **

Naumkeag Naumkeag is the former country estate of noted New York City lawyer Joseph Hodges Choate and Caroline Dutcher Sterling Choate, located at 5 Prospect Hill Road, Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The estate's centerpiece is a 44-room, Shingle Style ...

, Massachusetts * Penobscot, Maine *

Pennacook The Pennacook, also known by the names Penacook and Pennacock, were an Algonquian-speaking Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands who lived in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and southern Maine. They were not a united tribe but a netwo ...

, Massachusetts, New Hampshire *

Pequot The Pequot () are a Native American people of Connecticut. The modern Pequot are members of the federally recognized Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, four other state-recognized groups in Connecticut including the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation, or t ...

, Connecticut *

Petun The Petun (from french: pétun), also known as the Tobacco people or Tionontati ("People Among the Hills/Mountains"), were an indigenous Iroquoian people of the woodlands of eastern North America. Their last known traditional homeland was sou ...

(

Tionontate The Petun (from french: pétun), also known as the Tobacco people or Tionontati ("People Among the Hills/Mountains"), were an indigenous Iroquoian people of the woodlands of eastern North America. Their last known traditional homeland was sou ...

), Ontario *

Piscataway Piscataway may refer to: *Piscataway people, a Native American ethnic group native to the southern Mid-Atlantic States *Piscataway language *Piscataway, Maryland, an unincorporated community *Piscataway, New Jersey, a township *Piscataway Creek, Ma ...

, Maryland * Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts *

Podunk The terms ''podunk'' and ''Podunk Hollow'' in American English denote or describe an insignificant, out-of-the-way, or even completely fictitious town.Nick Bacon. "Podunk After Pratt: Place and Placelessness in East Hartford, CT." In ''Confrontin ...

, New York, eastern Hartford County, Connecticut *

Powhatan Confederacy The Powhatan people (; also spelled Powatan) may refer to any of the indigenous Algonquian people that are traditionally from eastern Virginia. All of the Powhatan groups descend from the Powhatan Confederacy. In some instances, The Powhata ...

, Virginia **

Appomattoc The Appomattoc (also spelled Appamatuck, Apamatic, and numerous other variants) were a historic tribe of Virginia Indians speaking an Algonquian language, and residing along the lower Appomattox River, in the area of what is now Petersburg, Col ...

, Virginia ** Arrohateck, Virginia ** Chesapeake, Virginia ** Chesepian, Virginia ** Chickahominy, Virginia ** Kiskiack, Virginia **

Mattaponi The Mattaponi () tribe is one of only two Virginia Indian tribes in the Commonwealth of Virginia that owns reservation land, which it has held since the colonial era. The larger Mattaponi Indian Tribe lives in King William County on the reser ...

, Virginia ** Nansemond, Virginia ** Pamunkey, Virginia **

Paspahegh The Paspahegh tribe was a Native American tributary to the Powhatan paramount chiefdom, incorporated into the chiefdom around 1596 or 1597. The Paspahegh Indian tribe lived in present-day Charles City and James City counties, Virginia. The Po ...

, Virginia **

Powhatan The Powhatan people (; also spelled Powatan) may refer to any of the indigenous Algonquian people that are traditionally from eastern Virginia. All of the Powhatan groups descend from the Powhatan Confederacy. In some instances, The Powhatan ...

, Virginia *

Quinnipiac Quinnipiac is the English name for the Eansketambawg (meaning "original people"; ''cf.'' Ojibwe: '' Anishinaabeg'' and Blackfoot: ''Niitsítapi''), a Quiripi-speaking Native American nation of the Algonquian family who inhabited the ''Wamp ...

, Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey * Rappahannock, Virginia * Sauk ( Sac), Michigan, now Iowa, Oklahoma * Schaghticoke, western Connecticut *

Secotan The Secotans were one of several groups of American Indians dominant in the Carolina sound region, between 1584 and 1590, with which English colonists had varying degrees of contact. Secotan villages included the Secotan, Aquascogoc, Dasamonguep ...

Outerbanks, North Carolina ** Croatoan **

Dasamongueponke The Dasamongueponke (or Dasamonguepeuk) is the name given to a Native American tribe of Secotan people and also the name of a village encountered by the English during their late 16th century attempts to settle and establish permanent colonie ...

** Roanoke people *

Shawnee The Shawnee are an Algonquian-speaking indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands. In the 17th century they lived in Pennsylvania, and in the 18th century they were in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, with some bands in Kentucky a ...

, formerly Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, currently Oklahoma * Shinnecock, Long Island, New York * Stegarake, Virginia * Stuckanox ( Stukanox), Virginia * Conestoga ( Susquehannock), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia * Tauxenent ( Doeg), VirginiaSturtevant and Trigger 255 *

Tunxis The Tunxis were a group of Quiripi speaking Connecticut Native Americans that is known to history mainly through their interactions with English settlers in New England. Broadly speaking, their location makes them one of the Eastern Algonquian ...

, Connecticut * Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York *

Tutelo The Tutelo (also Totero, Totteroy, Tutera; Yesan in Tutelo) were Native American people living above the Fall Line in present-day Virginia and West Virginia. They spoke a Siouan dialect of the Tutelo language thought to be similar to that of thei ...

( Nahyssan), Virginia * Unquachog ( Poospatuck), Long Island, New York * Wabanaki, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec * Wampanoag, Massachusetts **

Nauset The Nauset people, sometimes referred to as the Cape Cod Indians, were a Native American tribe who lived in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. They lived east of Bass River and lands occupied by their closely-related neighbors, the Wampanoag. Although the ...

, Massachusetts ** Patuxet, Massachusetts **

Pokanoket The Pokanoket (also spelled PakanokickKathleen J. Bragdon, ''Native People of Southern New England, 1500–1650'', page 21) was the village governed by Massasoit (Wampanoag, c. 1581–1661). The term broadened to refer to all peoples and lands g ...

, Massachusetts, Rhode Island *

Wangunk The Wangunk or Wongunk were an Indigenous people from central Connecticut. They had three major settlements in the areas of the present-day towns of Portland, Middletown, and Wethersfield. They also used lands in other parts of what were later or ...

, Mattabeset, Connecticut *

Wenro The Wenrohronon or Wenro people were an Iroquoian indigenous nation of North America, originally residing in present-day western New York (and possibly fringe portions of northern & northwestern Pennsylvania), who were conquered by the Confeder ...

, New York * Wicocomico, Maryland, Virginia * Wolastoqiyik, Maliseet, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec * Wyachtonok, Connecticut, New York * Wyandot ( Huron), Ontario south of

Georgian Bay Georgian Bay (french: Baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron, in the Laurentia bioregion. It is located entirely within the borders of Ontario, Canada. The main body of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To ...

, now Oklahoma, Kansas, Michigan, and Wendake, Quebec

First Nations in Canada

United States Federally Recognized tribes

Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma The Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma (or Absentee Shawnee) is one of three federally recognized tribes of Shawnee people. Historically residing in what became organized as the upper part of the Eastern United States, the original Sh ...

Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians of Maine The Mi'kmaq Nation (formerly the Aroostook Band of Micmac) is a federally recognized tribe of Mi'kmaq people, based in Aroostook County, Maine. Their autonym is Ulustuk. Of the 28 bands of Mi'kmaq people, the Mi'kmaq Nation is the only one in the ...

# Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin #

Bay Mills Indian Community The Bay Mills Indian Community (BMIC) (Ojibwe: Gnoozhekaaning, lit. "Place of the Pike"), is an Indian reservation forming the land base of one of the many federally recognized Sault Ste. Marie bands of Chippewa (aka Ojibwa). The largest section ...

, Michigan # Cayuga Nation of New York #

Chickahominy people The Chickahominy are a federally recognized tribe of Virginian Native Americans who primarily live in Charles City County, located along the James River midway between Richmond and Williamsburg in the Commonwealth of Virginia. This area of t ...

, Virginia # Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy’s Reservation, Montana # Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma #

Delaware Nation Delaware Nation ( del, Èhëliwsikakw Lënapeyok), also known as the Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma and sometimes called the Absentee or Western Delaware, based in Anadarko, OklahomaDelaware Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma #

Eastern Chickahominy The Chickahominy are a federally recognized tribe of Virginian Native Americans who primarily live in Charles City County, located along the James River midway between Richmond and Williamsburg in the Commonwealth of Virginia. This area of the ...

, Virginia #

Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma The Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma is one of three federally recognized Shawnee tribes. They are located in Oklahoma and Missouri. The tribe holds an annual powwow every September at their tribal complex. Government The headquarters of the E ...

# Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin # Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan #

Hannahville Indian Community The Hannahville Indian Community is a federally recognized Potawatomi tribe residing in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, approximately west of Escanaba on a reservation. The reservation, at , lies mostly in Harris Township in eastern Menominee Cou ...

, Michigan #

Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin The Ho-Chunk Nation (Ho-Chunk language: ) is a federally recognized tribe of the Ho-Chunk with traditional territory across five states in the United States: Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri. The other federally recognized trib ...

, Minnesota, Wisconsin # Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine # Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, also considered a

Great Plains tribe Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of ...

# Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, also considered a

Keweenaw Bay Indian Community The L'Anse Indian Reservation is the land base of the federally recognized Keweenaw Bay Indian Community ( oj, Gakiiwe’onaning) of the historic Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians. (The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community was defined in 1934 by ...

, Michigan # Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas # Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas # Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma # Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin # Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin # Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan #

Little River Band of Ottawa Indians Little River Band of Ottawa Indians ( oj, Gaaching-Ziibi Daawaa Anishinaabe) is a federally recognized Native American tribe of the Odawa people in the United States. It is based in Manistee and Mason counties in northwest Michigan. It was recog ...

, Michigan #

Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians The Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (LTBBOI, oj, Waganakising Odawa) is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Odawa. A large percentage of the more than 4000 tribal members continue to reside within the tribe's traditio ...

, Michigan # Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut # Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Massachusetts # Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan #

Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin The Menominee (; mez, omǣqnomenēwak meaning ''"Menominee People"'', also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for "Wild Rice People"; known as ''Mamaceqtaw'', "the people", in the Menominee language) are a federally recog ...

# Miami Tribe of Oklahoma # Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota
Six component reservations: ## Bois Forte Band (Nett Lake) ## Fond du Lac Band, Minnesota, Wisconsin ## Grand Portage Band ## Leech Lake Band ## Mille Lacs Band ## White Earth Band # Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut # Monacan, Virginia # Nansemond, Virginia # Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island # Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi, Michigan # Oneida Nation of New York # Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin # Onondaga Nation of New York # Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma # Pamunkey, Virginia # Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine # Penobscot Tribe of Maine # Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma # Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, Michigan, Indiana # Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, Kansas # Prairie Island Indian Community in the State of Minnesota # Rappahannock, Virginia # Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin # Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota # Sac and Fox Nation, Oklahoma # Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska # Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan # St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin # Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, New York # Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan # Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma # Seneca Nation of New York # Shawnee Tribe, Oklahoma # Shinnecock Nation, New York # Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin # Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin # Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New York # Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota, Montana, North Dakota # Tuscarora Nation of New York # Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) of Massachusetts # Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska

History

Around 200 B.C the Hopewell culture began to develop across the Midwest of what is now the United States, with its epicenter in Ohio. The Hopewell culture was defined by its extensive trading system that connected communities throughout the Eastern region, from the Great Lakes to Florida. A sophisticated artwork style developed for its goods, depicting a multitude of animals such as deer, bear, and birds. The Hopewell culture is also noted for its impressive ceremonial sites, which typically contain a burial mound and geometric earthworks. The most notable of these sites is in the Scioto River Valley (from Columbus, Ohio, Columbus to Portsmouth, Ohio) and adjacent Paint Creek, centered on Chillicothe, Ohio. The Hopewell culture began to decline from around 400 A.D. for reasons which remain unclear. Early Localization Native Americans NY

By around 1100, the distinct Iroquoian-speaking and Algonquian languages, Algonquian-speaking cultures had developed in what would become New York (state), New York State and New England. Prominent Algonquian tribes included the Abenakis,

, Penobscot,

s, Mohegans, Narragansett Indians, Narragansetts, Pocumtucks, and Wampanoag. The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Abenaki, and Penobscot tribes formed the Wabanaki Confederacy in the seventeenth century. The Confederacy covered roughly most of present-day Maine in the United States, and New Brunswick, mainland Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island and some of Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River in Canada. The Western Abenaki live on lands in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts of the United States.Toensing, Gale Courey
"Sacred fire lights the Wabanaki Confederacy"
''Indian Country Today'' (June 27, 2008), ICT Media Network The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present-day New York, into Pennsylvania and around the

.Horatio Gates Spafford, LL.D. ''A Gazetteer of the State of New-York
Embracing an Ample Survey and Description of Its Counties, Towns, Cities, Villages, Canals, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Natural Topography. Arranged in One Series, Alphabetically: With an Appendix…'' (1824), at Schenectady Digital History Archives, selected extracts, accessed December 28, 2014 The Iroquois confederacy or

became the most powerful political grouping in the Northeastern woodlands, and still exists today. The confederacy consists of the

, Cayuga people, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca people, Seneca and Tuscarora tribes. The area that is now the states of New Jersey and Delaware was inhabited by the Lenni-Lenape or Delaware, who were also an Algonquian people. Most Lenape were pushed out of their homeland in the 18th century by expanding European colonies, and now the majority of them live in Oklahoma.

Culture

The characteristics of the Northeastern woodlands cultural area include the use of wigwams and Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America, longhouses for shelter and of wampum as a means of exchange. Wampum consisted of small beads made from quahog shells. The birchbark canoe was first used by the Algonquin Indians and its use later spread to other tribes and to early France, French explorers, missionaries and fur traders. The canoes were used for carrying goods, and for hunting, fishing, and warfare, and varied in length from about 4.5 metres (15 feet) to about 30 metres (100 feet) in length for some large war canoes. The main agricultural crops of the region were the Three Sisters (agriculture), Three Sisters : winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans (usually Phaseolus acutifolius, tepary beans or Phaseolus vulgaris, common beans). Originating in Mesoamerica, these three crops were carried northward over centuries to many parts of North America. The three crops were normally planted together using a technique known as companion planting on flat-topped mounds of soil. The three crops were planted in this way as each benefits from the proximity of the others. The tall maize plants provide a structure for the beans to climb, while the beans provide nitrogen to the soil that benefits the other plants. Meanwhile, the squash spreads along the ground, blocking the sunlight to prevent weeds from growing and retaining moisture in the soil. Prior to contact Native groups in the Northeast generally lived in villages of a few hundred people, living close to their crops. Generally men did the planting and harvesting, while women processed the crops. However, some settlements could be much bigger, such as Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal), which had a population of several thousand people, and Cahokia, which may have housed 20,000 residents between 1050 and 1150 CE. For many tribes, the fundamental social group was a clan, which was often named after an animal such as turtle, bear, wolf or hawk. The totem animal concerned was considered sacred and had a special relationship with the members of the clan. The spiritual beliefs of the Algonquian people, Algonquians center around the concept of ''Manitou'' (), which is the spiritual and fundamental life force that is omnipresent. Manitou also manifest itself as the ''Great Spirit'' or Gitche Manitou, who is the creator and giver of all life. The

equivalent of Manitou is ''orenda''.

Notes

References

* Bruce Trigger, Trigger, Bruce C. "Introduction." William C. Sturtevant, general ed. ''Handbook of North American Indians.'' Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. * Trigger, Bruce, volume ed. Sturtevant, William C., general ed. ''Handbook of North American Indians.'' Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. {{Cultural areas of indigenous North Americans Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, Indigenous peoples of North America, Northeastern Woodlands Indigenous peoples in the United States, Northeastern Woodlands First Nations Native American tribes Lists of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Northeastern Woodlands Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands