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Epistemology Epistemology (; ), or the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemology is considered a major subfield of philosophy, along with other major subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epis ...
(from
Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
ἐπιστήμη – ''episteme''-, "knowledge, science" and λόγος, "
logos ''Logos'' (, ; grc, λόγος, lógos, lit=word, discourse, or reason) is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric and refers to the appeal to reason that relies on logic or reason, inductive and deductive reasoning. Ari ...
") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of
knowledge Knowledge can be defined as Descriptive knowledge, awareness of facts or as Procedural knowledge, practical skills, and may also refer to Knowledge by acquaintance, familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called pro ...
.Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 3, 1967, Macmillan, Inc. It addresses the questions "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "How do we know what we know?", and "Why do we know what we know?". Much of the debate in this field has focused on
analyzing Analysis (plural, : analyses) is the process of breaking a complexity, complex topic or Substance theory, substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics a ...
the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as
truth Truth is the property of being in accord with fact or reality.Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionarytruth 2005 In everyday language, truth is typically ascribed to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise correspond to it, such as belie ...
,
belief A belief is an attitude that something is the case, or that some proposition is true. In epistemology, philosophers use the term "belief" to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false. To believe something is to take ...
, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. Articles related to epistemology include:


A

– " A Defence of Common Sense" – A posteriori
A priori and a posteriori ("from the earlier") and ("from the later") are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on empirical evidence or experience. knowledge is independent from current ...
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human KnowledgeAbductive reasoning
Academic skepticism Academic skepticism refers to the skeptical period of ancient Platonism dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch of the Platonic Academy, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although indi ...
Acatalepsy In philosophy, acatalepsy (from the Greek ἀκαταληψία "inability to comprehend" from alpha privative and καταλαμβάνειν, "to seize") is incomprehensibleness, or the impossibility of comprehending or conceiving a thing. It ...
Ad hoc hypothesis
Adaptive representation Adaptive representation is an extension by Francis HeylighenHeylighen, Francis (1990). ''Representation and Change: A Metarepresentational Framework for the Foundations of Physical and Cognitive Science''. Communication and Cognition, Ghent, Belgium ...
Adolph StöhrAenesidemus''Aenesidemus'' (book)
African Spir Afrikan Aleksandrovich Spir (1837–1890) was a Russian neo-Kantian philosopher of German-Greek descent who wrote primarily in German. His book ''Denken und Wirklichkeit'' (''Thought and Reality'') exerted a "lasting impact" on the writings of F ...
Against Method ''Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge'' is a 1975 book by Austrian-born philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend. The author argues that science should become an anarchic enterprise, not a nomic (customary) one; in the cont ...
Agnosticism
Agrippa the Skeptic Agrippa ( el, Ἀγρίππας) was a Pyrrhonist philosopher who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century CE. He is regarded as the author of "The Five Tropes (or Modes, in el, τρόποι) of Agrippa", which are purported to est ...
AlethiologyAlief (belief)
Alison Wylie Alison Wylie (born 1954) is a Canadian philosopher of archaeology. She is a professor of philosophy at the University of British Columbia and holds a Canada Research Chair in Philosophy of the Social and Historical Sciences. Wylie specialize ...
Alvin Goldman Alvin Ira Goldman (born 1938) is an American philosopher who is Emeritus Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Rutgers University in New Jersey and a leading figure in epistemology. Education and career Goldman e ...
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'' is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title ''An Essay Concerning Humane Understan ...
Analytic–synthetic distinction The analytic–synthetic distinction is a semantic distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish between propositions (in particular, statements that are affirmative subject–predicate judgments) that are of two types: analytic propos ...
Anamnesis (philosophy) In philosophy, anamnesis (; grc, ἀνάμνησις) is a concept in Plato's epistemological and psychological theory that he develops in his dialogues '' Meno'' and '' Phaedo'' and appeals to in his '' Phaedrus''. The central claims are ...
Androcentrism Androcentrism (Ancient Greek, ἀνήρ, "man, male") is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing a masculine point of view at the center of one's world view, culture, and history, thereby culturally marginalizing femininity. The related a ...
Android epistemology
Anthony Wilden Anthony George Wilden (14 December 1935 – 29 December 2019) was a writer, social theorist, college lecturer, and consultant. Wilden published numerous books and articles which intersect a number of fields, including systems theory, film theory, ...
Anti-foundationalism
Anti-realism In analytic philosophy, anti-realism is a position which encompasses many varieties such as metaphysical, mathematical, semantic, scientific, moral and epistemic. The term was first articulated by British philosopher Michael Dummett in an argument ...
Apperception Apperception (from the Latin ''ad-'', "to, toward" and ''percipere'', "to perceive, gain, secure, learn, or feel") is any of several aspects of perception and consciousness in such fields as psychology, philosophy and epistemology. Meaning in philo ...
Arda Denkel __NOTOC__ Arda Denkel (6 July 1949 – 21 May 2000) was a Turkish philosopher. He studied at the University of Oxford and, under Peter Strawson, wrote his D.Phil. dissertation which he later developed into a more expansive study with his book ...
Argument from illusion The argument from illusion is an argument for the existence of sense-data. It is posed as a criticism of direct realism. Overview Naturally-occurring illusions best illustrate the argument's points, a notable example concerning a stick: I have a ...
Aristotle's theory of universals Aristotle's Theory of Universals is Aristotle's classical solution to the Problem of Universals, sometimes known as the hylomorphic theory of immanent realism. Universals are the characteristics or qualities that ordinary objects or things hav ...
Arnór Hannibalsson Arnór Hannibalsson (1934 – 28 December 2012) was an Icelandic philosopher, historian, and translator. He was a professor of philosophy at the University of Iceland. He completed a master's degree in philosophy at the University of Moscow and ...
Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir (born October 5, 1969), who publishes as Ásta, is an Icelandic philosopher. She was a professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University and is currently a professor at Duke University. Born in Reykjavík, ...
– Atli Harðarson –
Atomism Atomism (from Greek , ''atomon'', i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms. References to the concept of atomism and its atoms ...
Autoepistemic logicAyn Rand


B

Barry Stroud Barry Stroud (; 18 May 1935 – 9 August 2019) was a Canadian philosopher and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Known especially for his work on philosophical skepticism, he wrote about David Hume, Ludwig Wittgenstein, the metap ...
Basic belief Basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Categories of beliefs Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justifi ...
Basic limiting principle
Belief A belief is an attitude that something is the case, or that some proposition is true. In epistemology, philosophers use the term "belief" to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false. To believe something is to take ...
Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, ...
Bertrand Russell's views on philosophyBjörn Kraus
Black swan theory The black swan theory or theory of black swan events is a metaphor that describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. The term is based o ...
Blind men and an elephantBody of knowledge
Brain in a vat In philosophy, the brain in a vat (BIV) is a scenario used in a variety of thought experiments intended to draw out certain features of human conceptions of knowledge, reality, truth, mind, consciousness, and meaning. It is a modern incarna ...
Brute fact


C

C. D. Broad Charlie Dunbar Broad (30 December 1887 – 11 March 1971), usually cited as C. D. Broad, was an English people, English epistemology, epistemologist, history of philosophy, historian of philosophy, philosophy of science, philosopher of sc ...
Carper's fundamental ways of knowing In healthcare, Carper's fundamental ways of knowing is a typology that attempts to classify the different sources from which knowledge and beliefs in professional practice (originally specifically nursing) can be or have been derived. It was propo ...
Cartesian doubt Cartesian doubt is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes (March 31, 1596Feb 11, 1650). Scruton, R.''Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey''(London: Penguin Books, 1994). Leiber, ...
Cartesian other In philosophy, the Cartesian other, part of a thought experiment, is any other than the mind of the individual thinking about the experiment. The Other includes the individual's own body. According to the philosopher Descartes, there is a divide ...
Cartesian SelfCatherine ElginCausal chainCausal Theory of KnowingCausality
Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies The Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) () is a Dutch and English-speaking research university located in Brussels, Belgium.The Vrije Universiteit Brussel is one of the five universities officially recognised by the Flemish government. listof all ...
Centre de Recherche en Epistémologie Appliquée
Certainty Certainty (also known as epistemic certainty or objective certainty) is the epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting. One standard way of defining epistemic certainty is that a belief is certain if and o ...
Claudio Canaparo
Cogito ergo sum The Latin , usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am", is the "first principle" of René Descartes's philosophy. He originally published it in French as , in his 1637 ''Discourse on the Method'', so as to reach a wider audien ...
Cognitive closure (philosophy)
Cognitive synonymy Cognitive synonymy is a type of synonymy in which synonyms are so similar in meaning that they cannot be differentiated either denotatively or connotatively, that is, not even by mental associations, connotations, emotive responses, and poetic ...
Coherence theory of truth Coherence theories of truth characterize truth as a property of whole systems of propositions that can be ascribed to individual propositions only derivatively according to their coherence with the whole. While modern coherence theorists hold that ...
Coherentism In philosophical epistemology, there are two types of coherentism: the coherence theory of truth; and the coherence theory of justification (also known as epistemic coherentism). Coherent truth is divided between an anthropological approach, wh ...
Common sense ''Common Sense'' is a 47-page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–1776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Writing in clear and persuasive prose, Paine collected various moral and political arg ...
Compensationism
Composition of Causes The Composition of Causes was a set of philosophical laws advanced by John Stuart Mill in his watershed essay ''A System of Logic''. These laws outlined Mill's view of the epistemological components of emergentism, a school of philosophical laws ...
Computational epistemology Computational epistemology is a subdiscipline of formal epistemology that studies the intrinsic complexity of inductive problems for ideal and computationally bounded agents. In short, computational epistemology is to induction what recursion theory ...
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments ''Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments'' ( da, Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift til de philosophiske Smuler) is a major work by Søren Kierkegaard. The work is an attack against Hegelianism, the philosophy of He ...
Condition of possibility In philosophy, condition of possibility (german: Bedingungen der Möglichkeit) is a concept made popular by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, and is an important part of his philosophy. A condition of possibility is a necessary framework fo ...
Consensus theory of truth
Constructivism (mathematics) In the philosophy of mathematics, constructivism asserts that it is necessary to find (or "construct") a specific example of a mathematical object in order to prove that an example exists. Contrastingly, in classical mathematics, one can prove th ...
Constructivist epistemology
Contextualism Contextualism, also known as epistemic contextualism, is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the ''context'' in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs. Proponents of contextualism argue that, in some important respect, the a ...
Contrastivism Contrastivism, or the contrast theory of meaning, is an epistemological theory proposed by Jonathan Schaffer that suggests that knowledge attributions have a ternary structure of the form 'S knows that p rather than q'. This is in contrast to the ...
Correspondence theory of truth
Counterintuitive A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically u ...
Crispin Wright Crispin James Garth Wright (; born 21 December 1942) is a British philosopher, who has written on neo-Fregean (neo-logicist) philosophy of mathematics, Wittgenstein's later philosophy, and on issues related to truth, realism, cognitivism, skep ...
Criteria of truth In epistemology, criteria of truth (or tests of truth) are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims. They are tools of verification, and as in the problem of the criterion, the reliability of these tools is disputed ...
Critical rationalism Critical rationalism is an epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper on the basis that, if a statement cannot be logically deduced (from what is known), it might nevertheless be possible to logically falsify it. Following Hume, Poppe ...
Critical realismCritical thinking
Cynicism Cynic or Cynicism may refer to: Modes of thought * Cynicism (philosophy), a school of ancient Greek philosophy * Cynicism (contemporary), modern use of the word for distrust of others' motives Books * ''The Cynic'', James Gordon Stuart Grant 1 ...


D

Daniel M. Hausman Daniel M. Hausman (born March 27, 1947 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American philosopher. His research has focussed primarily on methodological, metaphysical, and ethical issues at the boundaries between economics and philosophy. He is currently ...
David Hume David Hume (; born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) Cranston, Maurice, and Thomas Edmund Jessop. 2020 999br>David Hume" ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 18 May 2020. was a Scottish Enlightenment phil ...
Deductive closure In mathematical logic, a set of logical formulae is deductively closed if it contains every formula that can be logically deduced from , formally: if always implies . If is a set of formulae, the deductive closure of is its smallest superse ...
Defeasible reasoning In philosophical logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductive reasoning, deductively valid. It usually occurs when a rule is given, but there may be specific exceptions to the rule, or su ...
Defeater A defeater of a belief is evidence that this belief is false. Defeaters are of particular interest to epistemology since they affect whether a belief is justified. An important distinction is between undercutting and rebutting defeaters. Undercu ...
Deflationary theory of truth In philosophy and logic, a deflationary theory of truth (also semantic deflationism or simply deflationism) is one of a family of theories that all have in common the claim that assertions of predicate truth of a statement do not attribute a prop ...
Descriptive knowledge In epistemology, descriptive knowledge (also known as propositional knowledge, knowing-that, declarative knowledge, or constative knowledge) is knowledge that can be expressed in a declarative sentence or an indicative proposition. "Knowing-that" c ...
Dharmarāja Adhvarin
Dialetheism Dialetheism (from Greek 'twice' and 'truth') is the view that there are statements that are both true and false. More precisely, it is the belief that there can be a true statement whose negation is also true. Such statements are called "true ...
Dianoia Dianoia (Greek: διάνοια, ''ratio'' in Latin) is a term used by Plato for a type of thinking, specifically about mathematical and technical subjects. Dianoia is the human cognitive capacity for, process of, or result of ''discursive'' thinkin ...
Direct and indirect realism In the philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, the question of direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, is the debate over the nature of conscious experience;Lehar, Steve. (2000)The Function of Consc ...
Direct experience Direct experience or immediate experience generally denotes experience gained through immediate sense perception. Many philosophical systems hold that knowledge or skills gained through direct experience cannot be fully put into words. See also * ...
Discourse on the Method ''Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences'' (french: Discours de la Méthode Pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences) is a philosophical and autobiographical ...
DisjunctivismDispositional and occurrent belief
Divine command theory Divine command theory (also known as theological voluntarism) is a meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God. The theory asserts that what is moral is determined ...
Daimonic The idea of the daimonic typically means quite a few things: from befitting a demon and fiendish, to be motivated by a spiritual force or genius and inspired. As a psychological term, it has come to represent an elemental force which contains an ...
Dogma Dogma is a belief or set of beliefs that is accepted by the members of a group without being questioned or doubted. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Isla ...
Doubt Doubt is a mental state in which the mind remains suspended between two or more contradictory propositions, unable to be certain of any of them. Doubt on an emotional level is indecision between belief and disbelief. It may involve uncertainty ...
Doxa Doxa (; from verb ) Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. 1940.δοκέω" In ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', edited by H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. – via Perseus Project. is a common belief or popular opinion. In cla ...
Doxastic attitudes
Dream argument The dream argument is the postulation that the act of dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses we trust to distinguish reality from illusion should not be fully trusted, and therefore, any state that is dependent on our senses should ...
Duck test


E

Eastern epistemologyEcology of contexts
Edgar Morin Edgar Morin (; ; born Edgar Nahoum; 8 July 1921) is a French philosopher and sociologist of the theory of information who has been recognized for his work on complexity and "complex thought" ( pensée complexe), and for his scholarly contributio ...
Editology
Edmund Gettier Edmund Lee Gettier III (; October 31, 1927 – March 23, 2021) was an American philosopher at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is best known for his short 1963 article "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", which has generated an exten ...
– Educology – Egocentric predicament
Elephant test The duck test is a form of abductive reasoning, usually expressed as "If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck." The test implies that a person can identify an unknown subject by observing t ...
Emergence
Empirical evidence Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences ...
Empirical method Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values some research more than other kinds. Empirical evidence (the record of ...
Empirical relationship
Empirical research Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values some research more than other kinds. Empirical evidence (the record of ...
EmpiricismEndoxa
Enneads The ''Enneads'' ( grc-gre, Ἐννεάδες), fully ''The Six Enneads'', is the collection of writings of the philosopher Plotinus, edited and compiled by his student Porphyry (270). Plotinus was a student of Ammonius Saccas, and together th ...
Epilogism Epilogism is a style of inference used by the ancient Empiric school of medicine. It is a theory-free method that looks at history through the accumulation of facts without major generalization and with consideration of the consequences of making ca ...
Episteme In philosophy, episteme (; french: épistémè) is a term that refers to a principle system of understanding (i.e., knowledge), such as scientific knowledge or practical knowledge. The term comes from the Ancient Greek verb grc, ἐπῐ́ ...
Epistemic closure Epistemic closure is a property of some belief systems. It is the principle that if a subject S knows p, and S knows that p entails q, then S can thereby come to know q. Most epistemological theories involve a closure principle and many skepti ...
Epistemic commitment
Epistemic community An epistemic community is a network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes. The definitive conceptual framework of an epistemic communit ...
Epistemic conservatism Epistemic conservatism is a view in epistemology about the structure of reasons or justification for belief A belief is an attitude that something is the case, or that some proposition is true. In epistemology, philosophers use the term "beli ...
Epistemic feedback The term "epistemic feedback" is a form of feedback which refers to an interplay between what is being observed (or measured) and the result of the observation. ''Physics and philosophy: selected essays'', Henry Margenau, 1978, 404 pages, p.2 ...
Epistemic minimalism Epistemic minimalism is the epistemological thesis that mere true belief is sufficient for knowledge. That is, the ''meaning'' of "Smith knows that it rained today" is accurately and completely analyzed by these two conditions: # Smith believes t ...
Epistemic possibility In philosophy and modal logic, epistemic possibility relates a statement under consideration to the current state of our knowledge about the actual world: a statement is said to be: * ''epistemically possible'' if it ''may be true, for all we kn ...
Epistemic theories of truth
Epistemic theory of miracles The epistemic theory of miracles is the name given by the philosopher William Vallicella to the theory of miraculous events given by Augustine of Hippo and Baruch Spinoza. According to the theory, there are no events contrary to nature — that ...
Epistemic virtue The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to the intellectual virtue or vice of one's own life and personal experiences. Some epistemic virtues h ...
Epistemicism Epistemicism is a position about vagueness in the philosophy of language or metaphysics, according to which there are facts about the boundaries of a vague predicate which we cannot possibly discover. Given a vague predicate, such as 'is thin' or ...
Epistemocracy
Epistemological anarchism Paul Karl Feyerabend (; January 13, 1924 – February 11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science best known for his work as a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked for three decades (1958 ...
Epistemological idealism Epistemological idealism is a subjectivist position in epistemology that holds that what one knows about an object exists only in one's mind. It is opposed to epistemological realism. Overview Epistemological idealism suggests that everything we ' ...
Epistemological particularism Epistemological particularism is the view that one can know something without knowing ''how'' one knows it. By this view, one's knowledge is justified before one knows how such belief could be justified. Taking this as a philosophical approach, one ...
Epistemological pluralism __notoc__ Epistemological pluralism is a term used in philosophy, economics, and virtually any field of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological methodologies for attaining a fuller description of a particular ...
Epistemological psychologyEpistemological realismEpistemological rupture
Epistemological solipsism In epistemology, epistemological solipsism is the claim that one can only be sure of the existence of one's mind. The existence of other minds and the external world is not necessarily rejected but one can not be sure of its existence.Sami Pihlstr ...
Epistemology Epistemology (; ), or the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemology is considered a major subfield of philosophy, along with other major subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epis ...
Epoché
Eristic In philosophy and rhetoric, eristic (from '' Eris'', the ancient Greek goddess of chaos, strife, and discord) refers to an argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument, rather than searching for truth. According to T.H. Irwin, "It ...
Ernst von Glasersfeld Ernst von Glasersfeld (March 8, 1917, Munich – November 12, 2010, Leverett, Franklin County, Massachusetts) was a philosopher, and emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Georgia, research associate at the Scientific Reasoni ...
Eureka effect The eureka effect (also known as the Aha! moment or eureka moment) refers to the common human experience of suddenly understanding a previously incomprehensible problem or concept. Some research describes the Aha! effect (also known as insight or ...
Everett W. HallEvidence
Evidentialism Evidentialism is a thesis in epistemology which states that one is justified to believe something if and only if that person has evidence which supports said belief. Evidentialism is, therefore, a thesis about which beliefs are justified and which ...
Evil demon The evil demon, also known as Descartes' demon, malicious demon and evil genius, is an epistemological concept that features prominently in Cartesian philosophy. In the first of his 1641 '' Meditations on First Philosophy'', Descartes imagine ...
Evolutionary argument against naturalism The evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN) is a philosophical argument asserting a problem with believing both evolution and philosophical naturalism simultaneously. The argument was first proposed by Alvin Plantinga in 1993 and "raises is ...
Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary epistemology refers to three distinct topics: (1) the biological evolution of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans, (2) a theory that knowledge itself evolves by natural selection, and (3) the study of the historical discovery ...
Exclusion principle (philosophy)
Existential phenomenology Existential phenomenology encompasses a wide range of thinkers who take up the view that philosophy must begin from experience like phenomenology, but argues for the temporality of personal existence as the framework for analysis of the human cond ...
Exoteric Exoteric refers to knowledge that is outside and independent from a person's experience and can be ascertained by anyone (related to common sense). The word is derived from the comparative form of Greek ἔξω ''eksô'', "from, out of, outside". ...
Expectation (epistemic) In the case of uncertainty, expectation is what is considered the most likely to happen. An expectation, which is a belief that is centered on the future, may or may not be realistic. A less advantageous result gives rise to the emotion of disappo ...
Experience Experience refers to conscious events in general, more specifically to perceptions, or to the practical knowledge and familiarity that is produced by these conscious processes. Understood as a conscious event in the widest sense, experience involv ...
Experiential knowledge Experiential knowledge is knowledge gained through experience, as opposed to a priori (before experience) knowledge: it can also be contrasted both with propositional (textbook) knowledge, and with practical knowledge. Experiential knowledge is c ...
Experientialism Experientialism is a philosophical view which states that there is no "purely rational" detached God's-eye view of the world which is external to human thought. It was first developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in '' Metaphors We Live ...
Extended mind thesis In philosophy of mind, the extended mind thesis (EMT) says that the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body, but extends into the physical world. The EMT proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part o ...
- ExternalismExternism
Eyewitness testimony Eyewitness testimony is the account a bystander or victim gives in the courtroom, describing what that person observed that occurred during the specific incident under investigation. Ideally this recollection of events is detailed; however, this is ...


F

Fact
Factual relativism Factual relativism (also called epistemic relativism, epistemological relativism, alethic relativism or cognitive relativism) argues that truth itself is relative. This form of relativism has its own particular problem, regardless of whether one i ...
Fact–value distinction The fact–value distinction is a fundamental epistemological distinction described between: #'Statements of fact' ( 'positive' or 'descriptive statements'), based upon reason and physical observation, and which are examined via the empirical m ...
Faith and rationality Faith and rationality exist in varying degrees of conflict or compatibility. Rationality is based on reason or facts. Faith is belief in inspiration, revelation, or authority. The word ''faith'' sometimes refers to a belief that is held with lack ...
Fallibilism Originally, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: ''fallibilis'', "liable to err") is the philosophical principle that propositions can be accepted even though they cannot be conclusively proven or justified,Haack, Susan (1979)"Fallibilism and Nece ...
– Falsifiability – Feminist epistemology – Fideism – Finitism – Fitch's paradox of knowability – Fooled by Randomness – Formal epistemology – Formative epistemology – Foundationalism – Foundherentism – Fragmentalism – Frame problem – Frank Cameron Jackson – Fred Dretske – Frederick Wilhelmsen – Functional contextualism


G

– G. E. Moore – Gaston Bachelard – Generativity – Genetic epistemology – George Berkeley – George Pappas – Gettier problem – Giambattista Vico – Gila Sher – Gilbert Harman – Gilbert Ryle – Giulio Giorello – Gnosiology – Gödel's incompleteness theorems


H

– Harry Binswanger – Heinz von Foerster – Helmut Wautischer – Here is one hand – Hierarchical epistemology – Hilary Kornblith — Historical epistemology – Humanism – Hume's fork


I

– I know it when I see it – I know that I know nothing – Ideological criticism – Ideology – Ignoramus et ignorabimus – Ignorance – Illuminationism – Immanuel Kant – Incorrigibility – Indeterminacy (philosophy) – Inductive reasoning – Inductivism – Infallibilism – Infallibility – Inference – Infinitism – Source text, Information source – Innatism – Insight – Intellectual responsibility – Internalism and externalism – Intersubjective verifiability – Intersubjectivity – Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology – Introspection – Intuition (Bergson) – Intuition (philosophy) – Intuition (psychology) – Intuitionism – Irrealism (philosophy) – Is Logic Empirical? – Islamization of knowledge


J

– Jean Piaget – Jean-Louis Le Moigne – Jean-Michel Berthelot – John Greco (philosopher) – John Hick – John Locke – John Searle – Jonathan Dancy – Jonathan Kvanvig - Jules Vuillemin – Justified true belief


K

– Karla Jessen Williamson – Katalepsis – Keith Lehrer – KK thesis – Knowing and the Known – Knowledge – ''Knowledge and Its Limits'' – Knowledge by acquaintance – Knowledge by description – Knowledge organization – Knowledge relativity


L

– Laplace's demon – Larry Laudan – Larry Sanger – Latitudinarianism (philosophy) – Laurence BonJour – Law (principle) – Leap of faith – Leonard Peikoff – Levels of adequacy – List of epistemologists – Logical holism – Logical positivism – Lottery paradox


M

– Maieutics – Map–territory relation – Margaret Elizabeth Egan – Mathematical proof – Meditations on First Philosophy – Memory – Meno – Meno's slave – Meta – Meta-epistemology – Metaphor in philosophy – Metaphysical naturalism – Metatheory – Methodism (philosophy) – Methodological solipsism – Michel de Montaigne – Molyneux's problem – Moore's paradox – Moral rationalism – Multiperspectivalism – Mundane reason


N

– Naïve empiricism – Naïve realism – Nassim Nicholas Taleb – Naturalism (philosophy) – Naturalized epistemology – Nayef Al-Rodhan – Neopragmatism – Neutrality (philosophy) – New realism (philosophy) – Nicholas Rescher – Niklas Luhmann – Nomothetic – Nomothetic and idiographic – Noogony – Norman Malcolm – Noumenon


O

– Object (philosophy) – Objectivity (philosophy) – Observation – Ontologism – Omphalos hypothesis – Opinion – Outline of epistemology – Overbelief


P

– P. F. Strawson – Pancritical rationalism – Panrationalism – Paradigm – Paradigm shift – Participatory theory – Paul Churchland – Perception – Perceptual learning – Peripatetic axiom — Personal epistemology – Perspectivism – Pessimism – Peter Millican – Peter Unger – Phenomenal conservatism – Phenomenalism – Phillip H. Wiebe – Philosophic burden of proof – Philosophical Fragments – Philosophical Investigations – Philosophical problems of testimony – Philosophical skepticism – Philosophical theology – Philosophical zombie – Philosophy of color – Philosophy of perception – Philosophy of science – Plato's Problem – Platonic epistemology – Pluralism (philosophy) – Pluralist theories of truth – Positivism – Postfoundationalism – Postmodern philosophy – Postpositivism – Pragmatic theory of truth – Pramāṇa – Praxeology – Predictive power – Preface paradox – Preformation theory – Presentationism – Presupposition (philosophy) – Primary/secondary quality distinction – Principle of charity – Private language argument – Privileged access – Probabilism – Probability interpretations – Problem of induction – Problem of other minds – Problem of the criterion – Problem of universals – Procedural knowledge – Proof (truth) – Propensity probability – Propositional attitude – Pseudointellectual – Psychological nominalism – Pyrrho – Pyrrhonism


Q

– Quantification (science), Quantification


R

– Ramification problem – Rational egoism – Rational fideism – Rational ignorance – Rationalism – Rationality – Reason – Redundancy theory of truth – Reformed epistemology – Regress argument – Relevant alternatives theory – Reliabilism – Religious epistemology – Robert Audi – Robert Nozick – Roderick Chisholm – Role of chance in scientific discoveries


S

– Sally Haslanger – Satya – Scepticism and Animal Faith – Scottish Common Sense Realism – Self-evidence – Semantic externalism – Semantic theory of truth – Sensualism – Sextus Empiricus – Sherrilyn Roush – Simulated reality – Simulation hypothesis – Skepticism – Sleeping Beauty problem – Social constructionism – Social epistemology – Social Epistemology (journal) – Sociology of knowledge – Socrates – Solipsism – Sophist (dialogue) – Speculative reason – Steve Fuller (sociologist) – Subjectivism – Swamping problem – Swampman – Systemography


T

– Tabula rasa – Tarski's undefinability theorem – Techne – Telesis – Testimony – The Black Swan (Taleb book) – The Course in Positive Philosophy – ''The Extended Mind'' – The Postmodern Condition – ''The Republic (Plato)'' – The Roots of Reference – The Will to Believe – The World as Will and Representation – Theaetetus (dialogue) – Theory of Forms – Theory of justification – There are known knowns – Thick Black Theory – Thought experiment – Transcendent truth – Transcendental idealism – Transcendental philosophy – Transcendental realism – Transparency (philosophy) – Trenton Merricks – Truth – Truth by consensus – Truth predicate – Truth-value link – Twin Earth thought experiment – ''Two Dogmas of Empiricism'' – Two truths doctrine


U

– Uncertainty – Underdetermination – Understanding – Universal pragmatics – Unknown known – Unobservable – Upamāṇa


V

– Vagueness – Vasily Seseman – Verification theory – Verificationism – Verisimilitude – Veritism – Vienna Circle – Virtue epistemology – Visual space – Voluntarism (metaphysics)


W

– Walter Terence Stace – Ward Jones – Wilfrid Sellars – William Alston – William Crathorn – Word and Object – World Hypotheses – World view


X

– Xenophanes


See also

* Philosophy


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Index of epistemology articles Epistemology, * Indexes of philosophy topics, Epistemology