The Imperial-Royal Landwehr (german: kaiserlich-königliche Landwehr or ''k.k. Landwehr''), also called the Austrian Landwehr, was the territorial army of the

Cisleithania Cisleithania, also ''Zisleithanien'' sl, Cislajtanija hu, Ciszlajtánia cs, Předlitavsko sk, Predlitavsko pl, Przedlitawia sh-Cyrl-Latn, Цислајтанија, Cislajtanija ro, Cisleithania uk, Цислейтанія, Tsysleitaniia it, Cislei ...

n or

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

n half of the

Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

from 1869 to 1918. Its counterpart was the Royal Hungarian Landwehr (''k.u. Landwehr''). The two '' Landwehrs'', together with the Common Army and the Imperial and Royal Navy, made up the armed forces (''Bewaffnete Macht'' or ''Wehrmacht'') of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

. While the name, "Imperial-Royal", might seem to suggest a link between the "Imperial" ( Cisleithanian) and "Royal" ( Transleithanian or Hungarian) halves of the Empire, in this context "Royal" actually refers to the

Kingdom of Bohemia The Kingdom of Bohemia ( cs, České království),; la, link=no, Regnum Bohemiae sometimes in English literature referred to as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, the predecessor of the modern Czec ...

(''Königreich Böhmen'' or ''České království)'' - not a sovereign kingdom on par with the Kingdom of Hungary, but a crownland of Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary and possession of the Habsburgs, who remained formally entitled to kingship''.'' In this sense, the Kingdom of Bohemia was comparable in status to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Kingdom of Dalmatia. Unlike the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

, where the ''Landwehr'' mainly comprised reservists and volunteers, the Imperial-Royal ''Landwehr'' consisted of regular units. It was fully established with regular troops and not partly mobilized or cadred. The ''Landwehr'' should not be confused with the ''

Landsturm In German-speaking countries, the term ''Landsturm'' was historically used to refer to militia or military units composed of troops of inferior quality. It is particularly associated with Prussia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Sweden and the Nethe ...

'' which was a volunteer militia.

History

The roots of the Landwehr go back to the 16th century when there were calls on all able-bodied men to defend their country. During the

Napoleonic Wars The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fre ...

a ''Landwehr'' was established by imperial decree dated 9 June 1808 as a standing and common institution to complement the regular Austrian army. This army was used in 1809 and in 1813/14. In 1859, the ''Landwehr'' was abolished. After the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central- Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...

had lost the war against

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an e ...

, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise put an end of the absolutist rule over

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...

and established the Dual Monarchy. Hungary now wanted its own forces under command of the Hungarian government alongside the existing Imperial and Royal Army and

Navy A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It in ...

, which were commanded by the

Emperor An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother ( ...

and Austro-Hungarian Minister of War. So the Compromise included the right of Hungary to establish the Royal Hungarian Landwehr (''Magyar Királyi Honvédség''), often colloquially known as the ''Honved'' or ''Honvéd'' (''Honvédség''). As a consequence, the

n counterpart of the Honved, known as the Imperial-Royal Landwehr, was established in the "kingdoms and lands represented in the Reichsrat", i.e. the remaining Empire of Austria. Its tasks were finally confirmed in 1889 in the Austrian Defence Act ( RGBl. 41/1889) as follows: ''§ 4. The Landwehr is tasked in time of war to support the Army and to defend the homeland; in peacetime, and by exception, also to maintain law and order and security of the homeland.'' In ''§ 14 Wehrgesetz 1889'' the annual recruiting quota for the Landwehr was set at 10,000 men.

Conscription Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to Ancient history, antiquity and it continues in some countries to th ...

in the ''Landwehr'' was from age 21 up to 32 and included two or three years on active duty. The one-year volunteer served just one year, but received no wages and had to pay for their own equipment. After age 32, conscripted ''Landwehr'' soldiers were transferred to the ''

'' militia. As there were more conscripts available than were needed, a lot decided who was assigned to the army, who to the militia and who to the reserve. The monarch became the supreme warlord, holding all authority over the structure, organization, and administration of the army. He appointed the senior officials, had the right to declare war, and was the commander-in-chief of the army. The ''Landwehr's'' "March No. 1", which

Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classic ...

composed in 1808, as the "March of the Bohemian Landwehr" (''Marsch der böhmischen Landwehr''), is known nowadays as the Yorck March (''

Yorckscher Marsch Yorckscher Marsch (english ''Yorckian march'') was written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1808 or 1809 as a march ''Für die böhmische Landwehr'' (For the Bohemian Militia). It was the first of three military marches written by Beethoven. History ...

''). As an element of the Grand Tattoo, performed e.g. by the ''

Bundeswehr The ''Bundeswehr'' (, meaning literally: ''Federal Defence'') is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ''Bundeswehr'' is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part, the military part con ...

'', it is now one of the best known German military marches.

Colours

The Imperial-Royal Landwehr initially had no colours. However, in September 1915, Emperor Franz Joseph I granted the authority for the "M 1915" colours in recognition of "exceptionally meritorious achievements" by the Imperial Landwehr, which was then manufactured under the supervision of the Army Museum in 1916. These were to be handed over to the various regiments after the war. The process was regulated by the ordinances of the Imperial-Royal Landwehr, Standard Regulations, Part 22, dated 8 September 1915, in which the procedure for the award of colours was laid down by Special Order (''Zirkularverordnung'') 4 Sep 1915, Presentation No. 14,256. For this, the following letter was issued: ''"His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, in gracious recognition of late of the exceptionally meritorious achievements by the Imperial Royal Landwehr, which fought throughout the recent war alongside troops of the Imperial and Royal Army, demonstrating stalwart and faithful discharge of duty before the enemy, and repeatedly earning the very highest tribute, graciously condescends to permit the Imperial Royal Landwehr troops to bear colours. In view of the design and material requirements of these colours, as well as their production and ceremonial presentation, they will only be available after the end of the war. This very highest act of grace is intended to spur the troops of the Imperial Royal Landwehr further to new deeds of heroism and, of course by further brilliant performance against the enemy, will prove they are worthy, time and again, of this most high honour!"'' ''Freiherr von Georgi m.p.''
''General of Infantry'' The colours were not issued during the period of the monarchy, but only later to traditional units. How many of these colours were made is not known. Records show that at least the colours of the 2nd Linz Landwehr Infantry Regiment were transferred to the ''Kameradschaftsbund ehemaliger Zweierschützen'' ("2nd Rifles Old Comrades Association") in Linz on 8 June 1924. Also the existence of the colours of the 1st Vienna Imperial Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment are known to have existed.

Structure

The Austrian Landwehr reported to the Imperial-Royal Ministry of Defence (likewise the

Hungarian Honvéd Hungarian may refer to: * Hungary, a country in Central Europe * Kingdom of Hungary, state of Hungary, existing between 1000 and 1946 * Hungarians, ethnic groups in Hungary * Hungarian algorithm, a polynomial time algorithm for solving the assi ...

reported to the

Royal Hungarian Ministry of Defence Royal may refer to: People * Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name * A member of a royal family Places United States * Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community * Royal, Illinois, a village * Royal, Iowa, a cit ...

- both independent of the joint Ministry of War). LandesschtzDienst

The k.k. State Ministry of Defence was located in Vienna at ''Babenbergerstraße'' 5. The Landwehr high command was housed on the first floor of the former Imperial Department of Justice at ''Schillerplatz'' 4. Landwehr staffs and the Landwehr Base Command were quartered in private homes. During the First World War, the k.k. Ministry of Defence was responsible under the War Office for homeland defence. The Landwehr had its own barracks, depots and officer training establishments. The training of Landwehr officers took place in the Imperial-Royal Franz Joseph Military Academy in ''Boerhaavegasse'' in Vienna, one of five

military academies A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps. It normally provides education in a military environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned. ...

. In addition, there was a military upper school in Vienna and a military lower school in Bruck an der Leitha. The Landwehr barracks in Vienna were the Kaiserebersdorf Landwehr Artillery Barracks, the Emperor Franz Josef Landwehr Barracks and Siebenbrunnengasse Landwehr Barracks. Next to the last-named barracks was the Landwehr Equipment Depot. The Imperial-Royal Landwehr Arms Depot was the

Arsenal An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination, whether privately or publicly owned. Arsenal and armoury (British English) or armory (American English) are mostl ...

in Vienna. The Imperial-Royal Landwehr (''k.k. or kaiserlich österreichisch/königlich böhmisch'') was the standing army of Austria responsible for the defence of Austria itself. Its order of battle at the outbreak of the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

was as follows:The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1) Osprey Men-at-Arms 392 by Peter Jung p.23, 2001 * 37 infantry regiments - each of 3 battalions (4th with 5 bns, 23rd with 2 bns, and 27th with 4 bns) * 6 regiments of lancers (uhlans) * 8 field artillery battalions (''Feldkanonen-Divisionen'') * 8 field howitzer battalions (''Feldhaubitz-Divisionen'') The mountain infantry had the following units: * 2 mountain infantry regiments, the 4th and 27th * 4 Tyrolian rifle regiments (''Tiroler Landesschützen Regimenter'') (1st, 2nd and 4th with three battalions and the 3rd with 4 battalions) - from January 1917 named "imperial rifles" (''Kaiserschützen'') * 1 mounted Tyrolian rifle battalion (''Reitende Tiroler Landesschützen'') * 1 mounted Dalmatian rifle battalion (''Reitende Dalmatiner Landesschützen'') Helm eines k

Although the Landwehr infantry regiments were weaker in personnel than Imperial and Royal Infantry regiments (Landwehr regiments had just three

battalion A battalion is a military unit, typically consisting of 300 to 1,200 soldiers commanded by a lieutenant colonel, and subdivided into a number of companies (usually each commanded by a major or a captain). In some countries, battalions ...

s instead of the usual four in the Common Army - exceptions were the 1st and 3rd State Rifle Regiments who also had four battalions), they were often superior in terms of equipment. The parliaments of

and Transleithania were rather more willing, to support "their" troops with financial resources than the common army. A special feature was the title of the Landwehr regiments, which bore the name of the garrison location of their regimental staff (e.g. 6th Eger Landwehr Infantry Regiment - ''k. k. Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment „Eger“ Nr. 6''). The same was true of the state's rifle units, which also belonged to the Landwehr (3rd Innichen State Rifle Regiment - ''k.k. Landesschützen-Regiment „Innichen“ Nr. III''). In this way, the closeness of each regiment with its garrison was emphasized.

Infantry

On 11 April 1917 the infantry units of the Landwehr were renamed. The title "Landwehr" was replaced by "Schützen" ("Rifles"). The changes were as follows: *Landwehr Infantry Division (''Landwehr Infanterietruppen Division'') = Imperial-Royal Rifle Division (''k.k. Schützendivision'') *Landwehr Infantry Brigade (''Landwehrinfanteriebrigade'') = Imperial-Royal Rifle Brigade (''k.k. Schützenbrigade'') *5th (Pola) Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (''k.k. Landwehr Infanterie Regiment „Pola“ Nr. 5'') = 5th (Pola) Imperial-Royal Rifle Regiment (''k.k. Schützenregiment „Pola“ Nr. 5'')

Landwehr Infantry Divisions

Landwehr infantry regiments

The infantry regiment consisted of only three battalions instead of the usual four found in the Common Army. The garrison name is always the location of regimental HQ. * 1st Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Vienna) :25th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 13th Landwehr Infantry Division – II Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Vienna (Staff- XIII District HütteldorferStr. 188), :Nationalities: 95 % German – 5 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Vienna A :Commanding Officer:

Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge ...

Alexander Dini :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Gustav Urbanek - Lieut. Colonel Karl Schubert - Major Friedrich Bitterlich - Major Franz Heillinger - Major Karl Edler von Ruckmich - Major Julius Hoppe * 2nd Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Linz) :87th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 44th Landwehr Infantry Division – XIV Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison:

Linz Linz ( , ; cs, Linec) is the capital of Upper Austria and third-largest city in Austria. In the north of the country, it is on the Danube south of the Czech border. In 2018, the population was 204,846. In 2009, it was a European Capital ...

:Nationalities: 98 % germans – 2 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Linz and

Salzburg Salzburg (, ; literally "Salt-Castle"; bar, Soizbuag, label=Austro-Bavarian) is the fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020, it had a population of 156,872. The town is on the site of the Roman settlement of ''Iuvavum''. Salzburg was founded ...

:Commander: Colonel Konstantin Ritter Wasserthal von Zuccari :Staff officers: Lieutenant Colonel Franz Unger - Lieutenant Colonel Anton Möstl - Major Josef Morel - Major Leopold Hirsch - Major Julius Vogel - Major Vinzenz Beran - Major Franz Drtina * 3rd Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Graz) :43rd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 22nd Landwehr Infantry Division – III Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison:

Graz Graz (; sl, Gradec) is the capital city of the Austrian state of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. As of 1 January 2021, it had a population of 331,562 (294,236 of whom had principal-residence status). In 2018, the popula ...

- II Baon Leoben :Nationalities: 94 % German – 6 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Graz and

Marburg Marburg ( or ) is a university town in the German federal state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (''Landkreis''). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approximat ...

- :Commanding Officer: Colonel Franz Flach :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Friedrich Hadler - Lieut. Colonel Friedrich Teppner - Major Maximilian Kispert - Josef Karpellus - Major Friedrich Ritter von Wohlrab - Major August Strasser Hauptmann der k

* 4th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Klagenfurt) :44th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 22nd Landwehr Infantry Division – III Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison:

Klagenfurt Klagenfurt am WörtherseeLandesgesetzblatt 2008 vom 16. Jänner 2008, Stück 1, Nr. 1: ''Gesetz vom 25. Oktober 2007, mit dem die Kärntner Landesverfassung und das Klagenfurter Stadtrecht 1998 geändert werden.'/ref> (; ; sl, Celovec), usually ...

- II and III Baon Hermagor :Nationalities: 79 % German – 21 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District:

:Commanding Officer: Colonel Friedrich Eckhardt von Eckhardtsburg :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Karl Brunner - Lieut. Colonel Alois Edler von Fritsch - Major Eduard Alpi - Major Desiderius Deniflée - Major Robert Salomon - Major Emil Raabl von Hauenfreienstein ::The 4th Infantry belonged to the Imperial-Royal Mountain Corps. From 11 April 1917 it was called the 1st Imperial-Royal Mountain Rifle Regiment ::Contrary to Landwehr dress regulations it wore uniform based on the pattern of the State Rifles with an edelweiss on the collar, but with a number 4 above the hunting horn on their caps instead of the Tyrolean eagle. * 5th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Pola) :Guard force for Pola :Established: 1889: Garrison: Pola :Nationalities: 45 % Slovene – 22 % Serbian/Croatian – 20 % Italian – 8 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Triest :Commanding Officer: Colonel Richard Keki :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Eugen Vučinić - Lieut. Colonel Bernhard Zahn - Lieut. Colonel Georg Mitrović - Lieut. Colonel Heinrich Mandolfo - Major Edmund Lazar - Major Peter Franičević - Major Emil Ritter von Fischer * 6th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Eger) :41st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 21st Landwehr Infantry Division – VIII Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Eger :Nationalities: 97 % germans – 3 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Eger, Beraun :Commanding Officer: Colonel Adolf Hansmann :Staff officers: Colonel Viktor Friedel - Lieut. Colonel Ludwig Dierkes - Lieut. Colonel Eduard Edler von Adamek - Major Richard Klär - Major Simon Ronacher - Major Leopold Schnabl * 7th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Pilsen) :41st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 21st Landwehr Infantry Division – VIII Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Pilsen - III Baon in Rokycany :Nationalities: 60 % Czech – 30 % German – 10 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Pilsen and Beraun :Commanding Officer: Colonel Franz Sappe :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Leo Pflug . Lieut. Colonel Johann Weber - Lieut. Colonel Adam Brun - Major Wilhelm Baumgartner - Major Eduard Scheiber - Major Wilhelm Mayer-Koffler - Major Karl Fischer * 8th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Prague) :42nd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 21st Landwehr Infantry Division – VIII Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison:

Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate ...

:Nationalities: 95 % Czech – 5 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Prague and Beraun :Commanding Officer: Colonel Albert Welley :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Wilhelm Pulz - Lieut. Colonel Josef Trink - Major Franz Wolf - Major Franz Štěpánek - Major Jakob Zdeněk - Major Klaudius Ritter Schoen von Liebingen - Major Johann Nachtmann - Major Julius Biborosch * 9th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Leitmeritz) :52nd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 26th Landwehr Infantry Division – IX Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Leitmeritz - III Baon in Komotau :Nationalities: 86 % German – 14 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Leitmeritz and Komotau :Commanding Officer: Colonel Josef Ritter Reyl-Hanisch von Greiffenthal :Staff officers: Colonel Karl Edler von Maschke - Lieut. Colonel Franz Schmidt - Lieut. Colonel Franz Knirsch - Major Erwin Preuss - Major Franz Gasser - Major Leo Stangl * 10th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Jungbunzlau) :52nd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 26th Landwehr Infantry Division – IX Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Jungbunzlau - III Baon in Turnau :Nationalities: 95 % Czech – 5 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Jungbunzlau and Turnau :Commanding Officer: Viktor Meisel :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Franz Wanke - Lieut. Colonel Karl Bubnik - Major Moritz von Frank - Major Johann Preiss * 11th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Jičin) :51st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 26th Landwehr Infantry Division – IX Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Jičín - III Baon in

Jaroměř Jaroměř (; german: Jermer) is a town in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 12,000 inhabitants. It is known for the Josefov Fortress. Josefov is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban ...

:Nationalities: 63 % Czech – 36 % German – 1 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Jičin and Königgrätz :Commanding Officer: Colonel Emil Stangl :Staff officers: Colonel Ignaz Bezděk - Lieut. Colonel Josef Basler - Lieut. Colonel Karl Petzold - Lieut. Colonel Franz Rutta - Lieut. Colonel Edgar Gautsch von Frankenborn - Major Rudolf Hug * 12th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Časlau) :51st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 26th Landwehr Infantry Division – IX Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Časlau :Nationalities: 87 % Czech – 13 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Časlau and Jungbunzlau :Commanding Officer: Colonel Oskar Esch :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Emil Pohl - Lieut. Colonel Josef Dokoupil - Major Franz Großauer - Majoer Franz Weinbacher - Major Hermann Jellinek * 13th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Olmütz) :92nd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 46th Landwehr Infantry Division – I Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Olmütz - III Baon in Mährisch-Schönberg :Nationalities: 64 % Czech – 31 % German – 5 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Olmütz and Mährisch Schönberg :Commanding Officer: Colonel Emil Wank :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Josef Baranowski - Lieut. Colonel Franz Lindner - Lieut. Colonel Friedrich Ritter von Stępski - Major Gustav Illić - Major Julius Kuczera - Major August Ritter von Panzera - Major Adolf Buchsbaum * 14th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Brünn) :26th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 13th Landwehr Infantry Division – II Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Brünn- II Baon in Iglau :Nationalities: 67 % Czech – 31 % German – 2 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Brünn and

Iglau Jihlava (; german: Iglau) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 50,000 inhabitants. Jihlava is the capital of the Vysočina Region, situated on the Jihlava River on the historical border between Moravia and Bohemia. Historically, Jihlava ...

:Commanding Officer: Colonel Gustav Ritter von Zygadłowicz :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel I Generalstabskorps Karl Stutz - Lieut. Colonel Oskar Waßhuber - Lieut. Colonel Eduard Rott - Major Rudolf Steinbrecher - Major Franz Tippelt * 15th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Troppau) :92nd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 46th Landwehr Infantry Division – I Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Troppau - III Baon in Mährisch-Weißkirchen :Nationalities: 82 % German – 18 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Troppau and Olmütz :Commanding Officer: Colonel Emil Pattay Edler von Ključ :Staff officers: Oberstlr. Konrad Pikolka - Major Theodor Piekhart - Major Emil Pohlenz - Major Johann Mohelský

* 16th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Krakau) :91st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 46th Landwehr Infantry Division – I Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Krakow :Nationalities: 82 % Polish – 18 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Krakow and Wadowice :Commanding Officer: Colonel Heinrich Freiherr von Dürfeld :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Ludwig Zawada - Lieut. Colonel Ludwig Freisinger - Lieut. Colonel Karl Prettner - Major Alexander Edler von Karchesy - Major Adolf Meindl - Major Eduar Müller * 17th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Rzeszów) :90th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 45th Landwehr Infantry Division – X Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Rzeszów :Nationalities: 97 % Polish – 3 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Rzeszów :Commanding Officer: Colonel Edmund Lober Edler von Karstenrod :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Moritz Löwenstein - Major Karl Nikodem - Major Karl Kunzek - Major Josef Sittenberger * 18th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Przemyśl) :89th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 45th Landwehr Infantry Division – X Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison:

Przemyśl Przemyśl (; yi, פשעמישל, Pshemishl; uk, Перемишль, Peremyshl; german: Premissel) is a city in southeastern Poland with 58,721 inhabitants, as of December 2021. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was p ...

:Nationalities: 47 % Ruthenian – 43 % Polish – 10 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Przemyśl and Sanok :Commanding Officer: Colonel Eduard Bezdiczka :Staff officers: Colonel Robert Pluhard von Ulogponte - Lieut. Colonel Franz Kraliček - Lieut. Colonel Karl Lindinger - Major Hugo Reichel - Major Ignaz Pick - Major Viktore Jarosz * 19th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Lemberg) :85th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 43rd Infantry Division – XI Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison: Lemberg :Nationalities: 59 % Ruthenian – 31 % Polish – 10 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Lemberg and Brzezany :Commanding Officer: Colonel Karl Jent :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Johann Opletal - Lieut. Colonel Franz Springinsfeld - Major Rudolf Thom - Major Alexander Süss - Major Franz Paulik - Major Kajetan Amirowicz - Major Miecislaus Linde * 20th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Stanislau) :85th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 43rd Landwehr Infantry Division – XI Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison:

Stanislau Ivano-Frankivsk ( uk, Іва́но-Франкі́вськ, translit=Iváno-Frankívśk ), formerly Stanyslaviv ( pl, Stanisławów ; german: Stanislau), is a city located in Western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Ivano-Frankivsk Obl ...

:Nationalities: 72 % Ruthenian – 28 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Stanislau, Brzezany and

Czortków Chortkiv ( uk, Чортків; pl, Czortków; yi, ''Chortkov'') is a city in Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Chortkiv Raion (district), housing the district's local admini ...

:Commanding Officer: Colonel Anton Kosel :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Adolf Flecker - Lieut. Colonel Josef Otter - Lieut. Colonel Emanuel Hohenauer - Major Maximilian Preier - Major Otto Schreyer * 21st Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment (Sankt Pölten) :87th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 44th Landwehr Infantry Division – XIV Army Corps :Established: 1889: Garrison:

Sankt Pölten Sankt Pölten (; Central Bavarian: ''St. Pödn''), mostly abbreviated to the official name St. Pölten, is the capital and largest city of the State of Lower Austria in northeast Austria, with 55,538 inhabitants as of 1 January 2020. St. Pölten ...

:Nationalities: 98 % German – 2 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: St. Pölten and Vienna B :Commanding Officer: Colonel Eduard Edler von Dietrich :Staff officers: Lieut. Colonel Josef Vizthum - Lieut. Colonel Heribert Marchesani - Major Franz Sax - Major Josef Koch - Major Johann Lentsch - Major Gottfried Koch - Major Johann Ritter von Wróblewski * 22nd Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :86th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 43rd Landwehr Infantry Division – III Army Corps :Established: 1889 :Garrison: Czernowitz :Nationalities: 27 % Ruthenian – 54 % Romanian – 19 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Czernowitz and Kolomea :Commanding Officer: Colonel Alois Göttl * 23rd Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment 23 :5th Mountain Infantry Brigade – 18th Infantry Division – XVI Army Corps :Established: 1893 :Garrison: Zara :Nationalities: 82 % Serbian/Croatian – 18 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Sebenico :Commanding Officer: Colonel Alfred Plesskot Hauptmann der k

* 24th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :25th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 13th Landwehr Infantry Division – II Army Corps :Established: 1900 :Garrison:

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

:Nationalities: 97 % German – 3 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Vienna B and

Znaim Znojmo (; german: Znaim) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 33,000 inhabitants. Znojmo is the historical and cultural centre of southwestern Moravia and the second most populated town in the South Moravian ...

:Commanding Officer: Colonel Otto Richter * 25th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :26th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 13th Landwehr Infantry Division – II Army Corps :Established: 1900 :Garrison: Kremsier :Nationalities: 83 % Czech – 17 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Kremsier :Commanding Officer: Colonel Karl Mader * 26th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :43rd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 22nd Landwehr Infantry Division – III Army Corps :Established: 1901 :Garrison:

:Nationalities: 77 % German – 23 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Marburg and Cilli :Commanding Officer: Colonel Wenzel Schönauer * 27th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :44th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 23rd Landwehr Infantry Division – III Army Corps :Established: 1901 :Garrison: Laibach :Nationalities: 86 % Slovene – 14 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Laibach and Triest :Commanding Officer: Colonel Karl Zahradniczek ::The 27th Infantry belonged to the Imperial-Royal Mountain Corps. From 11 April 1917 it was retitled to the 2nd Imperial-Royal Mountain Rifle Regiment :: Contrary to Landwehr dress regulations it wore uniform based on the pattern of the State Rifles with an edelweiss on the collar, but with a number 27 on the hunting horn on their caps instead of the Tyrolean eagle. * 28th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :42nd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 21st Landwehr Infantry Division – VIII Army Corps :Established: 1899 :Garrison: Pisek :Nationalities: 79 % Czech – 20 % German – 1 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Pisek, Neuhaus and Beneschau :Commanding Officer: Colonel Josef Fiedler Budweis Kasernen

* 29th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :42nd Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 21st Landwehr Infantry Division – XVII Army Corps :Established: 1899 :Garrison: Budweis :Nationalities: 45 % Czech – 54 % German – 1 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Budweis and Pisek :Commanding Officer: Colonel Johann Wurja * 30th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :51st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 26th Landwehr Infantry Division – IX Army Corps :Established: 1899 :Garrison: Hohenmauth :Nationalities: 68 % Czech – 28 % German – 4 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Hohenmauth and Königgrätz :Commanding Officer: Colonel Rudolf Kasel * 31st Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :91st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 46th Landwehr Infantry Division – I Army Corps :Established: 1901 :Garrison: Teschen :Nationalities: 33 % Czech – 37 % German – 27 % Polish – 1 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Teschen and Wadowice :Commanding Officer: Colonel Emil Maculan * 32nd Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :91st Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 46th Landwehr Infantry Division – I Army Corps :Established: 1901 :Garrison: Neusandez :Nationalities: 91 % Polish – 9 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Neusandez and

Tarnów Tarnów () is a city in southeastern Poland with 105,922 inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999. From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Tarn� ...

:Commanding Officer: Colonel Silvester Edler von Lucanović * 33rd Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :89th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 45th LandwehrInfantry Division – X Army Corps :Established: 1901 :Garrison: Stryj :Nationalities: 73 % Ruthenian – 27 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Stryj and Sambor :Commanding Officer: Colonel Ludwig Hromatka * 34th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :90th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 45th Landwehr Infantry Division – X Army Corps :Established: 1901 :Garrison: Jaroslau :Nationalities: 75 % Polish – 25 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Jaroslau and Gródek Jagiellonski :Commanding Officer: Colonel Ferdinand Wlaschütz * 35th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :85th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 43rd Landwehr Infantry Division – XI Army Corps :Established: 1898 :Garrison: Zloczów :Nationalities: 68 % Ruthenian – 25 % Polish – 9 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Zloczów and

Tarnopol Ternópil ( uk, Тернопіль, Ternopil' ; pl, Tarnopol; yi, טאַרנאָפּל, Tarnopl, or ; he, טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל), Tarnopol; german: Tarnopol) is a city in the west of Ukraine. Administratively, Terno ...

:Commanding Officer: Colonel Alfred Regenermel * 36th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :86th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 43rd Landwehr Infantry Division – III Army Corps :Established: 1899 :Garrison: Kolomea :Nationalities: 70 % Ruthenian – 21 % Polish – 9 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Kolomea, Stanislau and Czortków :Commanding Officer: Colonel Adalbert Dobija * 37th Imperial-Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment :4th Mountain Infantry Brigade – 18th Infantry Division – XVI Army Corps :Established: 1906 :Garrison: Gravosa :Nationalities: 82 % Serbian/Croatian – 8 % other :Landwehr Recruiting District: Castelnuovo :Commanding Officer: Colonel Franz Grossmann

State rifle regiments

From 1906 the state rifles became the Imperial-Royal Mountain Corps and were renamed the ''Kaiserschützen'' ("Emperor's Rifles") in 1917. They were given various titles depending on the period. * 1st Imperial-Royal State Rifle Regiment ( Trient) (''k.k. Landesschützen-Regiment „Trient“ Nr. I'') * 2nd Imperial-Royal State Rifle Regiment (

Bozen Bolzano ( or ; german: Bozen, (formerly ); bar, Bozn; lld, Balsan or ) is the capital city of the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy. With a population of 108,245, Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third la ...

) (''k.k. Landesschützen-Regiment „Bozen“ Nr. II'') * 3rd Imperial-Royal State Rifle Regiment ( Innichen) (''k.k. Landesschützen-Regiment „Innichen“ Nr. III'')

Dress

Landwehr infantry wore the hat of the rifle corps (''Jägertruppe'') as their parade headdress: a matt black hat of waterproof

felt Felt is a textile material that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing fibers together. Felt can be made of natural fibers such as wool or animal fur, or from synthetic fibers such as petroleum-based acrylic or acrylonitrile or wood ...

. It consisted of the crown and brim adorned with a hatband of green cord, a

hunting horn A horn is any of a family of musical instruments made of a tube, usually made of metal and often curved in various ways, with one narrow end into which the musician blows, and a wide end from which sound emerges. In horns, unlike some other bra ...

and a hackle or plume of black cock feathers. The hat cord was made of sheep's wool, had a button and, at each end, an acorn covered with green wool and braided at the ends. The two acorns were attached to the rear of the hat crown. The cord for officers was made of interwoven black and gold thread. The crown was in the shape of an oval cone, with a slight dent at the top. The brim was flat in front and behind, but "snapped up" on both sides. The brim was edged with black, varnished calfskin. On the left side of the crown, there was a rearward, tilted socket for attaching the hackle. The hat badge - of gold-coloured metal - was a hunting horn. The battalion number in nickel silver was set in the centre formed by the loop of the horn. The badge was fastened over the socket for the feathers so that the number was inclined at the same angle as the socket. The hackle was formed in the shape of a rooster's tail around a 1.5 mm thick piece of steel wire. The length of the hackle was 29 cm. The hackle was inserted into the socket on the hat such that the feathers were swept back in an arc. On the march the Landwehr used the normal

infantry Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and mar ...

field cap (''Feldkappe''). The uniform jacket (''Waffenrock'') of the Landwehr infantry - for officers and men - was on average the same as that of the infantry. The other ranks jacket was made of

pike grey Cadet grey (sometimes spelled ''cadet gray'' in parts of the United States) is a somewhat blue-greyish shade of the color grey. The first recorded use of ''cadet grey'' as a color name in English was in 1912. Before 1912, the word ''cadet grey'' ...

(''hechtgrau'') cloth with epaulettes, shoulder trim, collar and cuffs of grass-green colour. The buttons for all regiments were white and marked with the battalion number. The shirts worn by the Landwehr infantry were of the same colour as the jacket with grass-green

gorget patch Gorget patches (collar tabs, collar patches) are an insignia in the form of paired patches of cloth or metal on the collar of a uniform (gorget), used in the military and civil service in some countries. Collar tabs sign the military rank (group ...

es to indicate their arm of service. Their remaining usual items of dress were no different from those of the line infantry. Trousers were of pike grey cloth and cut long in accordance with the regulations for German regiments. The trousers of the officers had grass-green lampasses; NCOs and other ranks had grass-green piping along the side seam. Dress variations for 4th and 27th Infantry The uniforms of the 4th and 27th Infantry were an exception to the Landwehr infantry regulations; instead, they had the same dress pattern as the '' State Rifles''. The parade hat was no different from that of the Landwehr infantry and, in marching order, they used the infantry field cap. One special feature was a small, forward-sloping pocket on the left side of the cap into which a spray of

black grouse The black grouse (''Lyrurus tetrix''), also known as northern black grouse, Eurasian black grouse, blackgame or blackcock, is a large game bird in the grouse family. It is a sedentary species, spanning across the Palearctic in moorland and step ...

feathers was fixed. On individual hats the feathers could be fixed directly to the cap in order that the white feathers could be displayed to best effect. The uniform jacket of the two regiments was, like the State Rifles jackets - both for officers and men - cut in two rows unlike the infantry and had two rows each of eight silver buttons. The buttons bore the regimental number in Arabic numerals. The soldiers' jackets were made of pike grey material and had grass-green epaulettes, shoulder bars, collars and cuffs. On the collars there was a matt white edelweiss on each side, behind the rank badge (''Distinktionsabzeichen''). The rifleman's shirt was the same colour as his jacket; the arm of service being signified by grass-green gorgets (''Parolis''). There were also other differences in the uniform compared with that of the infantry units of the Imperial and Royal Army. The trousers were the same pattern as those of the Landwehr infantry. *See also: Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops

Cavalry

Mounted State Rifles

* Imperial-Royal Mounted Tyrolean State Rifle Division (''k.k. Reitende Tiroler Landesschützen Division'') :1st Landwehr Cavalry Brigade (Wels) – 44th Landwehr Infantry Division :Allocated as liaison cavalry: :1st Squadron to 88th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 44th Landwehr Infantry Division :2nd Squadron to 21st Landsturm Infantry Regiment – 108th Landsturm Infantry Brigade – 11th Honvéd Cavalry Division :3rd Squadron to 88th Landwehr Infantry Brigade – 44th Landwehr Infantry Division :Nationalities: 58 % German – 38 % Tyrol-Italians – 4 % Other :Established: 1872 :Garrison:

Trento Trento ( or ; Ladin and lmo, Trent; german: Trient ; cim, Tria; , ), also anglicized as Trent, is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy. It is the capital of the autonomous province of Trento. In the 16th centu ...

:Recruiting District: Innsbruck and Prague :Commanding Officer: Lieutenant Colonel Moritz Graf von Srnka * Imperial-Royal Mounted Dalmatian State Rifle Division (''k.k. Reitende Dalmatiner Landesschützen Division'') :Allocated as liaison cavalry: :1 troop, 1 Sqn, to 4th Mountain Brigade – 18th Infantry Division :1 troop, 1 Sqn, to 2nd Mountain Brigade :1 troop, 1 Sqn, to 14th Mountain Brigade – 47th Infantry Division :1 troop, 2 Sqn, to 5th Mountain Brigade – 18th Infantry Division :1 troop to 18th Infantry Division :2 troops to 40th Honved Infantry Division :Nationalities: 82 % Serb/Croat – 18 % other :Established: 1874 :Garrison: Sinj :Commanding Officer: Lieutenant Colonel Julius Stöger-Steiner

Museum coverage

The history of Austro-Hungarian forces is documented in detail in the Military History Museum in Vienna, which was founded by Emperor

Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (german: Franz Joseph Karl, hu, Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until ...

as the Imperial-Royal Court Armaments Museum (''k.k. Hofwaffenmuseum''). In a special display cabinet in Hall V (the Franz Joseph Hall) of the museum, several uniforms of the Imperial Royal Landwehr are displayed, a relief on the rear of the cabinet shows the territories from which the

and Imperial-Royal Landwehr recruited.Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck: ''Das Heeresgeschichtliche Museum Wien. Saal VI - Die k.(u.)k. Armee von 1867-1914'', Vienna, 1989, p. 25.

References and footnotes

Literature

* Heinz von Lichem: ''Spielhahnstoß und Edelweiß – die Friedens- und Kriegsgeschichte der Tiroler Hochgebirgstruppe „Die Kaiserschützen“ von ihren Anfängen bis 1918''. Leopold Stocker Verlag, Graz, 1977. . * Heinz von Lichem: ''Der Tiroler Hochgebirgskrieg 1915–1918''. Steiger Verlag, Berwang (Tyrol), 1985. . * Anton Graf Bossi Fedregotti: ''Kaiserjäger – Ruhm und Ende: nach dem Kriegstagebuch des Oberst von Cordier''. Stocker Verlag, Graz, 1977. . * Carl Freiherr von Bardolff: ''Soldat im alten Österreich – Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben''. Diederichs Verlag, Jena, 1938. * Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck, Erich Lessing: ''Die K.(u.)K. Armee 1848–1918''. Bertelsmann Verlag, Munich, 1974. * Oskar Brüch, Günter Dirrheimer: ''Das k. u. k. Heer 1895'' (= Schriften des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums in Wien (Militärwissenschaftliches Institut), Band 10), Stocker Verlag, Graz, 1997. . * Rest, Ortner, Ilmig: ''Des Kaisers Rock im 1. Weltkrieg – Uniformierung und Ausrüstung der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee von 1914 bis 1918''. Verlag Militaria, Vienna, 2002. . * Andreas Danner, Martin Prieschl, Johannes Heubel, ''Für Gott, Kaiser und Oberösterreich - das k.k. Landwehrinfanterieregiment Linz Nro. 2'', in: ''50 Jahre Wiedererrichtung Garnison Ried - Tapfer, standhaft und treu'', Ried im Innkreis 2008, pp. 142 – 144; * Thomas Reichl: ''Die österreichische Landwehr 1809'', in: ''Viribus Unitis. Jahresbericht des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums 2009, Vienna, 2009'', *

k.u.k. Kriegsministerium The Imperial and Royal Minister of War (german: K.u.k. Kriegsminister), until 1911: Reich Minister of War (''Reichskriegsminister''), was the head of one of the three common ministries shared by the two states which made up the dual monarchy of Aus ...

: ''Dislokation und Einteilung des k.u.k. Heeres, der k.u.k. Kriegsmarine, der k.k. Landwehr und der k.u. Landwehr'' in: Seidel's kleines Armeeschema, Hrsg. Seidel & Sohn, Vienna, 1914 * k.u.k. Kriegsministerium: ''Adjustierungsvorschrift für das k.u.k. Heer, die k.k. Landwehr, die k.u. Landwehr, die verbundenen Einrichtungen und das Korps der Militärbeamten'', Vienna, 1911/1912

External links

* http://www.mlorenz.at/ {{Authority control Austro-Hungarian Army