Illinois

Illinois (/ˌɪlɪˈnɔɪ/ ( listen) IL-ih-NOY) is a state
in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is the 6th most
populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, and is
often noted as a microcosm of the entire country.[7] With
Chicago

Chicago in
the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural
productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources
like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south,
Illinois

Illinois has a diverse
economic base and is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago
connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the
Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Great
Lakes to the
Mississippi

Mississippi River, via the
Illinois Waterway

Illinois Waterway on the
Illinois

Illinois River. The
Mississippi

Mississippi River, the
Ohio

Ohio River, and the Wabash
River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois. For decades, O'Hare
International Airport has been ranked as one of the world's busiest
airports.
Illinois

Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in
social and cultural terms[7] and politics.
The capital of
Illinois

Illinois is Springfield in central Illinois. Although
today the state's largest population center is around
Chicago

Chicago in the
northeastern part of the state, the state's European population grew
first in the west, with French who settled along the Mississippi
River, and gave the area the name
Illinois

Illinois Country. After the American
Revolutionary War established the United States, American settlers
began arriving from
Kentucky

Kentucky in the 1780s via the
Ohio

Ohio River, and the
population grew from south to north. In 1818,
Illinois

Illinois achieved
statehood. After construction of the
Erie Canal

Erie Canal increased traffic and
trade through the Great Lakes,
Chicago

Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the
banks of the
Chicago

Chicago River, at one of the few natural harbors on
southern Lake Michigan.[8] John Deere's invention of the self-scouring
steel plow turned Illinois's rich prairie into some of the world's
most productive and valuable farmland, attracting immigrant farmers
from Germany and Sweden. The
Illinois and Michigan Canal

Illinois and Michigan Canal (1848) made
transportation between the
Great Lakes

Great Lakes and the
Mississippi

Mississippi River
valley faster and cheaper. New railroads carried immigrants to new
homes, as well as being used to ship commodity crops to Eastern
markets. The state became a transportation hub for the nation.[9]
By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal
mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from
Eastern and Southern Europe.
Illinois

Illinois was an important manufacturing
center during both world wars. The Great Migration from the South
established a large community of
African Americans

African Americans in the state,
including Chicago, who created the city's famous jazz and blues
cultures.[10][11] Chicago, the center of the
Chicago

Chicago Metropolitan
Area, became a global alpha-level city.
Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois:
Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Barack Obama. Additionally,
Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, and
Hillary Clinton, the first female candidate of a major party in the
general election, were both born and raised in Illinois. Today,
Illinois

Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state slogan, Land of
Lincoln, which has been displayed on its license plates since
1954.[12][13] The state is the site of the Abraham Lincoln
Presidential Library and Museum, located in the state capital of
Springfield.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Pre-European
2.2 European exploration and settlement prior to 1800
2.3 19th century
2.3.1 Prior to statehood
2.3.2 The State of
Illinois

Illinois prior to the Civil War
2.3.3 Civil War and after
2.4 20th century
3 Geography
3.1 Boundaries
3.2 Topography
3.3 Divisions
3.4 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 Birth data
4.2 Urban areas
4.3 Languages
4.4 Religion
4.4.1 Christianity
4.4.1.1 Importance in the Latter Day Saint Movement
4.4.2 Other religions
5 Economy
5.1 Taxes
5.2 Agriculture
5.3 Manufacturing
5.4 Services
5.5 Investments
5.6 Energy
5.6.1 Coal
5.6.2 Petroleum
5.6.3 Nuclear power
5.6.4 Wind power
5.6.5 Biofuels
6 Culture
6.1 Museums
6.2 Music
6.3 Sports
6.3.1 Major league sports
6.3.2 Other top-level professional sports
6.3.3
Minor league sports
6.3.4 College sports
6.3.5 Former
Chicago

Chicago sports franchises
6.3.5.1 Folded teams
6.3.5.2 Relocated teams
6.3.6 Professional sports teams outside Chicago
6.3.7 Motor racing
6.3.8 Golf
7 Parks and recreation
8 Law and government
9 Politics
9.1 Party balance
9.2 History of corruption
9.3 U.S. Presidents from Illinois
9.4 African-American U.S. senators
9.5 Political families
9.5.1 Stevensons
9.5.2 Daleys
10 Education
10.1
Illinois

Illinois State Board of education
10.2 Primary and secondary schools
10.3 Colleges and universities
11 Infrastructure
11.1 Transportation
11.1.1 Airports
11.1.2 Rail
11.1.3 Interstate highway system
11.1.4 U.S. highway system
11.2 Gallery
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
Etymology[edit]
See also:
Illinois Confederation and List of counties in Illinois
"Illinois" is the modern spelling for the early French Catholic
missionaries and explorers' name for the
Illinois

Illinois Native Americans, a
name that was spelled in many different ways in the early records.[14]
American scholars previously thought the name "Illinois" meant "man"
or "men" in the Miami-
Illinois

Illinois language, with the original iliniwek
transformed via French into Illinois.[15][16] This etymology is not
supported by the
Illinois

Illinois language[citation needed], as the word for
'man' is ireniwa and plural 'men' is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has
also been said to mean "tribe of superior men",[17] which is a false
etymology. The name "Illinois" derives from the Miami-
Illinois

Illinois verb
irenwe·wa "he speaks the regular way". This was taken into the Ojibwe
language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·
(pluralized as ilinwe·k). The French borrowed these forms, changing
the /we/ ending to spell it as -ois, a transliteration for its
pronunciation in French of that time. The current spelling form,
Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, when French colonists
had settled in the western area. The Illinois's name for themselves,
as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries
of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other
terms.[18][19]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Illinois
Pre-European[edit]
Mississippian copper plate

Mississippian copper plate found at the Saddle Site in Union County,
Illinois
American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of
the
Illinois

Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of
Europeans. The
Koster Site

Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000
years of continuous habitation. Cahokia, the largest regional chiefdom
and urban center of the Pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, was
located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. They built an urban
complex of more than 100 platform and burial mounds, a 50 acres
(20 ha) plaza larger than 35 football fields,[20] and a woodhenge
of sacred cedar, all in a planned design expressing the culture's
cosmology. Monks Mound, the center of the site, is the largest
Pre-Columbian structure north of the Valley of Mexico. It is 100 feet
(30 m) high, 951 feet (290 m) long, 836 feet (255 m)
wide and covers 13.8 acres (5.6 ha).[21] It contains about
814,000 cubic yards (622,000 m3) of earth.[22] It was topped by a
structure thought to have measured about 105 feet (32 m) in
length and 48 feet (15 m) in width, covered an area 5,000 square
feet (460 m2), and been as much as 50 feet (15 m) high,
making its peak 150 feet (46 m) above the level of the plaza. The
finely crafted ornaments and tools recovered by archaeologists at
Cahokia

Cahokia include elaborate ceramics, finely sculptured stonework,
carefully embossed and engraved copper and mica sheets, and one
funeral blanket for an important chief fashioned from 20,000 shell
beads. These artifacts indicate that
Cahokia

Cahokia was truly an urban
center, with clustered housing, markets, and specialists in
toolmaking, hide dressing, potting, jewelry making, shell engraving,
weaving and salt making.[23] The civilization vanished in the 15th
century for unknown reasons, but historians and archeologists have
speculated that the people depleted the area of resources. Many
indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare. According to Suzanne
Austin Alchon, "At one site in the central
Illinois River

Illinois River valley,
one-third of all adults died as a result of violent injuries."[24] The
next major power in the region was the
Illinois Confederation or
Illini, a political alliance.[25] As the Illini declined during the
Beaver Wars

Beaver Wars era, members of the Algonquian-speaking Potawatomi, Miami,
Sauk, and other tribes including the Fox (Mesquakie), Ioway, Kickapoo,
Mascouten, Piankashaw, Shawnee, Wea, and Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) came
into the area from the east and north around the Great Lakes.[26][27]
European exploration and settlement prior to 1800[edit]
Further information:
Illinois Country

Illinois Country and
Illinois

Illinois County, Virginia
Illinois

Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from
Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by Guillaume de
L'Isle.[28]
French explorers
Jacques Marquette

Jacques Marquette and
Louis Jolliet

Louis Jolliet explored the
Illinois River

Illinois River in 1673. Marquette soon after founded a mission at the
Grand Village of the Illinois

Grand Village of the Illinois in
Illinois

Illinois Country. In 1680, French
explorers under
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de
Tonti constructed a fort at the site of present-day Peoria, and in
1682, a fort atop
Starved Rock

Starved Rock in today's
Starved Rock

Starved Rock State Park.
French Empire
Canadiens

Canadiens came south to settle particularly along the
Mississippi

Mississippi River, and
Illinois

Illinois was part of first
New France

New France and then
of
La Louisiane

La Louisiane until 1763, when it passed to the British with their
defeat of France in the Seven Years' War. The small French settlements
continued, although many French migrated west to Ste. Genevieve and
St. Louis, Missouri

St. Louis, Missouri to evade British rule.[29]
A few British soldiers were posted in Illinois, but few British or
American settlers moved there, as the Crown made it part of the
territory reserved for Indians west of the Appalachians, and then part
of the British Province of Quebec. In 1778, George Rogers Clark
claimed
Illinois County

Illinois County for Virginia. In a compromise,
Virginia

Virginia ceded
the area to the new
United States

United States in 1783 and it became part of the
Northwest Territory, to be administered by the federal government and
later organized as states.[29]
Connecticut

Connecticut ceded northern
Illinois

Illinois in
1786 (see
Connecticut

Connecticut Western Reserve).
19th century[edit]
See also: History of
Chicago

Chicago and History of Nauvoo, Illinois
Prior to statehood[edit]
The
Illinois-Wabash Company

Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois.
The
Illinois Territory

Illinois Territory was created on February 3, 1809, with its
capital at Kaskaskia, an early French settlement.
During the discussions leading up to Illinois's admission to the
Union, the proposed northern boundary of the state was moved
twice.[30] The original provisions of the
Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance had
specified a boundary that would have been tangent to the southern tip
of Lake Michigan. Such a boundary would have left
Illinois

Illinois with no
shoreline on
Lake Michigan

Lake Michigan at all. However, as
Indiana

Indiana had
successfully been granted a 10-mile northern extension of its boundary
to provide it with a usable lakefront, the original bill for Illinois
statehood, submitted to Congress on January 23, 1818, stipulated a
northern border at the same latitude as Indiana's, which is defined as
10 miles (16 km) north of the southernmost extremity of Lake
Michigan. But the
Illinois

Illinois delegate, Nathaniel Pope, wanted more. Pope
lobbied to have the boundary moved further north, and the final bill
passed by Congress did just that; it included an amendment to shift
the border to 42° 30' north, which is approximately 51 miles
(82 km) north of the
Indiana

Indiana northern border. This shift added
8,500 square miles (22,000 km2) to the state, including the lead
mining region near Galena. More importantly, it added nearly 50 miles
of
Lake Michigan

Lake Michigan shoreline and the
Chicago

Chicago River. Pope and others
envisioned a canal that would connect the
Chicago

Chicago and
Illinois

Illinois rivers,
and thus, connect the
Great Lakes

Great Lakes to the Mississippi.
The State of
Illinois

Illinois prior to the Civil War[edit]
In 1818,
Illinois

Illinois became the 21st U.S. state. The capital remained at
Kaskaskia, headquartered in a small building rented by the state. In
1819, Vandalia became the capital, and over the next 18 years, three
separate buildings were built to serve successively as the capitol
building. In 1837, the state legislators representing Sangamon County,
under the leadership of state representative Abraham Lincoln,
succeeded in having the capital moved to Springfield,[31] where a
fifth capitol building was constructed. A sixth capitol building was
erected in 1867, which continues to serve as the
Illinois

Illinois capitol
today.
Though it was ostensibly a "free state", there was slavery in
Illinois. The ethnic French had owned black slaves since the 1720s,
and American settlers had already brought slaves into the area from
Kentucky. Slavery was nominally banned by the Northwest Ordinance, but
that was not enforced for those already holding slaves. When Illinois
became a sovereign state in 1818, the Ordinance no longer applied, and
about 900 slaves were held in the state. As the southern part of the
state, later known as "Egypt"or "Little Egypt",[32][33] was largely
settled by migrants from the South, the section was hostile to free
blacks. Settlers were allowed to bring slaves with them for labor but,
in 1822, state residents voted against making slavery legal. Still,
most residents opposed allowing free blacks as permanent residents.
Some settlers brought in slaves seasonally or as house servants.[34]
The
Illinois Constitution

Illinois Constitution of 1848 was written with a provision for
exclusionary laws to be passed. In 1853,
John A. Logan

John A. Logan helped pass a
law to prohibit all African Americans, including freedmen, from
settling in the state.[35]
Native women and children fleeing the
Battle of Bad Axe

Battle of Bad Axe during the
Black Hawk War
In 1832, the
Black Hawk War

Black Hawk War was fought in
Illinois

Illinois and current-day
Wisconsin

Wisconsin between the
United States

United States and the Sauk, Fox (Meskwaki) and
Kickapoo Indian tribes. It represents the end of Indian resistance to
white settlement in the
Chicago

Chicago region.[36] The Indians had been
forced to leave their homes and move to
Iowa

Iowa in 1831; when they
attempted to return, they were attacked and eventually defeated by
U.S. militia. The survivors were forced back to Iowa.[37]
The winter of 1830–1831 is called the "Winter of the Deep Snow"; a
sudden, deep snowfall blanketed the state, making travel impossible
for the rest of the winter, and many travelers perished. Several
severe winters followed, including the "Winter of the Sudden Freeze".
On December 20, 1836, a fast-moving cold front passed through,
freezing puddles in minutes and killing many travelers who could not
reach shelter. The adverse weather resulted in crop failures in the
northern part of the state. The southern part of the state shipped
food north and this may have contributed to its name: "Little Egypt",
after the Biblical story of Joseph in Egypt supplying grain to his
brothers.[38]
By 1839, the
Latter Day Saints

Latter Day Saints had founded a utopian city called
Nauvoo. Located in Hancock County along the
Mississippi

Mississippi River, Nauvoo
flourished and soon rivaled
Chicago

Chicago for the position of the state's
largest city. But in 1844, the
Latter Day Saint movement

Latter Day Saint movement founder
Joseph Smith

Joseph Smith was killed in the Carthage Jail, about 30 miles away from
Nauvoo. Following a succession crisis (Latter Day Saints), Brigham
Young led most
Latter Day Saints

Latter Day Saints out of
Illinois

Illinois in a mass exodus to
present-day Utah; after close to six years of rapid development,
Nauvoo rapidly declined afterward.
Chicago

Chicago gained prominence as a
Great Lakes

Great Lakes port and then as an
Illinois and Michigan Canal

Illinois and Michigan Canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon
afterward. By 1857,
Chicago

Chicago was Illinois's largest city.[29] With the
tremendous growth of mines and factories in the state in the 19th
century,
Illinois

Illinois was the ground for the formation of labor unions in
the United States.
In 1847, after lobbying by Dorothea L. Dix,
Illinois

Illinois became one of the
first states to establish a system of state-supported treatment of
mental illness and disabilities, replacing local almshouses. Dix came
into this effort after having met J.O. King, a Jacksonville, Illinois
businessman, who invited her to
Illinois

Illinois where he had been working to
build an asylum for the insane. With the lobbying expertise of Dix,
plans for the Jacksonville State Hospital (now known as the
Jacksonville Developmental Center) were signed into law on March 1,
1847.[39]
Civil War and after[edit]
Main article:
Illinois

Illinois in the American Civil War
Embarkation of Union troops from Cairo on January 10, 1862
During the American Civil War,
Illinois

Illinois ranked fourth in men who
served (more than 250,000) in the Union Army, a figure surpassed by
only New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Beginning with President
Abraham Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the
war,
Illinois

Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered
from the 7th to the 156th regiments. Seventeen cavalry regiments were
also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments.[40] The town
of Cairo, at the southern tip of the state at the confluence of the
Mississippi

Mississippi and
Ohio

Ohio Rivers, served as a strategically important
supply base and training center for the Union army. For several
months, both General Grant and Admiral Foote had headquarters in
Cairo.
During the Civil War, and more so afterwards, Chicago's population
skyrocketed, which increased its prominence. The
Pullman Strike

Pullman Strike and
Haymarket Riot, in particular, greatly influenced the development of
the American labor movement. From Sunday, October 8, 1871, until
Tuesday, October 10, 1871, the Great
Chicago

Chicago Fire burned in downtown
Chicago, destroying 4 square miles (10 km2).[41]
20th century[edit]
At the turn of the 20th century,
Illinois

Illinois had a population of nearly
5 million. Many people from other parts of the country were
attracted to the state by employment caused by the then-expanding
industrial base. Whites were 98% of the state's population.[42]
Bolstered by continued immigration from southern and eastern Europe,
and by the African-American Great Migration from the South, Illinois
grew and emerged as one of the most important states in the union. By
the end of the century, the population had reached 12.4 million.
The
Century of Progress

Century of Progress World's Fair was held at
Chicago

Chicago in 1933. Oil
strikes in Marion County and Crawford County led to a boom in 1937,
and by 1939,
Illinois

Illinois ranked fourth in U.S. oil production. Illinois
manufactured 6.1 percent of total
United States

United States military armaments
produced during World War II, ranking seventh among the 48 states.[43]
Chicago

Chicago became an ocean port with the opening of the Saint Lawrence
Seaway in 1959. The seaway and the
Illinois Waterway

Illinois Waterway connected Chicago
to both the
Mississippi River

Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1960, Ray
Kroc opened the first
McDonald's

McDonald's franchise in Des Plaines (which still
exists as a museum, with a working
McDonald's

McDonald's across the street).
Illinois

Illinois had a prominent role in the emergence of the nuclear age. In
1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, the University of Chicago
conducted the first sustained nuclear chain reaction. In 1957, Argonne
National Laboratory, near Chicago, activated the first experimental
nuclear power generating system in the United States. By 1960, the
first privately financed nuclear plant in the United States, Dresden
1, was dedicated near Morris. In 1967, Fermilab, a national nuclear
research facility near Batavia, opened a particle accelerator, which
was the world's largest for over 40 years. With eleven plants
currently operating,
Illinois

Illinois leads all states in the amount of
electricity generated from nuclear power.[44][45]
In 1961,
Illinois

Illinois became the first state in the nation to adopt the
recommendation of the
American Law Institute

American Law Institute and pass a comprehensive
criminal code revision that repealed the law against sodomy. The code
also abrogated common law crimes and established an age of consent of
18.[46] The state's fourth constitution was adopted in 1970, replacing
the 1870 document.
The first
Farm Aid

Farm Aid concert was held in Champaign to benefit American
farmers, in 1985. The worst upper
Mississippi River

Mississippi River flood of the
century, the Great Flood of 1993, inundated many towns and thousands
of acres of farmland.[29]
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Illinois
Further information: List of ecoregions in Illinois
A map of the state of Illinois, showing major cities and roads
Illinois

Illinois is located in the Midwest Region of the
United States

United States and is
one of the eight states and Canadian province of Ontario in the
bi-national
Great Lakes

Great Lakes region of North America.
Boundaries[edit]
Illinois's eastern border with
Indiana

Indiana consists of a north-south line
at 87° 31′ 30″ west longitude in
Lake Michigan

Lake Michigan at the north,
to the
Wabash River

Wabash River in the south above Post Vincennes. The Wabash
River continues as the eastern/southeastern border with
Indiana

Indiana until
the Wabash enters the
Ohio

Ohio River. This marks the beginning of
Illinois's southern border with Kentucky, which runs along the
northern shoreline of the
Ohio

Ohio River.[47] Most of the western border
with
Missouri

Missouri and
Iowa

Iowa is the
Mississippi

Mississippi River; Kaskaskia is an
exclave of Illinois, lying west of the
Mississippi

Mississippi and reachable only
from Missouri. The state's northern border with
Wisconsin

Wisconsin is fixed at
42° 30' north latitude. The northeastern border of
Illinois

Illinois lies in
Lake Michigan, within which
Illinois

Illinois shares a water boundary with the
state of Michigan, as well as
Wisconsin

Wisconsin and Indiana.[26]
Topography[edit]
Charles Mound, the highest natural point in
Illinois

Illinois at 1,235 feet, is
located in the northwestern part of the state.
Though
Illinois

Illinois lies entirely in the Interior Plains, it does have
some minor variation in its elevation. In extreme northwestern
Illinois, the Driftless Area, a region of unglaciated and therefore
higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state.
Charles Mound, located in this region, has the state's highest
elevation above sea level at 1,235 feet (376 m). Other highlands
include the
Shawnee

Shawnee Hills in the south, and there is varying
topography along its rivers; the
Illinois River

Illinois River bisects the state
northeast to southwest. The floodplain on the
Mississippi River

Mississippi River from
Alton to the
Kaskaskia River

Kaskaskia River is known as the American Bottom.
Divisions[edit]
Chicago

Chicago on Lake Michigan, the third-largest city of the United States
The lowest elevation point in the state, located near Cairo and the
confluence of the
Ohio

Ohio and
Mississippi

Mississippi Rivers
Shawnee

Shawnee National Forest in Southern Illinois
Illinois

Illinois has three major geographical divisions.
Northern Illinois

Northern Illinois is
dominated by Chicagoland, which is the city of
Chicago

Chicago and its
suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is
expanding. As defined by the federal government, the
Chicago

Chicago metro
area includes several counties in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin,
and has a population of over 9.8 million people.
Chicago

Chicago itself
is a cosmopolitan city, densely populated, industrialized, and the
transportation hub of the nation, and settled by a wide variety of
ethnic groups. The city of Rockford, Illinois's third-largest city and
center of the state's fourth largest metropolitan area, sits along
Interstates 39 and 90 some 75 miles (121 km) northwest of
Chicago. The
Quad Cities

Quad Cities region, located along the
Mississippi

Mississippi River
in northern Illinois, had a population of 381,342 in 2011.
The midsection of
Illinois

Illinois is a second major division, called Central
Illinois. It is an area of mainly prairie and known as the Heart of
Illinois. It is characterized by small towns and medium-small cities.
The western section (west of the
Illinois

Illinois River) was originally part
of the
Military Tract of 1812

Military Tract of 1812 and forms the conspicuous western bulge
of the state. Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans, as well as
educational institutions and manufacturing centers, figure prominently
in Central Illinois. Cities include Peoria; Springfield, the state
capital; Quincy; Decatur; Bloomington-Normal; and
Champaign-Urbana.[26]
The third division is Southern Illinois, comprising the area south of
U.S. Route 50, including Little Egypt, near the juncture of the
Mississippi River

Mississippi River and
Ohio

Ohio River.
Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois is the site of the
ancient city of Cahokia, as well as the site of the first state
capital at Kaskaskia, which today is separated from the rest of the
state by the
Mississippi

Mississippi River.[26][48] This region has a somewhat
warmer winter climate, different variety of crops (including some
cotton farming in the past), more rugged topography (due to the area
remaining unglaciated during the Illinoian Stage, unlike most of the
rest of the state), as well as small-scale oil deposits and coal
mining. The
Illinois

Illinois suburbs of St. Louis, such as
East St. Louis

East St. Louis are
located in this region and collectively they are known as the
Metro-East. The other somewhat significant concentration of population
in
Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois is the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois
Combined Statistical Area centered on Carbondale and Marion, a
two-county area that is home to 123,272 residents.[26] A portion of
southeastern
Illinois

Illinois is part of the extended Evansville, Indiana
Metro Area, locally referred to as the Tri-State with
Indiana

Indiana and
Kentucky. Seven
Illinois

Illinois counties are in the area.
In addition to these three, largely latitudinally defined divisions,
all of the region outside the
Chicago

Chicago Metropolitan area is often
called "downstate" Illinois. This term is flexible, but is generally
meant to mean everything outside the Chicago-area. Thus, some cities
in Northern Illinois, such as DeKalb, which is west of Chicago, and
Rockford—which is actually north of Chicago—are considered to be
"downstate".
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Illinois
Köppen

Köppen climate types of Illinois
Illinois

Illinois has a climate that varies widely throughout the year. Because
of its nearly 400-mile distance between its northernmost and
southernmost extremes, as well as its mid-continental situation, most
of
Illinois

Illinois has a humid continental climate (
Köppen

Köppen climate
classification Dfa), with hot, humid summers and cold winters. The
southern part of the state, from about Carbondale southward, has a
humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa), with more moderate winters.
Average yearly precipitation for
Illinois

Illinois varies from just over 48
inches (1,219 mm) at the southern tip to around 35 inches
(889 mm) in the northern portion of the state. Normal annual
snowfall exceeds 38 inches (965 mm) in the
Chicago

Chicago area, while
the southern portion of the state normally receives less than 14
inches (356 mm).[49] The all-time high temperature was
117 °F (47 °C), recorded on July 14, 1954, at East St.
Louis, while the all-time low temperature was −36 °F
(−38 °C), recorded on January 5, 1999, at Congerville.[50] A
temperature of −37 °F (−39 °C), was recorded on
January 15, 2009, at Rochelle.[51]
Illinois

Illinois averages approximately 51 days of thunderstorm activity a
year, which ranks somewhat above average in the number of thunderstorm
days for the United States.
Illinois

Illinois is vulnerable to tornadoes with
an average of 35 occurring annually, which puts much of the state at
around five tornadoes per 10,000 square miles (30,000 km2)
annually.[52] While tornadoes are no more powerful in
Illinois

Illinois than
other states, some of Tornado Alley's deadliest tornadoes on record
have occurred in the state. The
Tri-State Tornado

Tri-State Tornado of 1925 killed 695
people in three states; 613 of the victims died in Illinois.[53] Other
significant high-casualty tornadoes include the 1896
St. Louis

St. Louis –
East St. Louis

East St. Louis tornado, which killed 111 people in
East St. Louis

East St. Louis and
a May 1917 tornado that killed 101 people in Charleston and Mattoon.
Modern developments in storm forecasting and tracking have caused
death tolls from tornadoes to decline dramatically, with the 1967
Belvidere – Oak Lawn tornado outbreak (58 fatalities) and 1990
Plainfield tornado (29 fatalities) standing out as exceptions. On
November 17, 2013, an EF4 tornado touched down and ripped through
Washington, Illinois. There were three fatalities.
City
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Cairo[54]
43/25
48/29
59/37
70/46
78/57
86/67
90/71
88/69
81/61
71/49
57/39
46/30
Chicago[55]
31/16
36/21
47/31
59/42
70/52
81/61
85/65
83/65
75/57
64/45
48/34
36/22
Edwardsville[56]
36/19
42/24
52/34
64/45
75/55
84/64
89/69
86/66
79/58
68/46
53/35
41/25
Moline[57]
30/12
36/18
48/29
62/39
73/50
83/60
86/64
84/62
76/53
64/42
48/30
34/18
Peoria[58]
31/14
37/20
49/30
62/40
73/51
82/60
86/65
84/63
77/54
64/42
49/31
36/20
Rockford[59]
27/11
33/16
46/27
59/37
71/48
80/58
83/63
81/61
74/52
62/40
46/29
32/17
Springfield[60]
33/17
39/22
51/32
63/42
74/53
83/62
86/66
84/64
78/55
67/44
51/34
38/23
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1800
2,458
—
1810
12,282
399.7%
1820
55,211
349.5%
1830
157,445
185.2%
1840
476,183
202.4%
1850
851,470
78.8%
1860
1,711,951
101.1%
1870
2,539,891
48.4%
1880
3,077,871
21.2%
1890
3,826,352
24.3%
1900
4,821,550
26.0%
1910
5,638,591
16.9%
1920
6,485,280
15.0%
1930
7,630,654
17.7%
1940
7,897,241
3.5%
1950
8,712,176
10.3%
1960
10,081,158
15.7%
1970
11,113,976
10.2%
1980
11,426,518
2.8%
1990
11,430,602
0.0%
2000
12,419,293
8.6%
2010
12,830,632
3.3%
Est. 2017
12,802,023
−0.2%
Source:
1910–2010[61]
2015 Estimate[62]
The
United States

United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of
Illinois

Illinois was 12,802,023 in 2017, moving from the fifth-largest state
to the sixth-largest state (losing out to Pennsylvania). Illinois's
population declined by 33,700 people from July 2016 to July 2017,
making it the worst decline of any state in the U.S. in raw terms.[63]
Illinois

Illinois is the most populous state in the Midwest region. Chicago,
the third most populous city in the United States, is the center of
the
Chicago

Chicago metropolitan area. Chicagoland, as this area is known
locally, comprises only 8% of the land area of the state, but contains
65% of the state's residents.
According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of the state was:
71.5%
White American

White American (63.7% non-Hispanic white, 7.8% White Hispanic)
14.5% Black or African American
0.3% American Indian and
Alaska

Alaska Native
4.6% Asian American
2.3% Multiracial American
6.8% some other race
In the same year 15.8% of the total population was of Hispanic or
Latino origin (they may be of any race).[64]
Illinois

Illinois Racial Breakdown of Population
Racial composition
1990[65]
2000[66]
2010[67]
White
78.3%
73.5%
71.5%
Black
14.8%
15.1%
14.5%
Asian
2.5%
3.4%
4.6%
Native
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
Native Hawaiian

Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
–
–
–
Other race
4.2%
5.8%
6.7%
Two or more races
–
1.9%
2.3%
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has
declined from 83.5% in 1970 to 63.3% in 2011.[42][68] As of 2011,
49.4% of Illinois's population younger than age 1 were minorities
(note: children born to white Hispanics are counted as minority
group).[69]
Density map displaying the population of Illinois
At the 2007 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, there were
1,768,518 foreign-born inhabitants of the state or 13.8% of the
population, with 48.4% from Latin America, 24.6% from Asia, 22.8% from
Europe, 2.9% from Africa, 1.2% from Northern America and 0.2% from
Oceania. Of the foreign-born population, 43.7% were naturalized U.S.
citizens and 56.3% were not U.S. citizens.[70] In 2007, 6.9% of
Illinois's population was reported as being under age 5, 24.9% under
age 18 and 12.1% were age 65 and over. Females made up approximately
50.7% of the population.[71]
According to the 2007 estimates, 21.1% of the population had German
ancestry, 13.3% had Irish ancestry, 8% had British ancestry, 7.9% had
Polish ancestry, 6.4% had Italian ancestry, 4.6% listed themselves as
American, 2.4% had Swedish ancestry, 2.2% had French ancestry, other
than Basque, 1.6% had Dutch ancestry, and 1.4% had Norwegian
ancestry.[70]
Illinois

Illinois also has large numbers of
African Americans

African Americans and
Latinos (mostly Mexicans and Puerto Ricans).
Chicago, along the shores of Lake Michigan, is the nation's third
largest city. In 2000, 23.3% of Illinois's population lived in the
city of Chicago, 43.3% in Cook County, and 65.6% in the counties of
the
Chicago

Chicago metropolitan area: Will, DuPage, Kane, Lake, and McHenry
counties, as well as Cook County. The remaining population lives in
the smaller cities and rural areas that dot the state's plains. As of
2000, the state's center of population was at 41°16′42″N
88°22′49″W / 41.278216°N 88.380238°W / 41.278216;
-88.380238, located in Grundy County, northeast of the village of
Mazon.[26][29][48][72]
Birth data[edit]
Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both
by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race
2013[73]
2014[74]
2015[75]
White:
119,157 (75.9%)
119,995 (75.7%)
119,630 (75.6%)
> Non-Hispanic White
85,866 (54.7%)
86,227 (54.4%)
85,424 (54.0%)
Black
27,692 (17.6%)
28,160 (17.8%)
28,059 (17.7%)
Asian
9,848 (6.3%)
10,174 (6.4%)
10,222 (6.5%)
Native
234 (0.1%)
227 (0.1%)
205 (0.1%)
Hispanic (of any race)
33,454 (21.3%)
33,803 (21.3%)
33,902 (21.4%)
Total Illinois
156,931 (100%)
158,556 (100%)
158,116 (100%)
Urban areas[edit]
See also:
Illinois

Illinois statistical areas, List of cities in Illinois, and
List of towns and villages in Illinois
Chicago

Chicago is the largest city in the state and the third most populous
city in the United States, with its 2010 population of 2,695,598. The
U.S. Census Bureau

U.S. Census Bureau currently lists seven other cities with populations
of over 100,000 within Illinois. Based upon the Census Bureau's
official 2010 population:[76] Aurora, a
Chicago

Chicago satellite town that
eclipsed Rockford for the title of second most populous city in
Illinois; its 2010 population was 197,899. Rockford, at 152,871, is
the third largest city in the state, and is the largest city in the
state not located within the
Chicago

Chicago suburbs. Joliet, located in
metropolitan Chicago, is the fourth largest city in the state, with a
population of 147,433. Naperville, a suburb of Chicago, is fifth with
141,853. Naperville and Aurora share a boundary along
Illinois

Illinois Route
59. Springfield, the state's capital, comes in as sixth most populous
with 117,352 residents. Peoria, which decades ago was the second-most
populous city in the state, is seventh with 115,007. The eighth
largest and final city in the 100,000 club is Elgin, a northwest
suburb of Chicago, with a 2010 population of 108,188.
The most populated city in the state south of Springfield is
Belleville, with 44,478 people at the 2010 census. It is located in
the
Illinois

Illinois portion of
Greater St. Louis

Greater St. Louis (often called the Metro-East
area), which has a rapidly growing population of over 700,000 people.
Other major urban areas include the Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan
Area, which has a combined population of almost 230,000 people, the
Illinois

Illinois portion of the
Quad Cities

Quad Cities area with about 215,000 people,
and the Bloomington-Normal area with a combined population of over
165,000.
Major cities and towns
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in Illinois
Source?
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Chicago
Aurora
1
Chicago
Cook
2,704,958
Joliet
Rockford
2
Aurora
Kane
201,110
3
Joliet
Will
148,262
4
Rockford
Winnebago
147,651
5
Naperville
DuPage
147,122
6
Springfield
Sangamon
115,715
7
Peoria
Peoria
114,265
8
Elgin
Kane
112,123
9
Waukegan
Lake
88,182
10
Champaign
Champaign
86,637
Languages[edit]
Main article: Languages of Illinois
The official language of
Illinois

Illinois is English,[77] although between
1923 and 1969 state law gave official status to "the American
language." Nearly 80% of people in
Illinois

Illinois speak English natively,
and most of the rest speak it fluently as a second language.[78] A
number of dialects of
American English

American English are spoken, ranging from Inland
Northern
American English

American English and African-
American English

American English around Chicago,
to Midland
American English

American English in
Central Illinois

Central Illinois to Southern American
English in the far south.
Over 20% of Illinoians speak a language other than English at home, of
which Spanish is by far the most widespread at more than 12% of the
total population.[79] A sizeable number of Polish speakers is present
in the
Chicago

Chicago Metropolitan Area.
Religion[edit]
Religion in
Illinois

Illinois (2014)[80]
Religion
Percent
Protestant
43%
Catholic
28%
None
22%
Jewish
2%
Eastern Orthodox
1%
Jehovah's Witness
1%
Muslim
1%
Buddhist
1%
Hindu
1%
Other faith
1%
Unanswered
1%
Christianity[edit]
Roman Catholics constitute the single largest religious denomination
in Illinois; they are heavily concentrated in and around Chicago, and
account for nearly 30% of the state's population.[81] However, taken
together as a group, the various
Protestant

Protestant denominations comprise a
greater percentage of the state's population than do Catholics. In
2010 Catholics in
Illinois

Illinois numbered 3,648,907. The largest Protestant
denominations were the
United Methodist Church

United Methodist Church with 314,461, and the
Southern Baptist Convention, with 283,519 members.
Illinois

Illinois has one of
the largest concentrations of
Missouri

Missouri Synod Lutherans in the United
States.
Importance in the Latter Day Saint Movement[edit]
Illinois

Illinois played an important role in the early Latter Day Saint
movement, with Nauvoo, Illinois, becoming a gathering place for
Mormons in the early 1840s. Nauvoo was the location of the succession
crisis, which led to the separation of the Mormon movement into
several Latter Day Saint sects. The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, the largest of the sects to emerge from the Mormon
schism, has over 55,000 adherents in
Illinois

Illinois today.[82]
Other religions[edit]
Chicago

Chicago and its suburbs are also home to a large and growing
population of Hindus, Muslims, Baha'is and Buddhists.[83] Muslims
constituted the largest non-Christian group with 359,264
adherents.[84]
Illinois

Illinois has the largest concentration of Muslims by
state in the country with 2800 Muslims per 100,000 citizens.[85] The
largest and oldest surviving Bahá'í House of Worship in the world is
located in
Wilmette, Illinois

Wilmette, Illinois and the oldest standing mosque in the
U.S. is the
Al-Sadiq Mosque

Al-Sadiq Mosque of the
Ahmadiyya

Ahmadiyya
Muslim

Muslim Community, located
in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago. The
Chicago

Chicago area has a
large
Jewish

Jewish community, particularly in the suburbs of Skokie and
Morton Grove. Current
Chicago

Chicago Mayor
Rahm Emanuel

Rahm Emanuel is the Windy City's
first
Jewish

Jewish mayor.
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Illinois
See also:
Illinois

Illinois locations by per capita income
The Federal Reserve Bank of
Chicago

Chicago at the heart of Chicago's
financial center
The dollar gross state product for
Illinois

Illinois was estimated to be US$796
billion in 2016.[86] The state's 2010 per capita gross state product
was estimated to be US$45,302,[87] and its per capita personal income
was estimated to be US$41,411 in 2009.[88]
As of May 2017[update], the state's unemployment rate was
4.6%.[89]
Taxes[edit]
Illinois's state income tax is calculated by multiplying net income by
a flat rate. In 1990, that rate was set at 3%, but in 2010, the
General Assembly voted in a temporary increase in the rate to 5%; the
new rate went into effect on January 1, 2011; the personal income rate
partially sunset on January 1, 2015 to 3.75%, while the corporate
income tax fell to 5.25%.[90][91] There are two rates for state sales
tax: 6.25% for general merchandise and 1% for qualifying food, drugs,
and medical appliances.[92] The property tax is a major source of tax
revenue for local government taxing districts. The property tax is a
local—not state—tax, imposed by local government taxing districts,
which include counties, townships, municipalities, school districts,
and special taxation districts. The property tax in
Illinois

Illinois is
imposed only on real property.[26][29][48]
Agriculture[edit]
Corn and soybean fields near Royal, Illinois
Acres of harvested wheat in
Illinois

Illinois in 2012
Illinois's major agricultural outputs are corn, soybeans, hogs,
cattle, dairy products, and wheat. In most years,
Illinois

Illinois is either
the first or second state for the highest production of soybeans, with
a harvest of 427.7 million bushels (11.64 million metric
tons) in 2008, after Iowa's production of 444.82 million bushels
(12.11 million metric tons).[93]
Illinois

Illinois ranks second in U.S.
corn production with more than 1.5 billion bushels produced
annually.[94] With a production capacity of 1.5 billion gallons per
year,
Illinois

Illinois is a top producer of ethanol, ranking third in the
United States

United States in 2011.[95]
Illinois

Illinois is a leader in food manufacturing
and meat processing.[96] Although
Chicago

Chicago may no longer be "Hog
Butcher for the World," the
Chicago

Chicago area remains a global center for
food manufacture and meat processing,[96] with many plants, processing
houses, and distribution facilities concentrated in the area of the
former Union Stock Yards.[97]
Illinois

Illinois also produces wine, and the
state is home to two American viticultural areas. In the area of The
Meeting of the Great Rivers Scenic Byway, peaches and apples are
grown. The German immigrants from agricultural backgrounds who settled
in
Illinois

Illinois in the mid- to late 19th century are in part responsible
for the profusion of fruit orchards in that area of Illinois.[98]
Illinois's universities are actively researching alternative
agricultural products as alternative crops.
Manufacturing[edit]
Illinois

Illinois is one of the nation's manufacturing leaders, boasting annual
value added productivity by manufacturing of over $107 billion in
2006. As of 2011,
Illinois

Illinois is ranked as the 4th most productive
manufacturing state in the country, behind California, Texas, and
Ohio.[99] About three-quarters of the state's manufacturers are
located in the Northeastern Opportunity Return Region, with 38 percent
of Illinois's approximately 18,900 manufacturing plants located in
Cook County. As of 2006, the leading manufacturing industries in
Illinois, based upon value-added, were chemical manufacturing
($18.3 billion), machinery manufacturing ($13.4 billion),
food manufacturing ($12.9 billion), fabricated metal products
($11.5 billion), transportation equipment ($7.4 billion),
plastics and rubber products ($7.0 billion), and computer and
electronic products ($6.1 billion).[100]
Services[edit]
By the early 2000s, Illinois's economy had moved toward a dependence
on high-value-added services, such as financial trading, higher
education, law, logistics, and medicine. In some cases, these services
clustered around institutions that hearkened back to Illinois's
earlier economies. For example, the
Chicago

Chicago Mercantile Exchange, a
trading exchange for global derivatives, had begun its life as an
agricultural futures market. Other important non-manufacturing
industries include publishing, tourism, and energy production and
distribution.
Investments[edit]
Venture capitalists funded a total of approximately $62 billion in the
US economy in 2016. Of this amount,
Illinois

Illinois based companies received
approximately $1.1 billion. Similarly, in FY 2016 the US federal
government spent $461 billion on contracts in the US. Of this amount,
Illinois

Illinois based companies received approximately $8.7 billion.[101]
Energy[edit]
See also:
List of power stations in Illinois

List of power stations in Illinois and Solar power in
Illinois
Illinois

Illinois is a net importer of fuels for energy, despite large coal
resources and some minor oil production.
Illinois

Illinois exports electricity,
ranking fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in
electricity consumption.[102]
Coal[edit]
The coal industry of
Illinois

Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th
century, when entrepreneurs such as Jacob Loose discovered coal in
locations such as Sangamon County.
Jacob Bunn contributed to the
development of the
Illinois

Illinois coal industry, and was a founder and owner
of the Western
Coal

Coal & Mining Company of Illinois. About 68% of
Illinois

Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the Pennsylvanian geologic period.
According to the
Illinois

Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion
tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having
a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the
Arabian Peninsula.[103] However, this coal has a high sulfur content,
which causes acid rain unless special equipment is used to reduce
sulfur dioxide emissions.[26][29][48] Many
Illinois

Illinois power plants are
not equipped to burn high-sulfur coal. In 1999,
Illinois

Illinois produced
40.4 million tons of coal, but only 17 million tons (42%) of
Illinois

Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois. Most of the coal produced in
Illinois

Illinois is exported to other states and countries. In 2008, Illinois
exported 3 million tons of coal and was projected to export 9 million
tons in 2011, as demand for energy grows in places such as China,
India, and elsewhere in Asia and Europe.[104] As of 2010,
Illinois

Illinois was
ranked third in recoverable coal reserves at producing mines in the
nation.[95] Most of the coal produced in
Illinois

Illinois is exported to other
states, while much of the coal burned for power in Illinois
(21 million tons in 1998) is mined in the
Powder River Basin

Powder River Basin of
Wyoming.[102]
Mattoon was recently chosen as the site for the Department of Energy's
FutureGen

FutureGen project, a 275 megawatt experimental zero emission
coal-burning power plant that the DOE just gave a second round of
funding. In 2010, after a number of setbacks, the city of Mattoon
backed out of the project.[105]
Petroleum[edit]
Illinois

Illinois is a leading refiner of petroleum in the American Midwest,
with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 900,000
barrels per day (140,000 m3/d). However,
Illinois

Illinois has very
limited crude oil proved reserves that account for less than 1% of
U.S. crude oil proved reserves. Residential heating is 81% natural gas
compared to less than 1% heating oil.
Illinois

Illinois is ranked 14th in oil
production among states, with a daily output of approximately 28,000
barrels (4,500 m3) in 2005.[106][107]
Nuclear power[edit]
Main article:
Nuclear power

Nuclear power in the United States
Byron Nuclear Generating Station

Byron Nuclear Generating Station in Ogle County.
Average annual wind power distribution for Illinois, 50 m
(160 ft) height above ground (2009)
Nuclear power

Nuclear power arguably began in
Illinois

Illinois with the
Chicago

Chicago Pile-1, the
world's first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in the
world's first nuclear reactor, built on the University of Chicago
campus. There are six operating nuclear power plants in Illinois:
Braidwood, Byron, Clinton, Dresden, LaSalle, and Quad Cities.[108]
With the exception of the single-unit Clinton plant, each of these
facilities has two reactors. Three reactors have been permanently shut
down and are in various stages of decommissioning:
Dresden-1
.jpg/500px-HD.6B.274_(11842857676).jpg)
Dresden-1 and
Zion-1 and 2.
Illinois

Illinois ranked first in the nation in 2010 in both
nuclear capacity and nuclear generation. Generation from its nuclear
power plants accounted for 12 percent of the nation's total.[95] In
2007, 48% of Illinois's electricity was generated using nuclear
power.[109] The
Morris Operation is the only de facto high-level
radioactive waste storage site in the United States.
Wind power[edit]
Main article:
Wind power

Wind power in Illinois
Illinois

Illinois has seen growing interest in the use of wind power for
electrical generation.[110] Most of
Illinois

Illinois was rated in 2009 as
"marginal or fair" for wind energy production by the U.S. Department
of Energy, with some western sections rated "good" and parts of the
south rated "poor".[111] These ratings are for wind turbines with
50-meter (160 ft) hub heights; newer wind turbines are taller,
enabling them to reach stronger winds farther from the ground. As a
result, more areas of
Illinois

Illinois have become prospective wind farm
sites. As of September 2009,
Illinois

Illinois had 1116.06 MW of installed wind
power nameplate capacity with another 741.9 MW under
construction.[112]
Illinois

Illinois ranked ninth among U.S. states in
installed wind power capacity, and sixteenth by potential
capacity.[112] Large wind farms in
Illinois

Illinois include Twin Groves, Rail
Splitter, EcoGrove, and Mendota Hills.[112]
As of 2007, wind energy represented only 1.7% of Illinois's energy
production, and it was estimated that wind power could provide 5–10%
of the state's energy needs.[113][114] Also, the
Illinois

Illinois General
Assembly mandated in 2007 that by 2025, 25% of all electricity
generated in
Illinois

Illinois is to come from renewable resources.[115]
Biofuels[edit]
Illinois

Illinois is ranked second in corn production among U.S. states, and
Illinois

Illinois corn is used to produce 40% of the ethanol consumed in the
United States.[94] The
Archer Daniels Midland
.svg/240px-Archer_Daniels_Midland_(logo).svg.png)
Archer Daniels Midland corporation in Decatur,
Illinois

Illinois is the world's leading producer of ethanol from corn.
The National Corn-to-
Ethanol

Ethanol Research Center (NCERC), the world's only
facility dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting
corn (maize) to ethanol is located on the campus of Southern Illinois
University Edwardsville.[116][117]
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is one of the partners in
the
Energy Biosciences Institute

Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), a $500 million biofuels
research project funded by petroleum giant BP.[118][119]
Culture[edit]
Museums[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of museums in Illinois.
Illinois

Illinois has numerous museums; the greatest concentration of these is
in Chicago. Several museums in the city of
Chicago

Chicago are considered some
of the best in the world. These include the John G. Shedd Aquarium,
the Field Museum of Natural History, the Art Institute of Chicago, the
Adler Planetarium, and the Museum of Science and Industry.
The modern
Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in
Springfield is the largest and most attended presidential library in
the country. The
Illinois

Illinois State Museum boasts a collection of 13.5
million objects that tell the story of
Illinois

Illinois life, land, people,
and art. The ISM is among only 5% of the nation's museums that are
accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Other historical
museums in the state include the
Polish Museum of America

Polish Museum of America in Chicago;
Magnolia Manor in Cairo;
Easley Pioneer Museum in Ipava; the Elihu
Benjamin Washburne;
Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses S. Grant Homes, both in Galena; and the
Chanute Air Museum, located on the former Chanute Air Force Base in
Rantoul.
The
Chicago

Chicago metropolitan area also has two zoos: The very large
Brookfield Zoo, located approximately 13 miles west of the city center
in suburban Brookfield, contains over 2300 animals and covers 216
acres (87 ha). The
Lincoln Park Zoo

Lincoln Park Zoo is located in huge Lincoln
Park on Chicago's North Side, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km)
north of the Loop. The zoo covers over 35 acres (14 ha) within
the park.
Illinois

Illinois Museums
Vandalia State House State Historic Site

Vandalia State House State Historic Site in Vandalia
The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago
Magnolia Manor is a
Victorian period

Victorian period historic house museum in Cairo.
Lincoln Home National Historic Site

Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield
The
Polish Museum of America

Polish Museum of America in Chicago
A
Railway Post Office

Railway Post Office preserved at the
Illinois Railway Museum

Illinois Railway Museum in
Union
Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Illinois
Joey Miskulin, an inductee of the International Polka Association's
Hall of Fame, performing as "Joey the Cowpolka King"
Illinois

Illinois is a leader in music education, having hosted the Midwest
Clinic International Band and
Orchestra

Orchestra Conference since 1946, as well
being home to the
Illinois

Illinois Music Educators Association (IMEA), one of
the largest professional music educator's organizations in the
country. Each summer since 2004,
Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois University
Carbondale has played host to the
Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois Music Festival,
which presents dozens of performances throughout the region. Past
featured artists include the
Eroica Trio and violinist David Kim.
Chicago, in the northeast corner of the state, is a major center for
music[120] in the midwestern
United States

United States where distinctive forms of
blues (greatly responsible for the future creation of rock and roll),
and house music, a genre of electronic dance music, were developed.
The Great Migration of poor black workers from the South into the
industrial cities brought traditional jazz and blues music to the
city, resulting in
Chicago

Chicago blues and "Chicago-style"
Dixieland

Dixieland jazz.
Notable blues artists included Muddy Waters, Junior Wells, Howlin'
Wolf and both Sonny Boy Williamsons; jazz greats included Nat King
Cole, Gene Ammons,
Benny Goodman

Benny Goodman and Bud Freeman.
Chicago

Chicago is also well
known for its soul music.
In the early 1930s,
Gospel music

Gospel music began to gain popularity in Chicago
due to Thomas A. Dorsey's contributions at Pilgrim Baptist Church.
In the 1980s and 1990s, heavy rock, punk and hip hop also became
popular in Chicago. Orchestras in
Chicago

Chicago include the
Chicago

Chicago Symphony
Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of
Chicago

Chicago and the Chicago
Sinfonietta.[121]
Sports[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of professional sports teams
in Illinois.
Soldier Field, Chicago
Major league sports[edit]
As one of the United States' major metropolises, all major sports
leagues have teams headquartered in Chicago.
Two
Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball teams are located in the state. The Chicago
Cubs of the
National League

National League play in the second-oldest major league
stadium (Wrigley Field) and are widely known for having the longest
championship drought in all of major American sport: not winning the
World Series

World Series since 1908.[122][123] That drought finally came to an end
when the Cubs beat the
Cleveland

Cleveland Indians in seven games to win the
2016 World Series. The
Chicago

Chicago White Sox of the
American League

American League won
the
World Series

World Series in 2005, their first since 1917. They play on the
city's south side at Guaranteed Rate Field.
The
Chicago

Chicago Bears football team has won nine total NFL Championships,
the last occurring in Super Bowl XX on January 26, 1986.
The
Chicago

Chicago Bulls of the NBA is one of the most recognized basketball
teams in the world, due largely to the efforts of Michael Jordan, who
led the team to six NBA championships in eight seasons in the 1990s.
The
Chicago

Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL began playing in 1926, and became a
member of the
Original Six

Original Six once the NHL dropped to that number of
teams during World War II. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups,
most recently in 2015.
The
Chicago

Chicago Fire is a member of MLS and has been one of the league's
most successful and best-supported clubs since its founding in 1997,
winning one league and four Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cups in that
timespan. The team plays in Bridgeview, adjacent to Chicago.
Other top-level professional sports[edit]
The
Chicago

Chicago Red Stars have played at the top level of U.S. women's
soccer since their formation in 2009, except in the 2011 season. The
team currently plays in the National Women's Soccer League, sharing a
stadium with the Fire.
The
Chicago

Chicago Sky have played in the Women's National Basketball
Association, the sister league of the NBA, since 2006.
Minor league sports[edit]
Many minor league teams also call
Illinois

Illinois their home. They include:
The
Bloomington Edge

Bloomington Edge of the Indoor Football League
The
Bloomington Flex of the Midwest Professional Basketball
Association
The
Chicago

Chicago Bandits of the NPF, a female softball league; won first
title in 2008
The
Chicago

Chicago Red Stars of the NWSL, previously of Women's Professional
Soccer League (WPS) and Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL)[124]
The
Chicago

Chicago Wolves are an AHL team playing in the suburb of Rosemont
The
Gateway Grizzlies
.png/300px-Gateway_Grizzlies_(team_logo).png)
Gateway Grizzlies of the
Frontier League

Frontier League in Sauget, Illinois
The
Kane County Cougars

Kane County Cougars of the Midwest League
The
Normal CornBelters

Normal CornBelters of the Frontier League
The
Joliet Slammers

Joliet Slammers of the Frontier League
The
Peoria Chiefs

Peoria Chiefs of the Midwest League
The Peoria Rivermen are an SPHL team
The
Rockford Aviators

Rockford Aviators of the Frontier League
The
Rockford IceHogs

Rockford IceHogs are an AHL team
The
Schaumburg Boomers

Schaumburg Boomers of the Frontier League
The
Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois Miners based out of Marion in the Frontier
League
The Windy City Bulls, playing in the
Chicago

Chicago suburb of Hoffman
Estates, of the NBA G League
College sports[edit]
The state features 13 athletic programs that compete in NCAA Division
I, the highest level of U.S. college sports.
The two most prominent are the
Illinois Fighting Illini

Illinois Fighting Illini and
Northwestern Wildcats, both members of the
Big Ten Conference

Big Ten Conference and the
only ones competing in one of the so-called "Power Five conferences".
The Fighting Illini football team has won five national championships
and three Rose Bowl Games, whereas the men's basketball team has won
17 conference seasons and played five Final Fours. Meanwhile, the
Wildcats have won eight football conference championships and one Rose
Bowl Game.
The
Northern Illinois

Northern Illinois Huskies from
DeKalb, Illinois

DeKalb, Illinois compete in the
Mid-American Conference

Mid-American Conference winning 4 conference championships and earning
a bid in the
Orange Bowl

Orange Bowl along with producing Heisman candidate Jordan
Lynch at quarterback. The Huskies are the state's only other team
competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the top level of NCAA
football.
Four schools have football programs that compete in the second level
of Division I football, the Football Championship Subdivision. The
Illinois State Redbirds

Illinois State Redbirds (Normal, adjacent to Bloomington) and Southern
Illinois

Illinois Salukis (the latter representing Southern Illinois
University's main campus in Carbondale) are members of the Missouri
Valley Conference (MVC) for non-football sports and the Missouri
Valley Football Conference (MVFC). The Western
Illinois

Illinois Leathernecks
(Macomb) are full members of the Summit League, which does not sponsor
football, and also compete in the MVFC. The Eastern
Illinois

Illinois Panthers
(Charleston) are members of the
Ohio

Ohio Valley Conference (OVC).
The city of
Chicago

Chicago is home to four Division I programs that do not
sponsor football. The DePaul Blue Demons, with main campuses in
Lincoln Park

Lincoln Park and the Loop, are members of the Big East Conference. The
Loyola Ramblers, with their main campus straddling the Edgewater and
Rogers Park community areas on the city's far north side, compete in
the MVC. The UIC Flames, from the Near West Side next to the Loop, are
in the Horizon League. The
Chicago

Chicago State Cougars, from the city's
south side, compete in the Western Athletic Conference.
Finally, two non-football Division I programs are located downstate.
The
Bradley Braves

Bradley Braves (Peoria) are MVC members, and the SIU Edwardsville
Cougars (in the
Metro East

Metro East region across the
Mississippi River

Mississippi River from
St. Louis) compete in the OVC.
Former
Chicago

Chicago sports franchises[edit]
Folded teams[edit]
The city was formerly home to several other teams that either failed
to survive, or that belonged to leagues that folded.
The
Chicago

Chicago Blitz,
United States

United States Football League 1983–84
The
Chicago

Chicago Sting,
North American Soccer League
.svg/300px-North_American_Soccer_League_(NASL).svg.png)
North American Soccer League 1975–84 and Major
Indoor Soccer League
The
Chicago

Chicago Cougars,
World Hockey Association

World Hockey Association 1972–75
The
Chicago

Chicago Rockers, Continental
Basketball

Basketball Association
The
Chicago

Chicago Skyliners, American
Basketball

Basketball Association 2000–01
The
Chicago

Chicago Bruisers,
Arena Football League

Arena Football League 1987–1989
The
Chicago

Chicago Power, National Professional Soccer League 1984–2001
The
Chicago

Chicago Blaze, National Women's
Basketball

Basketball League
The
Chicago

Chicago Machine, Major League Lacrosse
The
Chicago

Chicago Whales of the Federal Baseball League, a rival league to
Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball from 1914 to 1916
The
Chicago

Chicago American Giants of the Negro baseball league, 1910–1952
The
Chicago

Chicago Bruins of the National
Basketball

Basketball League, 1939–42
The
Chicago

Chicago Studebaker Flyers of the NBL, 1942–43
The
Chicago

Chicago American Gears of the NBL, 1944–47
The
Chicago

Chicago Stags of the
Basketball

Basketball Association of America, 1946–50
The
Chicago

Chicago Majors of the American
Basketball

Basketball League, 1961–63
The
Chicago

Chicago Express of the ECHL
The
Chicago

Chicago Enforcers of the
XFL
.svg/400px-Logo_of_the_XFL_(2000-2001).svg.png)
XFL pro football league
The
Chicago

Chicago Fire,
World Football League

World Football League 1974
The
Chicago

Chicago Winds,
World Football League

World Football League 1975
The
Chicago

Chicago Hustle, Women's Professional
Basketball

Basketball League 1978–81
The
Chicago

Chicago Mustangs,
North American Soccer League
.svg/300px-North_American_Soccer_League_(NASL).svg.png)
North American Soccer League 1966–67
The
Chicago

Chicago Storm,
Ultimate Soccer League

Ultimate Soccer League 2004–05
The
Chicago

Chicago Rush,
Arena Football League

Arena Football League 2001–13
Relocated teams[edit]
The NFL's
Arizona

Arizona Cardinals, who currently play in the Phoenix suburb
of Glendale, Arizona, played in
Chicago

Chicago as the
Chicago

Chicago Cardinals,
until moving to
St. Louis, Missouri

St. Louis, Missouri after the 1959 season. An NBA
expansion team known as the
Chicago

Chicago Packers in 1961–62 and the
Chicago

Chicago Zephyrs the following year moved to
Baltimore

Baltimore after the
1962–63 season. The franchise is now known as the Washington
Wizards.
Professional sports teams outside Chicago[edit]
The
Peoria Chiefs

Peoria Chiefs and
Kane County Cougars

Kane County Cougars are minor league baseball
teams affiliated with MLB. The
Schaumburg Boomers

Schaumburg Boomers and Lake County
Fielders are members of the North American League, and the Southern
Illinois

Illinois Miners, Gateway Grizzlies, Joliet Slammers, Windy City
ThunderBolts and
Normal CornBelters

Normal CornBelters belong to the Frontier League.
In addition to the
Chicago

Chicago Wolves, the AHL also has the Rockford
IceHogs serving as the AHL affiliate of the
Chicago

Chicago Blackhawks. The
second incarnation of the Peoria Rivermen plays in the SPHL.
Motor racing[edit]
Motor racing

Motor racing oval tracks at the
Chicagoland

Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet, the
Chicago

Chicago Motor Speedway in Cicero and the Gateway International Raceway
in Madison, near St. Louis, have hosted NASCAR, CART, and IRL races,
whereas the Sports Car Club of America, among other national and
regional road racing clubs, have visited the
Autobahn Country Club in
Joliet, the
Blackhawk Farms Raceway

Blackhawk Farms Raceway in South Beloit and the former
Meadowdale International Raceway in Carpentersville.
Illinois

Illinois also has
several short tracks and dragstrips. The dragstrip at Gateway
International Raceway and the Route 66 Raceway, which sits on the same
property as the
Chicagoland

Chicagoland Speedway, both host
NHRA

NHRA drag races.
Golf[edit]
Illinois

Illinois features several golf courses such as Olympia Fields,
Medinah, Midlothian, Cog Hill and Conway Farms, which have often
hosted the BMW Championship,
Western Open

Western Open and Women's Western Open.
Also, the state has hosted 13 editions of the U.S. Open (latest at
Olympia Fields in 2003), six editions of the
PGA Championship

PGA Championship (latest
at Medinah in 2006), three editions of the
U.S. Women's Open

U.S. Women's Open (latest
at The Merit Club), the
2009 Solheim Cup

2009 Solheim Cup (at Rich Harvest Farms) and
the
2012 Ryder Cup

2012 Ryder Cup (at Medinah).
The
John Deere Classic

John Deere Classic is a regular
PGA Tour

PGA Tour event played in the Quad
Cities since 1971, whereas the
Encompass Championship

Encompass Championship is a Champions
Tour event since 2013. Previously the
LPGA State Farm Classic

LPGA State Farm Classic was an
L
PGA Tour

PGA Tour event from 1976 to 2011.
Parks and recreation[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of protected areas of
Illinois.
The
Illinois

Illinois Centennial Column in Chicago's Logan Square
The
Illinois state parks

Illinois state parks system began in 1908 with what is now Fort
Massac State Park, becoming the first park in a system encompassing
over 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife
areas.
Areas under the protection and control of the National Park Service
include: the
Illinois and Michigan Canal

Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor
near Lockport,[125] the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the
Lincoln Home National Historic Site

Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, the Mormon Pioneer
National Historic Trail, the
Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears National Historic Trail,
the American Discovery Trail,[126] and the Pullman National Monument.
The federal government also manages the
Shawnee

Shawnee National Forest and
the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie.
Law and government[edit]
Main articles:
Government of Illinois

Government of Illinois and Law of Illinois
The government of Illinois, under the Constitution of Illinois, has
three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The
executive branch is split into several statewide elected offices, with
the Governor as chief executive. Legislative functions are granted to
the
Illinois

Illinois General Assembly. The judiciary is composed of the
Supreme Court and lower courts.
The
James R. Thompson Center
.jpg/480px-James_R._Thompson_Center,_Chicago,_Illinois_(9179428785).jpg)
James R. Thompson Center in Chicago
The
Illinois General Assembly

Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature, composed of
the 118-member
Illinois House of Representatives

Illinois House of Representatives and the 59-member
Illinois

Illinois Senate. The members of the General Assembly are elected at
the beginning of each even-numbered year. The
Illinois

Illinois Compiled
Statutes (ILCS) are the codified statutes of a general and permanent
nature.[127][128]
The executive branch is composed of six elected officers and their
offices as well as numerous other departments.[129] The six elected
officers are:[129] Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General,
Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer. The government of
Illinois

Illinois has numerous departments, agencies, boards and commissions,
but the so-called code departments provide most of the state's
services.[129][130]
The
Judiciary of Illinois

Judiciary of Illinois is the unified court system of Illinois. It
consists of the Supreme Court, Appellate Court, and Circuit Courts.
The Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system.
The administrative divisions of
Illinois

Illinois are counties, townships,
precincts, cities, towns, villages, and special-purpose
districts.[131] The basic subdivision of
Illinois

Illinois are the 102
counties.[132] 85 of the 102 counties are in turn divided into
townships and precincts.[132][133] Municipal governments are the
cities, villages, and incorporated towns.[132] Some localities possess
home rule, which allows them to govern themselves to a certain
extent.[134]
Politics[edit]
Main article: Politics of Illinois
Party balance[edit]
Illinois State Capitol

Illinois State Capitol in downtown Springfield
Treemap

Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election
Illinois

Illinois is a Democratic stronghold and considered one of the most
Democratic states in the nation.[135] Historically,
Illinois

Illinois was a
political swing state, with near-parity existing between the
Republican and the Democratic parties. However, in recent elections,
the Democratic Party has gained ground and
Illinois

Illinois has come to be
seen as a solid "blue" state in presidential contests.[136][137]
Chicago

Chicago and most of Cook County votes have long been strongly
Democratic. However, the "collar counties" (the suburbs surrounding
Chicago's Cook County, Illinois), can be seen as moderate voting
districts.[138][139] College towns like Carbondale, Champaign and
Normal also lean Democratic.
Republicans continue to prevail in the outlying
Chicago

Chicago exurban areas,
as well as rural northern and central Illinois; Republican support is
also strong in southern Illinois, outside the East St. Louis
metropolitan area. From 1920 until 1972, the state was carried by the
victor of each of these presidential elections – 14 elections.[140]
In fact,
Illinois

Illinois was long seen as a national bellwether,[141]
supporting the winner in every election in the 20th century except for
1916 and 1976. By contrast,
Illinois

Illinois has trended more toward the
Democratic party and such, has voted for their presidential candidates
in the last six elections; in 2000,
George W. Bush

George W. Bush became the first
Republican to win the presidency without carrying
Illinois

Illinois or Vermont.
Chicago

Chicago resident and former president
Barack Obama

Barack Obama easily won the
state's 21 electoral votes in 2008, with 61.9% of the vote. In 2010,
incumbent Governor Pat Quinn was re-elected with 47% of the vote,
while Republican Mark Kirk was elected to the Senate with 48% of the
vote. In 2012, President Obama easily carried
Illinois

Illinois again with 58%
to Republican Mitt Romney's 41%. In 2014, Republican Bruce Rauner
defeated Governor Quinn 50% – 46% to become Illinois's first
Republican governor in 12 years when he was sworn in on January 12,
2015, while Democratic Senator
Dick Durbin

Dick Durbin was re-elected with 53% of
the vote. In 2016,
Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton carried
Illinois

Illinois with 55% of the
vote and
Tammy Duckworth

Tammy Duckworth defeated incumbent Mark Kirk 54% to 40%.
George W. Bush

George W. Bush and
Donald Trump

Donald Trump are the only Republicans to win the
White House without carrying
Illinois

Illinois or Vermont.
History of corruption[edit]
Main article: Political corruption in Illinois
Politics in the state have been infamous for highly visible corruption
cases, as well as for crusading reformers, such as governors Adlai
Stevenson and James R. Thompson. In 2006, former Governor George Ryan
was convicted of racketeering and bribery, leading to a
6 1⁄2-year prison sentence. In 2008, then-Governor Rod
Blagojevich was served with a criminal complaint on corruption
charges, stemming from allegations that he conspired to sell the
vacated Senate seat left by President
Barack Obama

Barack Obama to the highest
bidder. Subsequently, on December 7, 2011,
Rod Blagojevich

Rod Blagojevich was
sentenced to 14 years in prison for those charges, as well as perjury
while testifying during the case, totaling 18 convictions. In the late
20th century,
Congressman
Dan Rostenkowski

Dan Rostenkowski was imprisoned for mail
fraud; former governor and federal judge
Otto Kerner, Jr.

Otto Kerner, Jr. was
imprisoned for bribery; Secretary of State Paul Powell was
investigated and found to have gained great wealth through bribes, and
State Auditor of Public Accounts (Comptroller)
Orville Hodge was
imprisoned for embezzlement. In 1912, William Lorimer, the GOP boss of
Chicago, was expelled from the U.S. Senate for bribery and in 1921,
Governor
Len Small

Len Small was found to have defrauded the state of a million
dollars.[29][48][142]
Presidential elections results
Year
Republican
Democratic
2016
38.76% 2,146,015
55.83% 3,090,729
2012
40.66% 2,135,216
57.50% 3,019,512
2008
36.73% 2,031,179
61.83% 3,419,348
2004
44.48% 2,345,946
54.82% 2,891,550
2000
42.58% 2,019,421
54.60% 2,589,026
1996
36.81% 1,587,021
54.32% 2,341,744
1992
34.34% 1,734,096
48.58% 2,453,350
1988
50.69% 2,310,939
48.60% 2,215,940
1984
56.17% 2,707,103
43.30% 2,086,499
1980
49.65% 2,359,049
41.72% 1,981,413
1976
50.10% 2,364,269
48.13% 2,271,295
1972
59.03% 2,788,179
40.51% 1,913,472
1968
47.08% 2,174,774
44.15% 2,039,814
1964
40.53% 1,905,946
59.47% 2,796,833
1960
49.80% 2,368,988
49.98% 2,377,846
U.S. Presidents from Illinois[edit]
Three presidents have claimed
Illinois

Illinois as their political base:
Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Barack Obama. Lincoln was born
in Kentucky, but moved to
Illinois

Illinois at the age of 21; he served in the
General Assembly and represented the 7th congressional district in the
US House of Representatives before his election as President. Ulysses
S. Grant was born in
Ohio

Ohio and had a military career that precluded
settling down, but on the eve of the Civil War, and approaching middle
age, Grant moved to
Illinois

Illinois and thus claimed it as his home when
running for President.
Barack Obama

Barack Obama was born and raised in Hawaii
(other than a four-year period of his childhood spent in Indonesia)
and made
Illinois

Illinois his home and base after completing law school and
later represented the state in the US Senate.
Only one person elected President of the
United States

United States was actually
born in Illinois.
Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, raised in Dixon
and educated at Eureka College. Reagan moved to Los Angeles as a young
adult and later became Governor of
California

California before being elected
President.
African-American U.S. senators[edit]
Nine African-Americans have served as members of the United States
Senate. Three of them have represented Illinois, the most of any
single state: Carol Moseley-Braun, Barack Obama,[143] and Roland
Burris, who was appointed to replace Obama after his election to the
presidency. Moseley-Braun was the first African-American woman to
become a U.S. Senator.
Bruce Rauner

Bruce Rauner (R), current Governor of Illinois
Political families[edit]
Two families from
Illinois

Illinois have played particularly prominent roles in
the Democratic Party, gaining both statewide and national fame.
Stevensons[edit]
The Stevenson family, initially rooted in central
Illinois

Illinois and later
based in the
Chicago

Chicago metropolitan area, has provided four generations
of
Illinois

Illinois officeholders.
Adlai Stevenson I

Adlai Stevenson I (1835–1914) was a Vice President of the United
States, as well as a Congressman
Lewis Stevenson (1868–1929), son of Adlai, served as Illinois
Secretary of State.
Adlai Stevenson II

Adlai Stevenson II (1900–1965), son of Lewis, served as Governor of
Illinois

Illinois and as the US Ambassador to the United Nations; he was also
the Democratic party's presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956, losing
both elections to Dwight Eisenhower.
Adlai Stevenson III (1930– ), son of Adlai II, served ten years as a
United States

United States Senator.
Daleys[edit]
The Daley family's powerbase was in Chicago.
Richard J. Daley

Richard J. Daley (1902–1976) served as Mayor of
Chicago

Chicago from 1955 to
his death.
Richard M. Daley
_(cropped).jpg)
Richard M. Daley (1942– ), son of Richard J, was Chicago's longest
serving mayor, in office from 1989 to 2011.
William M. Daley

William M. Daley (1948– ), another son of Richard J, is a former
White House Chief of Staff

White House Chief of Staff and has served in a variety of appointed
positions.
Education[edit]
Illinois

Illinois State Board of education[edit]
Main article:
Illinois

Illinois State Board of Education
The
Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) is autonomous of the
governor and the state legislature, and administers public education
in the state. Local municipalities and their respective school
districts operate individual public schools, but the ISBE audits
performance of public schools with the
Illinois

Illinois School Report Card.
The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning
education spending and policies.
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
See also:
List of school districts in Illinois

List of school districts in Illinois and List of high
schools in Illinois
Education is compulsory from ages 7 to 17 in Illinois. Schools are
commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and
secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high
school, and high school. District territories are often complex in
structure. Many areas in the state are actually located in two school
districts—one for high school, the other for elementary and middle
schools. And such districts do not necessarily share boundaries. A
given high school may have several elementary districts that feed into
it, yet some of those feeder districts may themselves feed into
multiple high school districts.
Colleges and universities[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities
in Illinois.
The Main Library of the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is
home to the Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
Using the criterion established by the Carnegie Foundation for the
Advancement of Teaching, there are eleven "National Universities" in
the state. As of 19 August 2010[update], six of these rank
in the "first tier" (that is, the top quartile) among the top 500
National Universities in the United States, as determined by the U.S.
News & World Report rankings: the University of
Chicago

Chicago (4),
Northwestern University

Northwestern University (12), the University of
Illinois

Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign (41), Loyola University
Chicago

Chicago (99), the Illinois
Institute of Technology (108),
DePaul University

DePaul University (123), University of
Illinois

Illinois at
Chicago

Chicago (129),
Illinois State University

Illinois State University (149), Southern
Illinois

Illinois University Carbondale (153), and
Northern Illinois

Northern Illinois University
(194).[144]
The University of
Chicago

Chicago is continuously ranked as one of the world's
top ten universities on various independent university rankings, and
its Booth School of Business, along with Northwestern's Kellogg School
of Management consistently rank within the top 5 graduate business
schools in the country and top 10 in the world. The University of
Illinois

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is often ranked among the best
engineering schools in the world and in United States.
Illinois

Illinois also has more than 20 additional accredited four-year
universities, both public and private, and dozens of small liberal
arts colleges across the state. Additionally,
Illinois

Illinois supports 49
public community colleges in the
Illinois

Illinois Community College System.
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
See also: List of airports in Illinois, List of
Illinois

Illinois Routes, List
of
Illinois

Illinois railroads, and Category:
Illinois

Illinois waterways
Because of its central location and its proximity to the
Rust Belt

Rust Belt and
Grain Belt,
Illinois

Illinois is a national crossroads for air, auto, rail, and
truck traffic.
Airports[edit]
University of
Illinois

Illinois Willard Airport
From 1962 until 1998, Chicago's
O'Hare International Airport

O'Hare International Airport (ORD) was
the busiest airport in the world, measured both in terms of total
flights and passengers. While it was surpassed by Atlanta's Hartsfield
in 1998, with 59.3 million domestic passengers annually, along
with 11.4 million international passengers in 2008,[145] O'Hare
remains one of the two or three busiest airports in the world, and
some years still ranks number one in total flights. It is a major hub
for
United Airlines

United Airlines and American Airlines, and a major airport
expansion project is currently underway.
Chicago

Chicago Midway International
Airport (MDW), which had been the busiest airport in the world until
supplanted by O'Hare in 1962, is now the secondary airport in the
Chicago

Chicago metropolitan area. For a time in the late 1960s and 1970s,
Midway was nearly vacant except for general aviation, but growth in
the area, combined with political deadlock over the building of a new
major airport in the region, has caused a resurgence for Midway. It is
now a major hub for Southwest Airlines, and services many other
airlines as well. Midway served 17.3 million domestic and
international passengers in 2008.[146]
Rail[edit]
Illinois

Illinois major rail network
Illinois

Illinois has an extensive passenger and freight rail transportation
network.
Chicago

Chicago is a national
Amtrak

Amtrak hub and in-state passengers are
served by Amtrak's
Illinois

Illinois Service, featuring the
Chicago

Chicago to
Carbondale Illini and Saluki, the
Chicago

Chicago to Quincy Carl Sandburg and
Illinois

Illinois Zephyr, and the
Chicago

Chicago to
St. Louis

St. Louis Lincoln Service.
Currently there is trackwork on the Chicago–
St. Louis

St. Louis line to bring
the maximum speed up to 110 mph (180 km/h), which would
reduce the trip time by an hour and a half. Nearly every North
American railway meets at Chicago, making it the largest and most
active rail hub in the country. Extensive commuter rail is provided in
the city proper and some immediate suburbs by the
Chicago

Chicago Transit
Authority's 'L' system. The largest suburban commuter rail system in
the United States, operated by Metra, uses existing rail lines to
provide direct commuter rail access for hundreds of suburbs to the
city and beyond.
In addition to the state's rail lines, the
Mississippi River

Mississippi River and
Illinois River

Illinois River provide major transportation routes for the state's
agricultural interests.
Lake Michigan

Lake Michigan gives
Illinois

Illinois access to the
Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean by way of the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
Interstate highway system[edit]
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2014)
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Illinois

Illinois is among many US states with a well developed interstate
highway system.
Illinois

Illinois has the distinction of having the most
primary (two-digit) interstates pass through it among all the 50
states with 13 (with the new addition of
Interstate 41
-map.png/580px-I-41-(WI)-map.png)
Interstate 41 near
Wisconsin), as well as the 3rd most interstate mileage behind
California

California and Texas.[147]
Major U.S. Interstate highways crossing the state include:
Interstate 24 (I-24), I-39, I-41, I-55, I-57, I-64, I-70, I-72,
I-74, I-80, I-88, I-90, and I-94.
U.S. highway system[edit]
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these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these
template messages)
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2014)
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this
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may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to
remove this template message)
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Among the U.S. highways that pass through the state, the primary ones
are: US 6, US 12, US 14, US 20, US 24,
US 30, US 34, US 36, US 40, US 41,
US 45, US 50, US 51, US 52, US 54,
US 60, US 62, and US 67.
Gallery[edit]
Standard license plate introduced in 2017
Standard license plate 2001 to 2016
Illinois

Illinois license plate design used throughout the 1980s and 1990s,
displaying the Land of Lincoln slogan that has been featured on the
state's plates since 1954
See also[edit]
Illinois

Illinois portal
Outline of Illinois

Outline of Illinois – organized list of topics about Illinois
Index of Illinois-related articles
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
Bridges, Roger D.; Davis, Rodney O. (1984). Illinois: its history
& legacy. St. Louis: River City Publishers.
ISBN 0-933150-86-5. OCLC 11814096.
Cole, Arthur Charles (1987) [1919]. The era of the Civil War,
1848–1870. Urbana: University of
Illinois

Illinois Press.
ISBN 978-0-252-01339-3. OCLC 14130434.
Davis, James E. (1998). Frontier Illinois. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press. ISBN 0-253-33423-3. OCLC 39182546.
Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (2005)
[2004]. Electronic Encyclopedia of
Chicago

Chicago (Online ed.). Chicago:
Chicago

Chicago Historical Society, Newberry Library. ISBN 0-226-31015-9.
OCLC 60342627. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
Hallwas, John E., ed. (1986).
Illinois

Illinois literature: the nineteenth
century. Macomb:
Illinois

Illinois Heritage Press. OCLC 14228886.
Howard, Robert P. (1972). Illinois; a history of the
Prairie

Prairie State.
Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8028-7025-2.
OCLC 495362.
Jensen, Richard E. (2001). Illinois: a history. Urbana: University of
Illinois

Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07021-1. OCLC 46769728.
Keiser, John H. (1977). Building for the centuries: Illinois, 1865 to
1898. Urbana: University of
Illinois

Illinois Press.
ISBN 978-0-252-00617-3. OCLC 2798051.
Kilduff, Dorrell; Pygman, C. H. (1962). Illinois; History, government,
geography. Chicago: Follett. OCLC 5223888.
Kleppner, Paul (1988). Political atlas of Illinois. DeKalb: Northern
Illinois

Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-136-0.
OCLC 16755435.
Meyer, Douglas K. (2000). Making the heartland quilt: a geographical
history of settlement and migration in early-nineteenth-century
Illinois. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois University Press.
ISBN 978-0-585-37905-0. OCLC 48139026.
Nowlan, James D.; Gove, Samuel K.; Winkel, Richard J. (2010). Illinois
Politics: A Citizen's Guide. Urbana: University of
Illinois

Illinois Press.
ISBN 978-0-252-07702-9.
Sutton, Robert P. (1976). The
Prairie

Prairie State; a documentary history of
Illinois. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-1651-7.
OCLC 2603998.
Walton, Clyde C. (1970). An
Illinois

Illinois reader. DeKalb: Northern Illinois
University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-014-1. OCLC 89905.
Works Progress Administration

Works Progress Administration (1983) [1939]. The WPA guide to
Illinois: the Federal Writers' Project guide to 1930s Illinois. New
York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-72195-8.
OCLC 239788752.
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Coordinates: 40°N 89°W / 40°N 89°W / 40; -89
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 138972861
LCCN: n79053746
ISNI: 0000 0004 0465 6832
GND: 4109206-5
BNF: