Ignacio Martín-Baró
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Ignacio Martín-Baró (November 7, 1942 in
Valladolid Valladolid () is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. It has a population around 300,000 peop ...
,
Castilla y Leon Castile, Castille or Castilla may refer to: Places Spain *Castile (historical region), a vaguely defined historical region of Spain covering most of Castile and León, all of the Community of Madrid and most of Castilla–La Mancha *Kingdom of ...
,
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
– November 16, 1989 in
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital it ...
,
El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south ...
) was a
scholar A scholar is a person who pursues academic and intellectual activities, particularly academics who apply their intellectualism into expertise in an area of study. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researche ...
,
social psychologist Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people or by social norms. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the rela ...
,
philosopher A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...
and
Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...
priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in partic ...
. He was one of the victims of the
1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador During the Salvadoran Civil War, on 16 November 1989, Salvadoran Army soldiers killed six Jesuits and two others, the caretaker's wife and daughter, at their residence on the campus of Central American University (known as UCA El Salvador) in Sa ...
.


Academic career

Martín-Baró entered the
novitiate The novitiate, also called the noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a Christian ''novice'' (or ''prospective'') monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious order undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether ...
of the Society of Jesus in Orduña,
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
, on September 28, 1959. Shortly after, he was transferred to the novitiate of Villagarcía and then sent to
Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
, where he completed his second year in the novitiate of the Society of Jesus. At the end of September 1961, he began his studies in classical
humanities Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at t ...
at the
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) (English: ''Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador'') is a Pontifical Catholic university founded in 1946 in Quito, Ecuador. History The university opened in the fall of 1946, with Carlo ...
in
Quito Quito (; qu, Kitu), formally San Francisco de Quito, is the capital and largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its urban area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha. Quito is located in a valley on ...
. On graduating, he travelled to
Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...
, where he studied philosophy at the
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana The Pontifical Xavierian University (in Spanish Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) is a private higher education institution founded in 1623. It is one of the oldest, most traditional, and prestigious Colombian universities, directed by the Societ ...
, run by the Jesuits. In 1964 he received his
bachelor's degree A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin ''baccalaureus'') or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin ''baccalaureatus'') is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to si ...
in
philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...
and in 1965 his licentiate (licenciatura) in philosophy and
literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...
. In 1966 he returned to El Salvador, where he got a job as a teacher and academic coordinator at the Externado San José. In 1967, he started teaching at the
Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" José Simeón Cañas Central American University ( es, Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"), also known as UCA El Salvador, is a private university with nonprofit purposes in San Salvador, El Salvador, run by the Society of Jesus. ...
(UCA). He travelled to
Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , " Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on it ...
in 1967 to study
theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing th ...
. Returning to San Salvador to continue his studies, he obtained his bachelor's degree from
St John Berchmans University College, Heverlee St John Berchmans University College, locally known as Jezuietenhuis or Lerkeveld, is an educational institution run by the European Low Countries Province of the Society of Jesus in Heverlee, outside Leuven. It was built in 1958 by Jos Ritzen, w ...
,
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...
, in 1970. He then began studying
psychology Psychology is the science, scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immens ...
at UCA, where he was also lecturer. In 1975 he completed his licentiate in psychology. In 1971 and 1972 he taught psychology in the National Nursing Academy in Santa Ana. Later he was dean of Students between 1972 and 1975, and a member of the University Board, at UCA. From 1971 until 1974 he was head of the
editorial board The editorial board is a group of experts, usually at a publication, who dictate the tone and direction the publication's editorial policy will take. Mass media At a newspaper, the editorial board usually consists of the editorial page editor, ...
of the
academic journal An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and ...
'' Estudios Centroamericanos'' (''ECA''). In 1977 he earned a
master's degree A master's degree (from Latin ) is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.
in
social sciences Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of so ...
from the
University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chicago is consistently ranked among the b ...
and two years later, in 1979, a Ph.D. in social and
organisational psychology Industrial and organizational psychology (I-O psychology), an applied discipline within psychology, is the science of human behavior in the workplace. Depending on the country or region of the world, I-O psychology is also known as occupational ...
from the same institution. In his master's
thesis A thesis ( : theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144 ...
, he discussed social attitudes and
group conflict Group conflict, or hostilities between different groups, is a feature common to all forms of human social organization (e.g., sports teams, ethnic groups, nations, religions, gangs), and also occurs in social animals. Although group conflict is on ...
in El Salvador, a theme which he continued in his doctoral dissertation which focused on
population density Population density (in agriculture: standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical term.Matt RosenberPopu ...
of the lowest
social class A social class is a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes. Membership in a social class can for example be dependent on education, wealth, occupation, inc ...
es in El Salvador. On completing his studies he returned to San Salvador, where he lectured in psychology at UCA. By 1981 he was Academic Vice-
Rector Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations *Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...
and member of the Board of Directors. In 1982 he became head of the psychology department. In 1986 he founded and directed the University Institute of Public Opinion, IUDOP. In 1989, the academic vice-rector's office was split in two and Martín-Baró became director of post-graduate studies and
research Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness ...
. He was a member of the editorial board of UCA Editores and ''Estudios Centroamericanos'' (''ECA''), the Salvadoran Journal of Psychology and the
Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...
n magazine '' Polémica''. He was a visiting
professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professo ...
at the
Central University of Venezuela The Central University of Venezuela (Spanish: ''Universidad Central de Venezuela''; UCV) is a public university of Venezuela located in Caracas. It is widely held to be the highest ranking institution in the country, and it also ranks 18th in ...
, the
Universidad del Zulia The University of Zulia ( es, La Universidad del Zulia, also known as LUZ literally meaning "light" in Spanish), is a public university whose main campus is located in the city of Maracaibo, Venezuela. LUZ is one of the largest and most important ...
in
Maracaibo ) , motto = "''Muy noble y leal''"(English: "Very noble and loyal") , anthem = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_alt = ...
, the
University of Puerto Rico The University of Puerto Rico ( es, Universidad de Puerto Rico, UPR) is the main public university system in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is a government-owned corporation with 11 campuses and approximately 58,000 students and ...
,
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana The Pontifical Xavierian University (in Spanish Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) is a private higher education institution founded in 1623. It is one of the oldest, most traditional, and prestigious Colombian universities, directed by the Societ ...
in
Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...
, Universidad Complutense in
Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
and
Universidad de Costa Rica The University of Costa Rica (Spanish: ''Universidad de Costa Rica,'' abbreviated UCR) is a public university in the Republic of Costa Rica, in Central America. Its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, is located in San Pedro Mo ...
in San José. He was a member of the
American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 133,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. It ha ...
as well as the Salvadoran Psychological Association. He was the vice-president of the
Mesoamerican Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in southern North America and most of Central America. It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica. Withi ...
division of the Interamerican Psychological Society. Martín-Baró published eleven books and a long list of
cultural Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.T ...
and
scientific Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for ...
articles, in various
Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived ...
n and
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and th ...
n academic journals and magazines.


Ignacio Martín-Baró's Social Psychology

Martín Baró argued that psychology should be developed to address the historical context, the social conditions and aspirations of the people. He believed that students of psychology should learn to analyse human
behaviour Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as wel ...
in the location of their practice, bearing in mind the criteria outlined for that location. In his writings and
lecture A lecture (from Latin ''lēctūra'' “reading” ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. Lectures are used to convey critical infor ...
s he rejected the idea of universal, impartial psychology, and developed a psychology that was critically committed with the projects for alternative societies that existed in Latin America. For him, the
psychical A psychic is a person who claims to use extrasensory perception (ESP) to identify information hidden from the normal senses, particularly involving telepathy or clairvoyance, or who performs acts that are apparently inexplicable by natural laws, ...
situation of individuals could either be an abnormal reaction to normal circumstances, or a normal reaction to abnormal conditions. For Martín-Baró, the solution to
mental health Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior. It likewise determines how an individual handles Stress (biology), stress, interpersonal relationships, and decision-maki ...
problems in societies characterised by
oppression Oppression is malicious or unjust treatment or exercise of power, often under the guise of governmental authority or cultural opprobrium. Oppression may be overt or covert, depending on how it is practiced. Oppression refers to discrimination ...
, where " normal abnormality" prevails, is the transformation of society to transcend the historical reality of oppression. Psychologists cannot ignore the influence that difficult contexts have on mental health. Furthermore, if they do, then they become accomplices to the social injustices (or abnormalities) that may have caused these mental health problems. He integrated diverse theories, and was so convinced of the benefits to be gained by the " de-ideologising" potential of social psychology that he openly questioned the theoretical
models A model is an informative representation of an object, person or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin ''modulus'', a measure. Models c ...
of mainstream psychology. He considered the latter inadequate to address the effects of the
structural violence Structural violence is a form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs. The term was coined by Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung, who introduced it in hi ...
that prevailed in El Salvador.


Continuing impact

His work inspired the development of
liberation psychology Liberation psychology or liberation social psychology is an approach to psychology that aims to actively understand the psychology of oppressed and impoverished communities by conceptually and practically addressing the oppressive sociopolitical str ...
in Latin America and influenced
community psychology Community psychology is concerned with the community as the unit of study. This contrasts with most psychology which focuses on the individual. Community psychology also studies the community as a context for the individuals within it,Jim Orfor ...
and some strands of
social psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people or by social norms. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the ...
. His work has also had an influence on some
feminist psychology Feminist psychology is a form of psychology centered on social structures and gender. Feminist psychology critiques historical psychological research as done from a male perspective with the view that males are the norm.Crawford, M. & Unger, R. ...
and critical health psychology Through grant-making and education, the ''Martín-Baró Fund for Mental Health and Human Rights'' fosters psychological well-being, social consciousness, active resistance, and progressive social change in communities affected by institutional violence, repression and social injustice.


Quotes by Martín-Baró

Explaining why reparations are a crucial part of the national reconciliation processes: "It is clear that no one is going to return to the imprisoned dissident his youth; to the young woman who has been raped her innocence; to the person who has been tortured his or her integrity. Nobody is going to return the dead and the disappeared to their families. What can and must be publicly restored rethe victims' names and their dignity, through a formal recognition of the injustice of what has occurred, and, wherever possible, material reparation.... Those who clamour for social reparation are not asking for vengeance. Nor are they blindly adding difficulties to a historical process that is already by no means easy. On the contrary, they are promoting the personal and social viability of a new society, truly democratic."Ignacio Martin-Baro, "Reparations: Attention Must be Paid", in ''Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes'', ed. Neil Kritz (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995), 570. (original -posthumously; Ignacio Martin-Baro, "Reperations: Attention Must be Paid" ''Commonweal'', March 23, 1990, pp. 184-186).


Quotes on Martín-Baró

"... a mind that was probing and humane, wide-ranging in interests and passionate in concerns, and dedicated with a rare combination of intelligence and heroism to the challenge his work sets forth to construct a new person in a new society."
Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American public intellectual: a linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky i ...
,
MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
"... the major dimensions along which Martín-Baró's work developed: political psychology, war and trauma, and 'de-ideologizing' reality ... his contributions to social psychology as well as his intense involvement in the social reality of his adoptive country, El Salvador ... is required reading for psychologists seeking a more critical psychology—one that takes responsibility for its social position and privilege, and challenges the status quo. It is an equally important resource for those who seek ideas and examples for developing 'indigenous psychology' from the base of marginalized people's lives, in coalition with them." M. Brinton Lykes, ''World Psychology''


Complete Bibliography (Mostly in Spanish)

; 1966 * La muerte como problema filosófico (a). ''ECA'' 21, 212, 7-12. * Miguel A. Sholojov, Premio Nobel de Literatura (b). ''ECA'' 21, 212, 15-16. * Un extraño remedio para la homosexualidad: su legalización (c). ''ECA'' 21, 213, 54. * Pablo Antonio Cuadra, tierra y luz nicaragüense (d). ''ECA'' 21, 215, 93-95. * La forja de rebeldes (e). ''ECA'' 21, 221, 287-88. ; 1967 * La figura del año (a). ''ECA'' 22,224, 369-70. * Rubén Darío, entrevisto (b). ''ECA'' 22, 226, 444-45. * ¿Quién le teme a James Bond? (c). ''ECA'' 22, 227, 511-12. ;1968 * El pulso del tiempo; guerrilleros y hippies, blow up (a). ''ECA'' 23, 234. 25-26. * El complejo de macho o el "machismo" (b). ''ECA'' 23, 235, 38-42. Rpt. 1970, ''ECA'' 25, 267, 677-683. * Propaganda: deseducación social (c). ''ECA'' 23, 243, 367-373. ;1970 * Psicología de la caricia. ''ECA'', 25, 264, 496-498. ;1971 * Problemas actuales en psicopedagogía escolar. ''ECA'' 26, 273, 401-413. ;1972 * Una nueva pedagogía para una universidad nueva (a). ''ECA'' 27, 281-282, 129-145. * Del alcohol a la marihuana (b). ''ECA'' 27, 283, 225-242. * Peluqueros institucionales (c). ''ECA'' 27, 283, 297-301. * Munich 72: el ocaso de una mitología (d). ''ECA'' 27, 288-289, 697-701. * Presupuestos psicosociales de una caracteriología para nuestros países (e). ''ECA'' 27, 290, 763-786. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Presupuestos psico-sociales del carácter", Capítulo I, pp. 39–71. * Del futuro, la técnica y el planeta de los simios (f). ''ECA'' 27, 290, 795-799. * Hacia una docencia liberadora (g). Universidades (México), 50, 9-26. * ''Psicodiagnóstico de América Latina'' (h). San Salvador: UCA editores. * La desatención social del poder oppressor (i). En 1972 (h) pp. 121–140. Rpt. 1976, pp. 98–109. ;1973 * Algunas repercusiones psico-sociales de la densidad demográfica en El Salvador (a). ''ECA'' 28, 293-294, 123-132. Rpt. 1977(a), pp. 429–442. * Antipsiquiatría y psicoanálisis (b). ''ECA'' 28, 293-94, 203-206. * Cartas al presidente: reflexiones psicosociales sobre un caso del personalismo político en El Salvador (c). ''ECA'', 28, 296, 345-57. * Psicología del campesino salvadoreño (c). ''ECA'' 28, 297-298, 476-495. ; 1974 * ''¿Quién es pueblo?: reflexiones para una definición del concepto de pueblo'' (a). ''ECA'' 29, 303-4, 11-20. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 10, pp. 173–185. * Elementos de conscientización socio-política en los curricula de las universidades (c). ''ECA'' 29, 313-314, 765-783. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Concientización y currículos universitarios", Capítulo II, pp. 131–159. Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 138–140. * De la evasión a la invasión (b). ABRA (El Salvador), 0, 19-24. ;1975 * Culpabilidad religiosa en un barrio popular (a). Tesina de licenciatura en Psicología. UCA de El Salvador (inédito). * (b). ''ECA'' 30, 319-320, 265-282. * El estudiantado y la estructura universitaria (c). ''ECA'' 30, 324-25, 638-51. * El valor psicológico de la represión política mediante la violencia (d). ''ECA'' 30, 326, 742-752. Rpt. 1976(a), pp. 310–327. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 9, pp. 149–172. * ''Elementos de conscientización en los curricula universitarios'' (e). Guatemala: FUPAC. ;1976 * ''Problemas de psicología social en América Latina'' (compilación de textos). San Salvador: UCA editores. ;1977 * ''Psicología, ciencia y conciencia'' (compilación de textos) (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Del cociente intellectual al cociente racial (b). ''ECA'' 32, 345, 485-494. * Social Attitudes and Group Conflict in El Salvador (a). Tesina de Master en Ciencias Sociales. Universidad de Chicago (inédito). ;1978 * Vivienda mínima: obra máxima (a). ''ECA'' 33, 359, 732-33. * Ley y orden en la vida del mesón (Con M. Herrera) (b). ''ECA'' 33, 360, 803-828. ;1979 * Cien años de psicología (a). ''ECA'' 34, 368, 432-433. * Household Density and Crowding in Lower-Class Salvadorans (b). Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Chicago (inédito). * Haciendo la universidad (compilación de textos) (c). Guatemala: FUPAC. ;1980 * Monseñor: una voz para un pueblo pisoteado (a). En John Sobrino, Ignacio Martín-Baró y R. Cardenal (eds.), ''La voz de los sin voz: la palabra viva de Monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero''. San Salvador: UCA editores, pp. 13–34. Rpt. 1990, Christus, 55, 632, 28-38. * Fantasmas sobre un gobierno popular en El Salvador (b). ''ECA'' 35, 377-378, 277-290. * Ocupación juvenil: reflexiones psicosociales de un rehén por 24 horas (c). ''ECA'' 35, 379, 463-474. * Desde Cuba y sin amor (d). ''ECA'' 35, 379, 485-486. * La imagen de la mujer en El Salvador (e). ''ECA'' 35, 380, 557-568. * A la muerte de Piaget (f). ''ECA'' 35, 383, 869-871. * El psicólogo en el proceso revolucionario (g). San Salvador (inédito). * Genocidio en El Salvador (h). San Salvador (inédito). * Household density and crowding in lower-class Salvadorans (i). ''Dissertation Abstracts International'' 40, 10-B, 5077-5078. ;1981 * La guerra civil en El Salvador (a). ''ECA'' 36, 387-388, 17-32. * El liderazgo del Monseñor Romero: un análisis psicosocial (b). ''ECA'' 36, 389, 152-172. * Actitudes en El Salvador ante una solución política a la guerra civil (c). ''ECA'' 36, 390-91, 325-348. * Aspiraciones del pequeño burgués salvadoreño (e). ''ECA'' 36, 394, 773-788. * Las raíces psicosociales de la guerra en El Salvador (a). San Salvador (inédito). ;1982 * Una juventud sin liderazgo político (a). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 1, 5, 8-10 * El llamado de la extrema derecha (b). ''ECA'' 37, 403-404, 453-466. Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 293–305. * Un psicólogo social ante la guerra civil en El Salvador (a). ''Revista de la asociación latinoamericana de Psicología social'', 2, 91-111. *¿Escuela o prisión? La organización social de un centro de orientación en El Salvador (Con V. Iraheta y A. Lemus de Vides) (c). ''ECA'' 37, 401, 179-92. ;1983 * ''Acción e ideología: psicología social desde Centroamérica'' (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Los rasgos femeninos según la cultura dominante en El Salvador (b). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 2, 8, 3-7. * Polarización social en El Salvador (c). ''ECA'' 38, 412, 129-142. * Los sectores medios ante el plan Reagan: una perspectiva sombría (d). ''ECA'' 38, 415-416 517-522. * Estacazo imperial: abuso y mentira en Granada (e). ''ECA'' 39, 421-22, 1018-21. ;1984 * La necesidad de votar: actitudes del pueblo salvadoreño ante el proceso electoral de 1984 (Con V. A. Orellana) (a). ''ECA'' 39, 426-427, 253-264. * El último discurso de Alvaro Magaña (b). ''ECA'' 39, 428, 425-427. * Guerra y salud mental (c). ''ECA'' 39, 429-30, 503-514. Rpt. 1990a, pp. 71–88; 1990(c), pp. 23–40; Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 6, pp. 108–121. * El terrorismo del estado norteamericano (d). ''ECA'' 39, 433, 813-816. * La sumisión à la autoridad como valor social en El Salvador (e). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 3, 11, 19-26. * ''Psicología social'' V: ''Sistema y poder'' (f). San Salvador: UCA Editores. * Informes sobre la población de solicitantes al proyecto "Popotlán" de la FUNDASAL (Con C. King) (g). San Salvador: UCA (inédito). ;1985 * La desideologización como aporte de la psicología social al desarrollo de la democracia en Latinoamérica (a). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'' 8, 3, 3-9. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El papel desenmascarador del psicólogo", Capítulo II, pp. 177–186. * Valores del universitario salvadoreño de primer ingreso (b). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 4, 15, 5-12. * De la conciencia religiosa a la conciencia política (c). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 4, 16, 72-82. * El papel del psicólogo en el contexto centroamericano (d). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 4, 17, 99-112. Rpt. 1990(a), pp. 53–70. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El papel desenmascarador del psicólogo", Capítulo II, pp. 161–177. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 2, pp. 33–46. * La encuesta de opinión pública como instrumento desideologizador (e). Cuadernos de Psicología (Universidad del Valle, Cali) 7, 1-2, 93-108. Rpt. 1990(a), pp. 9–22; En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El papel desenmascarador del psicólogo", Capítulo II, pp. 186–199. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 11, pp. 186–197. * El trabajador social salvadoreño: situación y actitudes (f). ''ECA'' 40, 438, 229-240. * La oferta política de Duarte (g). ''ECA'' 40, 439-440. 345-356. * El hacinamiento residencial: ideologización y verdad de un problema real (h). ''Revista de Psicología social'' (México) 1, 31-50. Rpt. 1990 (b). * "Los niños desplazados en El Salvador: Problemas y tratamiento" (i). Trabajo presentado en el Taller de intercambio de experiencias sobre el rtabajo psicosocial y psicoterapéutico con los niños y la población desplazada, patrocinado por Rädda Barnen, México, Feb. 18-22. * (j). Trabajo presentado en el Vigésimo Congreso Interamericano de Psicología, Caracas. Rpt. 1992(b), pp. 317–338. * Psicología latinoamericana (k). Editorial. ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 4,21,39-41. * Iglesia y revolución en El Salvador (l). Conferencia pronunciada en la Midwest Association for Latin American Studies en la Universidad de Columbia, septiembre, 20. Publicado en 1989(n) y en A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, Capítulo III, pp. 203–225. ;1986 * La ideología familiar en El Salvador (a). ''ECA'' 41, 450, 291-304. * El pueblo salvadoreño ante el diálogo (b). ''ECA'' 41, 454-455, 755-768. * Socialización política: dos temas críticos (c). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 19, 5-20. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 4, pp. 68–83. * Hacia una psicología de la liberación (d). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 5, 22, 219-231. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, Capítulo IV, pp. 283–302. * La ideología de los sectores medios salvadoreños (e). ''Revista Mexicana de Psicología'', 3, 1, 59-65. ;1987 * ''Así piensan los salvadoreños urbanos'' (1986–1987) (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Del opio religioso a la fe libertadora (b). En M. Montero (ed.), ''Psicología política latinoamericana''. Caracas: Panapo, 1987; En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, Capítulo III, pp. 245–280. Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 347–370. * El Latino indolente: carácter ideológico del fatalismo latinoamericano (c). En M. Montero (Ed.), ''Psicología política latinoamericana''. Caracas: Panapo, 1987; A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El Latino indolente", Capítulo I, pp. 73–101. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 12, pp. 198–220. * Votar en El Salvador: psicología social del desorden político (d). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'', 10, 2, 28-36. * ¿Es machista el salvadoreño? (e). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'', 6, 24, 101-122. * El reto popular à la psicología social en América Latina (f). ''Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador'' 6, 26, 251-270. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "La liberación como horizonte de la psicología", Capítulo IV, pp. 303–321. Conferencia pronunciada en el XXI Congreso Interamericano de Psicología celebrado en La Habana. * Psicología social desde Centroamérica: Retos y perspectivas (g). Entrevista. ''Revista Costarricense de Psicología'', 5, 71-76. * Procesos psíquicos y poder (h). Manuscrito. En M. Montero (Ed.), ''Psicología de la acción política''. Barcelona: Paidós, 1995. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 3, pp. 47–67. ;1988 * From Dirty War to Psychological War: The case of El Salvador (a). En Adrianne Aron (ed.), ''Flight, Exile and Return: Mental Health and the Refugee''. San Francisco: CHRICA. Rpt. 1990(a), pp. 109–122; 1990(c), pp. 159–173. Rpt. en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 306–316. . * La violencia política y la guerra como causas del trauma psicosocial en El Salvador (b). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'', 7, 28, 123-141. Rpt. ''Revista Costarricense de Psicología'' 12, 13, 21-34; 1990(a), pp. 89–107; 1990(c), pp. 65–84; Traducciones al inglés en: ''International Journal of Mental Health'', 18, 1, (1989), pp. 3–20; ''Journal of La Raza Studies'' an Francisco State University2, 1, (1990), pp. 5–13; ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'' (Enero 14, 1990), 23-35; En John Sobrino y Ignacio Ellacuria (Eds.), ''Companions of Jesus: The Jesuit Martyrs of El Salvador'' (Orbis Books, 1990) pp. 79–97. * La mujer salvadoreña y los medios de comunicación masiva (c). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 7, 29, 253-266. * La violencia en Centroamérica: una visión psicosocial (d). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 7, 28, 123-41. Rpt. 1990(c), pp. 123–146; Traducción al inglés en John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 333–346. . * El Salvador 1987 (e). ''ECA'' 43, 471-472, 21-45. * Opinión preelectoral y sentido del voto en El Salvador (f). ''ECA'' 43, 473-474, 213-223. * Consecuencias psicológicas del terrorismo político (e). San Salvador (inédito). * Los grupos con historia: un modelo psicosocial (h). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'', 11, 1, 3-18. Rpt. 1992. * Guerra y trauma psicosocial del niño salvadoreño (i). Trabajo presentado en conferencia de ACISAM, septiembre 12. Rpt. 1990(c), pp. 233–249; Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 7, pp. 122–135. ;1989 * ''La opinión pública salvadoreña (1987–1988)'' (a). San Salvador: UCA editores. * La opinión pública salvadoreña ante los primeros cien días del gobierno de Cristiani (b). ''ECA'' 44, 490-491, 715-726. * Psicología política del trabajo en América Latina (c). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 8, 31, 5-25. Traducción al inglés en Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (Eds.), ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, Capítulo 5, pp. 84–102. * Los medios de comunicación masiva y la opinión pública en El Salvador de 1979 a 1989 (d). ''ECA'' 44, 493-494, 1081-1093. * Review of F. J. Hinkelammert ("La fe de Abraham y el edipo occidental") (e). ''Revista Latinoamericana de Teología'' 6, 17, 241-43. * ''Sistema, grupo y poder: psicología social desde Centroamérica'' II (f) San Salvador: UCA editores. * Asking Questions in El Salvador: As Dangerous as Expressing Them (g). Entrevista. M. Brinton Lykes, Links 6, 2, 10. * Encuestas pre-electorales en El Salvador (h). ''ECA'' 44, 485, 229-232. * Introducción (i). En E. Lira (ed.), ''Todo es del dolor con que se mira''. Santiago de Chile: ILAS. Traducción al inglés en: Commonwealth (Marzo 23, 1990) y John Hasset y Hugh Lacey (Eds.), ''Toward a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contributions of El Salvador's Murdered Jesuits''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1991, pp. 138–140. . * La institucionalización de la guerra (j). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 8, 33, 223-45. * The Psychologic Consequences of Political Terrorism (k). Video y transcripción del trabajo presentado en el simposium realizado por el Committee for Health Rights in Central America (CHICRA), Berkeley, CA, enero 17. * Retos y perspectivas de la psicología latinoamericana (l). En G. Pacheco y B. Jiménez (Eds.), ''Ignacio Martín-Baró (1942–1989). Psicología de la liberación para América Latina''. Guadalajara: ITESO, pp. 51–79 y en A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "La liberación como horizonte de la psicología", Capítulo IV, pp. 321–341. Conferencia pronunciada en la Universidad de Guadalajara, Mayo 24. * Sólo Dios salva. Sentido político de la conversión religiosa (m). ''Revista chilena de Psicología'' 10, 1, 13-20. * Iglesia y revolución en El Salvador (n). ''Boletín de la Asociación Venezolana de Psicología Social (AVEPSO)'', 12, 27-39. ;1990 * La encuesta de opinión pública como instrumento desideologizador (a). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 35, pp. 9–22. * El hacinamiento residencial: ideologización y verdad de un problema real (b). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 35, pp. 23–51. *La violencia en Centroamérica: una visión psicosocial (c). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 35, pp. 123–146 * ¿Trabajador alegre o trabajador explotado? La identidad nacional del salvadoreño (d). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 35, 147-172. En A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "El Latino explotado", Capítulo I, pp. 103–128. * Religion as an Instrument of Psychological Warfare (e). ''Journal of Social Issues'' 46, 93-107. Traducción al español en A. Blanco (Ed.), ''Psicología de la Liberación''. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 1998, bajo el título "Religión y guerra psicológica", Capítulo III, pp. 227–244. * Psicología social de la guerra: trauma y terapia (compilación de textos)(f). San Salvador: UCA editores. * Guerra y trauma psicosocial del niño salvadoreño (g). En I. Martín-Baró (ed.), ''Psicología social de la guerra: trauma y terapia''. San Salvador: UCA editores. * La familia, puerta y cárcel para la mujer salvadoreña (h). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 37, pp. 265–277. * Entrevista con Ignacio Martín-Baró (i). En E. Cabrera, ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'' 9, 37, pp. 299–308. * Reparations: Attention Must be Paid (j). Commonweal, 23 de Marzo. * Psicología social de la liberación para América Latina. Ignacio Martín-Baró (1942–1989) (k). Gerardo Pacheco y Bernardo Jiménez (comps.). Guadalajara: ITESO/Universidad de Guadalajara. ;1992 * Los grupos con historia: un modelo psicosocial (a). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'', 43, 1992, pp. 7–29. * (b). ''Revista de Psicología de El Salvador'', 46, 1992, pp. 317–338. ;1993 * Prólogo en Emperatriz Arreaza Camero, ''La iglesia—institución de dominación o liberación? Caso Venezuela: ensayo exploratorio hacia una teoría crítica del control social''. Maracaibo: La Universidad del Zulia, Instituto de Criminología, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico. ;1994 * El método de la Psicología política (a). San Salvador (inédito). * ''Writings for a Liberation Psychology''. Ignacio Martín-Baró (b). Edited by Adrianne Aron and Shawn Corne. Cambribge, MA: Harvard University Press. ;1995 * Procesos psíquicos y poder. En M. Montero (ed.), ''Psicología de la acción política''. Barcelona: Paidós. ;1998 * Imágenes sociales en El Salvador (a). ''Revista de Psicología General y Applicada'', Vol. 51, No.3-4. * ''Psicología de la Liberación'' (b). Edición e introducción de Amalio Blanco. Epílogo de Noam Chomsky. Madrid: Editorial Trotta. * Compilation based in Luis de la Corte (1999), Adrianne Aron y Shawn Corne (1996), Amalio Blanco (1998), G. Pacheco and B. Jiménez (1990). Source Psychology Department, UCA. https://web.archive.org/web/20071007012612/http://di.uca.edu.sv/deptos/psicolog/


References


External Sources on Martín-Baró


Digital Collection Ignacio Martín-Baró
* http://tech.mit.edu/V105/N20/baro.20n.html * http://www.martinbarofund.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin-Baro, Ignacio 1942 births 1989 deaths Martyred Roman Catholic priests Catholic martyrs of El Salvador Jesuit martyrs Assassinated Salvadoran people Social psychologists Latin Americanists Roman Catholic missionaries in El Salvador Spanish people murdered abroad Assassinated Spanish people People murdered in El Salvador 20th-century Spanish Jesuits Spanish philosophers People of the Salvadoran Civil War 20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs People from Valladolid 20th-century executions by El Salvador 20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians 20th-century Spanish philosophers Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries Jesuit missionaries Central American University faculty 1989 crimes in El Salvador 1989 murders in North America 1980s murders in El Salvador Salvadoran psychologists Pontifical Xavierian University alumni