''idem'' is a
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
term meaning "the same". It is commonly
abbreviated
An abbreviation (from Latin ''brevis'', meaning ''short'') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word ''abbrevia ...
as ''id.'',
which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ''
ibid.''). It is also used in academic citations to replace the name of a repeated author.
''Id.'' is employed extensively in
Canadian
Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...
legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to ...
and in
legal documents of the United States to apply a short description to a section with the same focus as the previous.
''Id''. is masculine and neuter; ''ead.'' (feminine), is the abbreviation for ''eadem'', which also translates to "the same".
As an abbreviation, ''Id.'' always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage (see
usage of the full stop in abbreviations). Its first known use dates back to the 14th century.
Use
Legal
*''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte'', 428 U.S. 543, 545 (1976).
*''Id.'' at 547.
Here, the first citation refers to the case of ''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte.'' The volume number cited is 428 and the page on which the case begins is 543, and the page number cited to is 545. The "U.S." between the numerical portions of the citation refers to the ''
United States Reports
The ''United States Reports'' () are the official record ( law reports) of the Supreme Court of the United States. They include rulings, orders, case tables (list of every case decided), in alphabetical order both by the name of the petitioner ...
''. 1976 refers to the year that the case was published. The second citation references the first citation and automatically incorporates the same reporter and volume number; however, the page number cited is now 547. ''Id.'' refers to the immediately preceding citation, so if the previous citation includes more than one reference, or it is unclear which reference ''Id.'' refers to, its usage is inappropriate.
* ''"...the Executive Order declares that “the United States must ensure that those admitted to this country do not bear hostile attitudes toward it and its founding principles.” Id. It asserts, “Deteriorating..."'' (from page 3 o
State of Washington v. Donald J. Trump
Here, Id. refers to the Executive Order that was mentioned in the previous sentence.
Academic
*Macgillivray, J. A. ''Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth''. New York:
Hill & Wang
Hill & Wang is an American book publishing company focused on American history, world history, and politics. It is a division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Hill & Wang was founded as an independent publishing house in 1956 by Arthur Wang (1917/ ...
, 2000.
*''Id.'' ''Astral Labyrinth: Archaeology of the Greek Sky''. Sutton Pub, 2003.
In this example, ''Id'' in the second citation indicates that the author is identical to that of the previous citation. That is, the author of the second citation is also Macgillivray, J. A.
See also
*
Bibliography
*
Ditto mark
The ditto mark is a shorthand sign, used mostly in hand-written text, indicating that the words or figures above it are to be repeated.
The mark is made using 'a pair of apostrophes'; 'a pair of marks used underneath a word'; the symbol (quota ...
* ''
Ibid.'' (''ibidem'')
*
List of Latin abbreviations
This is a list of common Latin abbreviations. Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by Modern English. However, with some exceptions (for example, ''versus'' or '' modus operandi''), most of the Latin referent words and phrases a ...
*
List of Latin phrases
__NOTOC__
This is a list of Wikipedia articles of Latin phrases and their translation into English.
''To view all phrases on a single, lengthy document, see: List of Latin phrases (full)''
The list also is divided alphabetically into twenty pag ...
*
List of legal Latin terms
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to:
People
* List (surname)
Organizations
* List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
* SC Germania List, German rugby unio ...
* ''
Supra
Supra may refer to:
* Supra (feast), an important part of Georgian social culture
*Toyota Supra, a sports car/grand tourer produced from 1978 to 2002, and then since 2019
*Supra (footwear brand)
*Sydney University Postgraduate Representative Assoc ...
''
References
{{reflist
Latin legal terminology
Latin words and phrases
Bibliography
Abbreviations