Ida Lupino

(i)

Ida Lupino

Ida Lupino (4 February 1918[1] – 3 August 1995) was an Anglo-American actress and singer, who became a pioneering director and producer—the only woman working within the 1950s Hollywood studio system to do so. With her independent production company, she co-wrote and co-produced several of her own social-message films, and was the first woman to direct a film noir, The Hitch-Hiker, in 1953. In her 48-year career, she made acting appearances in 59 films and directed eight others, mostly in the United States, where she became a citizen in 1948. The majority of her later career as an actress, writer, and director was in television, where she directed more than 100 episodes of productions ranging across Westerns, supernatural tales, situation comedies, murder mysteries, and gangster stories.[2] She was the only woman to direct episodes of the original The Twilight Zone series, as well as the only director to have starred in the show.[3][4]

Contents

1 Early life and family 2 Career

2.1 Actress 2.2 Director, producer and writer 2.3 Television

3 Themes 4 Personal life

4.1 Marriages

5 Death 6 Influences and legacy 7 Awards and tributes 8 Complete filmography 9 Partial television credits 10 Radio appearances 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links

Early life and family[edit] Lupino was born in Herne Hill, London, to actress Connie O'Shea (also known as Connie Emerald) and music hall entertainer Stanley Lupino, a member of the theatrical Lupino family, which included Lupino Lane, a popular song-and-dance man.[5] Her father, a top name in musical comedy in the UK and a member of a centuries-old theatrical dynasty dating back to Renaissance Italy,[2] encouraged her to perform at an early age. He built a backyard theater for Lupino and her sister Rita (1920-2016), who also became an actress and dancer.[5] Lupino wrote her first play at age seven and toured with a traveling theater company as a child.[6] She wanted to be a writer, but in order to please her father, Lupino enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. She went on to excel in a number of "bad girl" film roles, often playing prostitutes.[7] Lupino did not enjoy being an actress and felt uncomfortable with many of the early roles she was given. She felt that she was pushed into the profession due to her family history.[8] Career[edit] Actress[edit]

Lupino in a promotional photo for Moontide, 1942

Lupino made her first film appearance in The Love Race (1931) and the following year, aged 14, she worked under director Allan Dwan
Allan Dwan in Her First Affaire, in a role for which her mother had previously tested.[9] She played leading roles in five British films in 1933 at Warner Bros.' Teddington studios and for Julius Hagen at Twickenham, including in The Ghost Camera
The Ghost Camera with John Mills
John Mills and I Lived with You with Ivor Novello. Dubbed "the English Jean Harlow", she was discovered by Paramount in the 1933 film Money for Speed, playing a good girl/bad girl dual role. Lupino claimed the talent scouts saw her play only the sweet girl in the film and not the part of the prostitute, so she was asked to try out for the lead role in Alice in Wonderland (1933). When she arrived in Hollywood, the Paramount producers did not know what to make of their sultry potential leading lady, but she did get a five-year contract.[2] Lupino starred in over a dozen films in the mid-1930s, working with Columbia in a two-film deal, one of which, The Light That Failed (1939), was a role she acquired after running into the director's office unannounced, demanding an audition.[9] After this performance, she began to be taken seriously as a dramatic actress. As a result, her parts improved during the 1940s, and she jokingly referred to herself as "the poor man's Bette Davis", taking the roles that Davis refused.[10][11] Mark Hellinger, associate producer at Warner Bros., was impressed by Lupino's performance in The Light That Failed, and hired her for the femme-fatale role in the Raoul Walsh-directed They Drive by Night (1940), opposite stars George Raft, Ann Sheridan
Ann Sheridan and Humphrey Bogart. The film did well and the critical consensus was that Lupino stole the movie, particularly in her unhinged courtroom scene.[12] Warner Bros. offered her a contract which she negotiated to include some freelance rights.[9] She worked with Walsh and Bogart again in High Sierra (1941), where she impressed critic Bosley Crowther in her role as "adoring moll."[13] Her performance in The Hard Way (1943) won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress.[5] She starred in Pillow to Post (1945), which was her only comedic leading role.[9] After the drama Deep Valley
Deep Valley (1947) finished shooting, neither Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. nor Lupino moved to renew her contract and she left the studio in 1947.[14] Although in demand throughout the 1940s, she never became a major star, but was critically lauded for her tough, direct acting style. She often incurred the ire of studio boss Jack Warner by objecting to her casting, refusing roles that she felt were "beneath her dignity as an actress," and making script revisions deemed unacceptable. As a result, she spent a great deal of her time at Warner Bros. suspended.[11] In 1942 she rejected an offer to star opposite Ronald Reagan in Kings Row, and was immediately put on suspension at the studio. Eventually, a tentative rapprochement was brokered, but her relationship with her studio remained strained. In 1947, Lupino left Warner Brothers and appeared for 20th Century Fox as a nightclub singer in the film noir Road House, performing her musical numbers in the film. She starred in On Dangerous Ground
On Dangerous Ground in 1951, and may have taken on some of the directing tasks of the film while director Nicholas Ray
Nicholas Ray was ill.[6] Director, producer and writer[edit] While on suspension, Lupino had ample time to observe filming and editing processes, and she became interested in directing.[15] She described how bored she was on set while "someone else seemed to be doing all the interesting work."[11]

Lupino (left) directing The Hitch-Hiker, 1953

She and her husband Collier Young formed an independent company, The Filmakers [sic], to produce, direct, and write low-budget, issue-oriented films.[2] Her first directing job came unexpectedly in 1949 when director Elmer Clifton
Elmer Clifton suffered a mild heart attack and could not finish Not Wanted, a film Lupino co-produced and co-wrote.[9] Lupino stepped in to finish the film, but did not take directorial credit out of respect for Clifton. Although the film's subject of out-of-wedlock pregnancy was controversial, it received a vast amount of publicity, and she was invited to discuss the film with Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt on a national radio program.[16] Never Fear (1949) was her first director's credit.[9] After producing four more films about social issues, including Outrage (1950), a film about rape, Lupino directed her first hard-paced, all-male-cast film, The Hitch-Hiker
The Hitch-Hiker (1953), making her the first woman to direct a film noir. The Filmakers went on to produce 12 feature films, six of which Lupino directed or co-directed, five of which she wrote or co-wrote, three of which she acted in, and one of which she co-produced.[16] Lupino once called herself a "bulldozer" to secure financing for her production company, but she referred to herself as "mother" while on set.[16] On set, the back of her director's chair was labeled "Mother of Us All...".[2] Her studio emphasized her femininity, often at the urging of Lupino herself. She credited her refusal to renew her contract with Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. under the pretenses of domesticity, claiming "I had decided that nothing lay ahead of me but the life of the neurotic star with no family and no home." She made a point to seem nonthreatening in a male-dominated environment, stating, "That's where being a man makes a great deal of difference. I don't suppose the men particularly care about leaving their wives and children. During the vacation period, the wife can always fly over and be with him. It's difficult for a wife to say to her husband, come sit on the set and watch."[7] Although directing became Lupino's passion, the drive for money kept her on camera, so she could acquire the funds to make her own productions.[11] She became a wily low-budget filmmaker, reusing sets from other studio productions and talking her physician into appearing as a doctor in the delivery scene of Not Wanted. She used what is now called product placement, placing Coke, Cadillac, and other brands in her films. She shot in public places to avoid set-rental costs and planned scenes in preproduction to avoid technical mistakes and retakes.[7] She joked that if she had been the "poor man's Bette Davis" as an actress, she had now become the "poor man's Don Siegel" as a director.[17] The Filmakers production company closed shop in 1955 and Lupino's last director's credit on a feature film was in 1965 for the Catholic schoolgirl comedy The Trouble With Angels, starring Hayley Mills. She did not stop acting and directing, however, going on to a successful television career throughout the 1960s and '70s.[18] Television[edit]

Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino in It Takes a Thief, 1968

Lupino continued acting until the 1970s. Her directing efforts during these years were almost exclusively for television productions such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents; Thriller; The Twilight Zone; Have Gun – Will Travel; Honey West; The Donna Reed Show; Gilligan's Island; 77 Sunset Strip; The Rifleman; The Virginian; Sam Benedict; The Untouchables; Hong Kong; The Fugitive; and Bewitched. Lupino appeared in 19 episodes of Four Star Playhouse
Four Star Playhouse from 1952 to 1956. From January 1957 to September 1958, Lupino starred with her then-husband Howard Duff
Howard Duff in the CBS
CBS sitcom Mr. Adams and Eve, in which the duo played husband-and-wife film stars named Howard Adams and Eve Drake, living in Beverly Hills, California. Duff and Lupino also co-starred as themselves in 1959 in one of the 13 one-hour installments of The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour
The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour and an episode of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show in 1960. Lupino guest-starred in numerous television shows, including The Ford Television Theatre
The Ford Television Theatre (1954); Bonanza
Bonanza (1959); Burke's Law (1963–64); The Virginian (1963–65); Batman (1968); The Mod Squad
The Mod Squad (1969); Family Affair
Family Affair (1969–70); The Wild, Wild West (1969); Nanny and the Professor
Nanny and the Professor (1971); Columbo: Short Fuse (1972); Columbo: Swan Song (1974); Barnaby Jones
Barnaby Jones (1974); The Streets of San Francisco; Ellery Queen
Ellery Queen (1975); Police Woman (1975); and Charlie's Angels
Charlie's Angels (1977). She has two distinctions with The Twilight Zone
The Twilight Zone series, as the only woman to have directed an episode ("The Masks"); and the only person to have worked as both actress and (uncredited) as a director in an episode ("The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine"). Lupino made her final film appearance in 1978 and retired from the entertainment business at the age of 60. Themes[edit] Lupino's Filmakers movies deal with unconventional and controversial subject matter that studio producers would not touch, including out-of-wedlock pregnancy, bigamy, and rape. She described her independent work as "films that had social significance and yet were entertainment ... based on true stories, things the public could understand because they had happened or been of news value." She focused on women's issues for many of her films and she liked strong characters, "[Not] women who have masculine qualities about them, but [a role] that has intestinal fortitude, some guts to it."[19] In the film The Bigamist, the two women characters represent the career woman and the homemaker. The title character is married to a woman (Joan Fontaine) who, unable to have children, has devoted her energy to her career. While on one of many business trips, he meets a waitress (Lupino) with whom he has a child, and then marries her. Marsha Orgeron, in her book Hollywood Ambitions, describes these characters as "struggling to figure out their place in environments that mirror the social constraints that Lupino faced.".[11] However, Donati, in his biography of Lupino, said "The solutions to the character’s problems within the films were often conventional, even conservative, more reinforcing the 1950s' ideology than undercutting it."[7] Lupino's films are critical of many traditional social institutions, which reflect her contempt for the patriarchal structure that existed in classical Hollywood. Lupino rejected the commodification of female stars in Hollywood and as an actress, she resisted becoming an object of desire. She said in 1949, "'Hollywood careers are perishable commodities,' ("Lupino Legend"), and sought to avoid such a fate for herself."[20] Personal life[edit]

Lupino in 1979

Lupino's interests outside the film and television industries included writing short stories and children's books, and composing music. Her composition "Aladdin's Suite" was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in 1937.[5] She became an American citizen in June 1948[21][22] and a staunch Democrat who supported the presidency of John F. Kennedy.[7] Marriages[edit] Lupino was married and divorced three times. She married actor Louis Hayward in November 1938. They separated in May 1944 and divorced in May 1945.[23][24] Her second marriage was to producer Collier Young on 5 August 1948. They divorced in 1951. When Lupino filed for divorce in September that year, she was already pregnant from an affair with future husband Howard Duff. The child was born seven months after she filed for divorce from Young.[25] Lupino's third and final marriage was to actor Howard Duff, whom she married on 21 October 1951.[26] The couple had a daughter, Bridget, on 23 April 1952.[27] Lupino and Duff divorced in 1983.[28] She petitioned a California court in 1984 to appoint her business manager, Mary Ann Anderson, as her conservator due to poor business dealings from her prior business management company and her long separation from Howard Duff. Death[edit] Lupino died from a stroke while undergoing treatment for colon cancer in Los Angeles
Los Angeles on 3 August 1995, at the age of 77.[29] Her memoirs, Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera, were edited after her death and published by Mary Ann Anderson.[30] Influences and legacy[edit] Lupino learned filmmaking from everyone she observed on set, including William Ziegler, the cameraman for Not Wanted. When in preproduction on Never Fear, she conferred with Michael Gordon on directorial technique, organization, and plotting. Cinematographer Archie Stout said of Ms. Lupino, "Ida has more knowledge of camera angles and lenses than any director I've ever worked with, with the exception of Victor Fleming. She knows how a woman looks on the screen and what light that woman should have, probably better than I do." Lupino also worked with editor Stanford Tischler, who said of her, "She wasn’t the kind of director who would shoot something, then hope any flaws could be fixed in the cutting room. The acting was always there, to her credit."[7] In her encyclopedia of women directors, Reel Women, Ally Acker compares Lupino to pioneering silent-film director Lois Weber, for their focus on controversial, socially relevant topics. With their ambiguous endings, Lupino's films never offered simple solutions for her troubled characters, and Acker finds parallels to her storytelling style in the work of the modern European "New Wave" directors, such as Margarethe von Trotta.[2] Ronnie Scheib, who issued a Kino release of three of Lupino's films, likens Lupino's themes and directorial style to directors Nicholas Ray, Sam Fuller, and Robert Aldrich, saying, "Lupino very much belongs to that generation of modernist filmmakers." On whether Lupino should be considered a feminist filmmaker, Scheib states, "I don't think Lupino was concerned with showing strong people, men or women. She often said that she was interested in lost, bewildered people, and I think she was talking about the postwar trauma of people who couldn't go home again."[18] Author Richard Koszarski noted Lupino's choice to play with gender roles regarding women's film stereotypes during the studio era: "Her films display the obsessions and consistencies of a true auteur... In her films The Bigamist and The Hitch-Hiker, Lupino was able to reduce the male to the same sort of dangerous, irrational force that women represented in most male-directed examples of Hollywood film noir."[31] Lupino did not openly consider herself a feminist, saying, "I had to do something to fill up my time between contracts. Keeping a feminine approach is vital — men hate bossy females ... Often I pretended to a cameraman to know less than I did. That way I got more cooperation."[2] Village Voice writer Carrie Rickey, though, holds Lupino up as a model of modern feminist filmmaking: "Not only did Lupino take control of production, direction, and screenplay, but [also] each of her movies addresses the brutal repercussions of sexuality, independence and dependence."[15] By 1972, Lupino said she wished more women were hired as directors and producers in Hollywood, noting that only very powerful actresses or writers had the chance to work in the field.[2] Award winning actress Bea Arthur, best remembered for her work in Maude and The Golden Girls, had great admiration for Lupino in her younger days and was motivated to follow in Lupino's footsteps as an actress saying that, "My dream was to become a very small blonde movie star like Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino and those other women I saw up there on the screen during the Depression.[32]" Awards and tributes[edit]

Lupino has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Hollywood Walk of Fame for contributions to the fields of television and film — located at 1724 Vine Street and 6821 Hollywood Boulevard. New York Film Critics Circle Award - Best Actress, The Hard Way, 1943 Inaugural Saturn Award - Best Supporting Actress, The Devil's Rain, 1975[33] A Commemorative Blue Plaque is dedicated to Lupino and her father Stanley Lupino by The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and the Theatre and Film Guild of Great Britain and America at the house where she was born in Herne Hill, London, February 16, 2016[34] Composer Carla Bley
Carla Bley paid tribute to Lupino with her jazz composition "Ida Lupino" in 1964.[35]

Complete filmography[edit]

Selected credits as actress and/or director

Title Year As actress Role As director Notes

Love Race, TheThe Love Race 1931 Yes Minor supporting role; uncredited

Her First Affaire 1932 Yes Anne

Ghost Camera, TheThe Ghost Camera 1933 Yes Mary Elton

Money for Speed 1933 Yes Jane

I Lived with You 1933 Yes Ada Wallis

Prince of Arcadia 1933 Yes The Princess

High Finance 1933 Yes Jill

Search for Beauty 1934 Yes Barbara Hilton

Come On, Marines! 1934 Yes Esther Smith-Hamilton

Ready for Love 1934 Yes Marigold Tate

Paris in Spring 1935 Yes Mignon de Charelle

Smart Girl 1935 Yes Pat Reynolds

Peter Ibbetson 1935 Yes Agnes

La Fiesta de Santa Barbara 1935 Yes Herself

Short film made in Technicolor, with several celebrities appearing as themselves

Anything Goes 1936 Yes Hope Harcourt

One Rainy Afternoon 1936 Yes Monique Pelerin

Yours for the Asking 1936 Yes Gert Malloy

Gay Desperado, TheThe Gay Desperado 1936 Yes Jane

Sea Devils 1937 Yes Doris Malone

Let's Get Married 1937 Yes Paula Quinn

Artists and Models 1937 Yes Paula Sewell/Paula Monterey

Fight for Your Lady 1937 Yes Marietta

Lone Wolf Spy Hunt, TheThe Lone Wolf Spy Hunt 1939 Yes Val Carson

Lady and the Mob, TheThe Lady and the Mob 1939 Yes Lila Thorne

Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, TheThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1939 Yes Ann Brandon

Light That Failed, TheThe Light That Failed 1939 Yes Bessie Broke

Screen Snapshots Series 18, No. 6 1939 Yes Herself

Promotional short film

They Drive by Night 1940 Yes Lana Carlsen

High Sierra 1940 Yes Marie

Sea Wolf, TheThe Sea Wolf 1941 Yes Ruth Webster

Out of the Fog 1941 Yes Stella Goodwin

Ladies in Retirement 1941 Yes Ellen Creed

Moontide 1942 Yes Anna

Life Begins at Eight-Thirty 1942 Yes Kathy Thomas

Hard Way, TheThe Hard Way 1943 Yes Mrs. Helen Chernen

Forever and a Day 1943 Yes Jenny

Thank Your Lucky Stars 1943 Yes Herself

In Our Time 1944 Yes Jennifer Whittredge

Hollywood Canteen 1944 Yes Herself

Pillow to Post 1945 Yes Jean Howard

Devotion 1946 Yes Emily Brontë

Man I Love, TheThe Man I Love 1947 Yes Petey Brown

Deep Valley 1947 Yes Libby Saul

Escape Me Never 1947 Yes Gemma Smith

Road House 1948 Yes Lily Stevens

Lust for Gold 1949 Yes Julia Thomas

Not Wanted 1949

Yes Uncredited

Never Fear 1949

Yes

Woman in Hiding 1950 Yes Deborah Chandler Clark

Outrage 1950 Yes Country Dance Attendee Yes Uncredited

Hard, Fast and Beautiful 1951 Yes Seabright Tennis Match Supervisor Yes Uncredited

On the Loose 1951 Yes Narrator

Uncredited

On Dangerous Ground 1952 Yes Mary Malden

Beware, My Lovely 1952 Yes Mrs. Helen Gordon

Hitch-Hiker, TheThe Hitch-Hiker 1953

Yes

Jennifer 1953 Yes Agnes Langley

Bigamist, TheThe Bigamist 1953 Yes Phyllis Martin Yes

Private Hell 36 1954 Yes Lilli Marlowe

Women's Prison 1955 Yes Amelia van Zandt

Big Knife, TheThe Big Knife 1955 Yes Marion Castle

While the City Sleeps 1956 Yes Mildred Donner

Strange Intruder 1956 Yes Alice Carmichael

Teenage Idol 1958 Yes

TV movie

Trouble with Angels, TheThe Trouble with Angels 1966

Yes

Woman in Chains 1972 Yes Claire Tyson

TV movie

Junior Bonner 1972 Yes Elvira Bonner

The Strangers in 7A 1972 Yes Iris Sawyer

TV movie

Deadhead Miles 1973 Yes Herself

Female Artillery 1973 Yes Martha Lindstrom

TV movie

I Love a Mystery 1973 Yes Randolph Cheyne

TV movie

The Letters 1973 Yes Mrs. Forrester

TV movie

Devil's Rain, TheThe Devil's Rain 1975 Yes Mrs. Preston

Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress

Food of the Gods, TheThe Food of the Gods 1976 Yes Mrs. Skinner

My Boys Are Good Boys 1978 Yes Mrs. Morton

Partial television credits[edit]

As actress and/or director

Title Year As actress Role As director Episode

The Twilight Zone 1959 Yes Barbara Jean Trenton

"The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine"

Bonanza 1959 Yes Annie O'Toole

"The Saga of Annie O'Toole"

Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour 1959 Yes Herself

"Lucy's Summer Vacation"

Thriller 1961

Yes "The Last of the Sommervilles"

Kraft Suspense Theatre 1963 Yes Harriet Whitney

"One Step Down"

The Virginian 1963 Yes Helen Blaine

"A Distant Fury"

The Twilight Zone 1964

Yes "The Masks"

Bewitched 1965

Yes "A is for Aardvark"

Honey West 1965

Yes "How Brillig, O, Beamish Boy"

It Takes A Thief 1968 Yes Doctor Schneider

"Turnabout"

Family Affair 1969 Yes Lady "Maudie" Matchwood

"Maudie"

Family Affair 1970 Yes Lady "Maudie" Matchwood

"Return of Maudie"

Columbo 1972 Yes Roger Stanford's Aunt

"Short Fuse"

Charlie's Angels 1977 Yes Gloria Gibson

"I Will Be Remembered"

Radio appearances[edit]

Year Program Episode/source

1944 Screen Guild Players High Sierra[36]

1944 Suspense The Sisters

1946 Encore Theatre Nurse Edith Cavell[37]

1953 Stars over Hollywood Chasten Thy Son[38]

Notes[edit]

^ Recorded in Births Mar 1918 Camberwell Vol. 1d, p. 1019 (Free BMD). Transcribed as "Lupine" in the official births index ^ a b c d e f g h Acker, Alley (1991). Reel Women – Pioneers of the Cinema, pp. 74-78. The Continuum Publishing Company, New York, NY. ISBN 0-8264-0499-5 ^ Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino on IMDb ^ Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino Biography, Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved on 4 July 2011. ^ a b c d Flint, Peter B. "Ida Lupino, Film Actress and Director, Is Dead at 77," The New York Times. August 5, 1995. Retrieved on April 11, 2016. ^ a b Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino Milestones, Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved on April 11, 2016. ^ a b c d e f Donati, William (1996). Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino A Biography, University press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1895-6 ^ Grishman, Grossman, Therese, Julie (2017). Ida Lupino, Director: Her Art and Resilience in Times of Transition. United States
United States of America: Rutgers University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780813574929. ^ a b c d e f Hagen, Ray & Wagner, Laura (2004). Killer Tomatoes: Fifteen Tough Film Dames, pp. 103-114. McFarland & Company Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN 978-0-7864-1883-1 ^ Katz, Ephraim & Klein, Fred & Nolan, Ronald Dean (1998). The Film Encyclopedia 3rd edition, p. 858. Harper Perennial, New York, New York. ISBN 0-06-273492-X ^ a b c d e Orgeron, Marsha (2008). Hollywood Ambitions, pp. 170-179. Wesleyan University, Middleton, Connecticut. ISBN 978-0-8195-6864-9 ^ Kurtti-Pellerin (Producers), (November 4, 2003). Divided Highway: The Story of They Drive by Night
They Drive by Night (documentary short). Turner Entertainment Co., USA: Kurtti-Pellerin. ^ Crowther, Bosley. The New York Times, film review, "High Sierra, Considers the Tragic and Dramatic Plight of the Last Gangster," January 25, 1941. Accessed: January 29, 2008. ^ Morra, Anne (2010). Modern Women: Women Artists at the Museum of Modern Art, pp. 235–237. Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-87070-771-1. ^ a b Rickey, Carrie (October 29 - November 4, 1980). "Lupino Noir," Village Voice, p. 43 ^ a b c Hurd, Mary (2007). Women Directors & Their Films, pp. 9-13. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. ISBN 0-275-98578-4 ^ Wood, Bret. "Outrage (1950)". Turner Classic Movies
Turner Classic Movies Online. Retrieved 10 August 2008. ^ a b Everitt, David. "A Woman Forgotten And Scorned No More," The New York Times, November 23, 1997. Retrieved on April 6, 2016. ^ Weiner, Debra (1977). Kay Peary, Karen & Peary, Gerald, editors. Women and the Cinema, "Interview with Ida Lupino," pp. 169-178. Dutton, New York, New York. ISBN 0-525-47459-5 ^ Grisham, Grossman, Therese, Julie (2017). "Ida Lupino, Director". Rutgers University Press – via JSTOR. ^ Donati, William (1996). Ida Lupino. University Press of Kentucky. p. 143. ISBN 0-813-11895-6. ^ O'Dell, Cary (1997). Women Pioneers in Television: Biographies of Fifteen Industry Leaders. McFarland. p. 175. ISBN 0-786-40167-2. ^ "Ida Lupino, Louis Hayward
Louis Hayward Admit Separation". San Jose Evening News. 19 July 1944. p. 11. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Actress Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino Files Suit For Divorce". St. Petersburg Times. 5 May 1945. p. 13. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ " Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino To Seek Divorce From Producer". Toledo Blade. 3 September 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Actress Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino Wed to Howard Duff". Eugene Register-Guard. 22 October 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ " Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino Mother of 4-LB. Daughter". The Times-News. 26 April 1952. p. 9. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Actress, director Lupino dies". The Daily Courier. 6 August 1995. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ "Ida Lupino, 77; Actress, Pioneer Director". Albany Times. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ "Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera – New from BearManor Media". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 9 March 2013. ^ Koszarski, Richard (1976). Hollywood Directors, Oxford University Press, New York, New York. ISBN 0-19-502085-5 ^ https://www.quotemaster.org/qde3ccd8c3f681ea43caab6ceb33982e7 ^ "The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films". Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on 10 February 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ " Stanley Lupino and Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino Commemorated," The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America. Retrieved on April 6, 2016. ^ Haga, Evan. (October 15, 2008) "Paul Bley Trio: Darkly Winsome Jazz," NPR Music. Retrieved on April 11, 2016. ^ "Those Were The Days". Nostalgia Digest. 41 (3): 32–39. Summer 2015. ^ "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. 43 (3): 33. Summer 2017. ^ " Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino Keeps Dangerous Secret". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. June 20, 1953. p. 18. Retrieved July 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.