Sultan Hussein Kamel ( ar, السلطان حسين كامل; 21 November 1853 – 9 October 1917) was the

Sultan of Egypt Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Though the extent of the Egyptian Sultanate ebbed and flowed, it generall ...

from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the British protectorate over

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...

. He was the first person to hold the title of

since the killing of Sultan Tuman II by the Ottomans in 1517 following their conquest of Egypt.

Life

Hussein Kamel was the second son of

Khedive Khedive (, ota, خدیو, hıdiv; ar, خديوي, khudaywī) was an honorific title of Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.Adam Mestyan"K ...

Ismail Pasha, who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared

on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive

Abbas Hilmi II Abbas II Helmy Bey (also known as ''ʿAbbās Ḥilmī Pāshā'', ar, عباس حلمي باشا) (14 July 1874 – 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive ( Ottoman viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan, ruling from 8January 1892 to 19 December 191 ...

, on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created Sultanate of Egypt was to be a British

protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its in ...

, with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legall ...

Ottoman sovereignty over

, which had been largely nominal since

Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century, ...

's seizure of power in 1805. Upon Hussein Kamel's death, his only son,

Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein () (20 December 1874 – 6 August 1932) was the son of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt. Renunciation of succession rights Several otherwise reliable sources mistakenly assert that Kamal el Dine Hussein held the positio ...

, declined the succession, and Hussein Kamel's brother Ahmed Fuad ascended the throne as Fuad I. At the beginning of

Naguib Mahfouz Naguib Mahfouz Abdelaziz Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Basha ( arz, نجيب محفوظ عبد العزيز ابراهيم احمد الباشا, ; 11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature. M ...

's novel '' Palace Walk'', Ahmad Abd al-Jawwad says "What a fine man Prince Kamal al-Din Husayn is! Do you know what he did? He refused to ascend the throne of his late father so long as the British are in charge." Stereoscope photographs of th
coronation procession
an
burial procession
of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.

Honours

;Domestic * Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Muhammad Ali * Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Ismail * Founder and Sovereign of the

Order of the Nile The Order of the Nile (''Kiladat El Nil'') was established in 1915 and was one of the Kingdom of Egypt's principal orders until the monarchy was abolished in 1953. It was then reconstituted as the Republic of Egypt's highest state honor. Sultana ...

* Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Virtues ;Foreign *Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class *Ottoman Empire:

Order of the Medjidie Order of the Medjidie ( ota, نشانِ مجیدی, August 29, 1852 – 1922) is a military and civilian order of the Ottoman Empire. The Order was instituted in 1851 by Sultan Abdulmejid I. History Instituted in 1851, the Order was awarded in f ...

, 1st Class *Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the

Order of Franz Joseph The Imperial Austrian Order of Franz Joseph (german: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Franz-Joseph-Orden) was founded by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria on 2 December 1849, on the first anniversary of his accession to the imperial throne. Classes ...

, ''1869'' *Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the

Order of the Sword The Royal Order of the Sword (officially: ''Royal Order of the Sword''; Swedish: ''Kungliga Svärdsorden'') is a Swedish order of chivalry and military decoration created by King Frederick I of Sweden on February 23, 1748, together with the ...

, ''1891'' *United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Grand Cross of the

Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight, which involved bathing (as a symbol of purification) a ...

(civil division), ''19 December 1914'' *French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the

Legion d'Honneur The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon B ...

, ''1916'' *Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of the

Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( it, Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the ...

, ''1916'' *Greece: Grand Cross of the

Order of the Redeemer The Order of the Redeemer ( el, Τάγμα του Σωτήρος, translit=Tágma tou Sotíros), also known as the Order of the Saviour, is an order of merit of Greece. The Order of the Redeemer is the oldest and highest decoration awarded by the ...

, ''1916'' *Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, ''1916'' *Belgium: Grand Cross of the

Order of Leopold II The Order of Leopold II is an order of Belgium and is named in honor of King Leopold II. The decoration was established on 24 August 1900 by Leopold II as Sovereign of the Congo Free State and was in 1908, upon Congo being handed over to Belgium ...

, ''1917''

References

External links

Stereoscopes of Hussein Kamel's coronation and burial processions
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussein Kamel Of Egypt 1853 births 1917 deaths Egyptian Muslims 20th-century Egyptian monarchs Muhammad Ali dynasty Sultans of Egypt Finance Ministers of Egypt Speakers of the Parliament of Egypt Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania) Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II Field marshals of the Ottoman Empire Field marshals of Egypt Irrigation Ministers of Egypt