The Husainid dynasty or Husaynid dynasty ( ar, الحسينيون) was a ruling

dynasty A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,''Oxford English Dictionary'', "dynasty, ''n''." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897. usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A ...

of the

Beylik of Tunis The Beylik of Tunis (), also known as Kingdom of Tunis ( ar, المملكة التونسية) was a largely autonomous beylik of the Ottoman Empire located in present-day Tunisia. It was ruled by the Husainid dynasty from 1705 until the aboli ...

, which was of

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

origin from the island of

Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...

. It came to power under

al-Husayn I ibn Ali Al-Husayn I ibn Ali, also known as Hussein I ( ar, حسين الأول; born in 1675 – 13 September 1740). He was the founder of the Husainid Dynasty, which ruled Tunisia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1957. Biography Husayn was born ...

in 1705, succeeding the

Muradid dynasty The Muradid dynasty was a dynasty of beys that ruled Tunisia from 1613 to 1702. They were succeeded in 1705 by the Husainid dynasty. History The dynasty was founded by Murad I Bey, a janissary of Corsican origin. Ramdan Bey, ruler of Tunis, ha ...

. After taking power, the Husainids ruled as Beys and ruled

Tunisia ) , image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa , image_map2 = , capital = Tunis , largest_city = capital , ...

until 1957. The Husainids originally ruled under the suzerainty of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...

. The Ottoman sultans officially regarded them as ''

beylerbeyi Beylerbeyi is a neighborhood in the Üsküdar municipality of Istanbul, Turkey. It is located on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, to the north of the Bosphorus Bridge. It is bordered on the northeast by the neighborhood of Çengelköy, on the eas ...

''s (provincial governors) and recognized their rights to hereditary succession. Their succession to the throne was in theory determined by male primogeniture, but this was not always followed and, especially in later periods, the throne was often granted to an older male family member along the collateral branches of the family. The

heir apparent An heir apparent, often shortened to heir, is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person; a person who is first in the order of succession but can be displaced by the b ...

to the Bey held the title Bey al-Mahalla and led the ''mahalla'', a biannual tax collection expedition around the country.

History

After Husayn I ibn Ali was granted the title of ''beylerbeyi'' by Sultan

Ahmed III Ahmed III ( ota, احمد ثالث, ''Aḥmed-i sālis'') was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687). His mother was Gülnuş Sultan, originally named Evmania Voria, who was an ethnic Greek. He was born at ...

in 1705, the Husaynid beys ruled with effective independence from the Ottomans, even going so far as to form separate diplomatic agreements with European powers such as

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...

, and the

Italian states Italy, up until the Italian unification in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of the Western Roman Em ...

. Their independence was strengthened in the 19th century, especially after Hammuda Pasha suppressed the local

Janissary A Janissary ( ota, یڭیچری, yeŋiçeri, , ) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and the first modern standing army in Europe. The corps was most likely established under sultan Orhan ...

Corps in 1811 after a revolt. Nonetheless, they were able to retain advantageous relations with the Ottomans, sometimes requesting protection from them and at other times sending troops to assist in Ottoman wars. Under the reigns of Ahmed I Bey (r. 1837–1855), Muhammad II Bey (r. 1855–1859), and Muhammad III as-Sadiq (r. 1859–1882), efforts were made at significant reforms. In 1845, with French support, Ahmad I Bey ended the regular payments of tribute to Istanbul, but continued to receive the official titles of ''wali'' and '' mushir'' and to maintain a semblance of Ottoman authority. Ahmad also abolished

slavery Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...

and removed the statutes that kept Tunisian Jews legally inferior. The

abolition Abolition refers to the act of putting an end to something by law, and may refer to: *Abolitionism, abolition of slavery * Abolition of the death penalty, also called capital punishment *Abolition of monarchy *Abolition of nuclear weapons *Abolit ...

of the slave trade and the commission of major public works incurred large debts, which were mainly held by European (especially French) interests and businessmen. On 10 September 1857, Muhammad II Bey enacted the "Fundamental Pact" (), modeled on the Ottoman

Tanzimat The Tanzimat (; ota, تنظيمات, translit=Tanzimāt, lit=Reorganization, ''see'' nizām) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 187 ...

reforms. In 1861 Muhammad III as-Sadiq promulgated a new constitution which transformed Tunisia into a

constitutional monarchy A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...

, with a legislative assembly. The state's financial situation worsened, however, which led to raised taxes, rebellions, and larger debts. In 1869 Muhammad as-Sadiq was forced to consent to the creation of an "international financial commission" (composed of Tunisia, France, England and

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) that oversaw management of the country's debt. French intervention and pressure continued to increase. In 1881, following a French invasion and occupation, the

Treaty of Bardo The Treaty of Bardo (french: Traité du Bardo, ar, معاهدة باردو) or Treaty of Qsar es-S'id, Treaty of Ksar Said established a French protectorate over Tunisia that lasted until World War II. It was signed on 12 May 1881 between repre ...

was signed and Tunisia came under the control of France as a

protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its in ...

. Following

independence Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the stat ...

from France on 20 March 1956, the Bey

Muhammad VIII al-Amin Muhammad VIII al-Amin ( ar, محمد الثامن الأمين; 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962) commonly known as Lamine Bey ( ar, الأمين باي), was the last Bey of Tunis (15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956),Werner Ruf, ''Introduction ...

assumed the title of King and reigned as such until the

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...

Habib Bourguiba Habib Bourguiba (; ar, الحبيب بورقيبة, al-Ḥabīb Būrqībah; 3 August 19036 April 2000) was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman who led the country from 1956 to 1957 as the prime minister of the Kingdom of ...

deposed the dynasty and declared Tunisia a republic on 25 July 1957. Since June 2013, the current head of the dynasty is Prince Muhammad al-Habib Bey (born 1929), who is a grandson of Muhammad VI al-Habib.

Ruling heads of the dynasty

Al-Husayn I ibn Ali Al-Husayn I ibn Ali, also known as Hussein I ( ar, حسين الأول; born in 1675 – 13 September 1740). He was the founder of the Husainid Dynasty, which ruled Tunisia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1957. Biography Husayn was born ...

(15 July 1705 – 7 September 1735) *

'Abu'l Hasan 'Ali I Abu l-Hasan Ali I ( ar, أبو الحسن علي باش; 30 June 1688 – 22 September 1756), also known as Ali Pasha and Ali Bey I,) was the second leader of the Husainid Dynasty and the ruler of Tunisia from 1735 to 1756. Biography He was a ...

(7 September 1735 – 22 September 1756) *

Muhammad I ar-Rashid Muhammad I ar-Rashid ( ar, أبو عبد الله محمد الرشيد باي; 1710 – 12 February 1759) was the third leader of the Husainid Dynasty and the ruler of Tunisia from 1756 until his death. See also *Rejeb Khaznadar Rejeb K ...

(22 September 1756 – 11 February 1759) *

Ali II ibn Hussein Ali II ibn Hussein (24 November 1712 – 26 May 1782) ( ar, أبو الحسن علي باي) was the fourth leader of the Husainid Dynasty and the ruler of Tunisia from 1759 until his death in 1782. See also *Moustapha Khodja *Muhamm ...

(11 February 1759 – 26 May 1782) * Hammuda ibn Ali (26 May 1782 – 15 September 1814) * Uthman ibn Ali (15 September – 21 November 1814) * Mahmud ibn Muhammad (21 November 1814 – 28 March 1824) *

Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud (; 5 March 1784 – 20 May 1835) was the Bey of Tunis from 1824 until his death in 1835. He was of a Greek descent royal family. See also *Hussein Khodja Hussein Khodja ( ar, حسين خوجة; born Giuseppe Certa in Fa ...

(28 March 1824 – 20 May 1835) * Al-Mustafa ibn Mahmud (20 May 1835 – 10 October 1837) *

Ahmad I ibn Mustafa Ahmed I ( ar, أبو العباس أحمد باشا باي), born 2 December 1805 in TunisIbn Abi Dhiaf, ''Présent des hommes de notre temps. Chroniques des rois de Tunis et du pacte fondamental'', vol. IV, éd. Maison tunisienne de l'édition, ...

(10 October 1837 – 30 May 1855) * Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn (30 May 1855 – 22 September 1859) * Muhammad III as-Sadiq (22 September 1859 – 27 October 1882) * Ali III Muddat ibn al-Husayn (28 October 1882 – 11 June 1902) *

Muhammad IV al-Hadi Muhammad El Hadi Bey ( ar, محمد الهادي باي بن علي), commonly referred to as Hédi Bey ( Le Bardo, 24 June 1855 – Carthage, 11 May 1906)Omar Khlifi, ''Moncef Bey, le roi martyr'', éd. MC-Editions, Carthage, 2006, p. 12 was ...

(11 June 1902 – 11 May 1906) *

Muhammad V an-Nasir Muhammad V an-Nasir ( ar, محمد الناصر بن محمد باي), commonly known Naceur Bey (La Marsa, 14 July 1855 – La Marsa, 8 July 1922)Akram Ellyas et Benjamin Stora, ''Les 100 portes du Maghreb : l'Algérie, le Maroc, la Tunisie. ...

(11 May 1906 – 10 July 1922) * Muhammad VI al-Habib (10 July 1922 – 11 February 1929) * Ahmad II ibn Ali (11 February 1929 – 19 June 1942) *

Muhammad VII al-Munsif Muhammad VII al-Munsif, ( ar, محمد السابع المنصف; 4 March 1881 in La Manouba – 1 September 1948 in Pau)El Mokhtar Bey, ''De la dynastie husseinite. Le fondateur Hussein Ben Ali. 1705 - 1735 - 1740'', éd. Serviced, Tunis, 1993, ...

(19 June 1942 – 15 May 1943) *

(15 May 1943 – 25 July 1957)

Non ruling heads of the dynasty

* Muhammad al-Amin (Muhammad VIII al-Amin) (July 25, 1957 – September 30, 1962) * Crown Prince Husain Bey (Husain III) (September 30, 1962 – April 9, 1969) * Prince Mustafa Bey (Mustafa II) (April 9, 1969 – July 15, 1974) *

Prince Muhammad al-Taib Bey A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The ...

(Muhammad IX al-Taib) (July 15, 1974 – April 29, 1989) * Prince Sulaiman Bey (Sulaiman I) (April 29, 1989 – 1992) * Prince 'Allalah Bey (Allalah I) (1992 – 2001) * Prince Shazli Bey (Shazli I) (2001 – July 2, 2004) * Prince Muhi ud-din Bey (Muhi I ud-din) (July 2, 2004 – October 2006) * Prince Muhammad Bey (Muhammad X) (October 2006 – June 17, 2013) * Prince Muhammad al-Habib Bey (Muhammad XI al-Habib) (since June 17, 2013)

Family tree

*Sidi Ali al-Turki (d. 1676) **Muhammad (c. 1665-1735) *** II. Ali I (1688-1756; r. 1735-1756) ** I. Hussein I (1675-1740; r. 1705-1735) *** III. Muhammad I (1710-1759; r. 1756-1759) **** VII. Mahmud I (1757-1824; r. 1814-1824) ***** VIII. Hussein II (1784-1835; r. 1824-1835) ****** XI. Muhammad II (1811-1859; r. 1855-1859) ******* Prince Hussein ''Bey'' (1839-1890) ******** Prince Muhammad as-Said ''Bey'' (1873-1918) ********* XXI. Mustafa II (1900-1974; family head: 1969-1974) ******* XV. Muhammad V (1855-1922; r. 1906-1922) ******** XVIII. Muhammad VII (1881-1948; r. 1942-1943) ********* Prince Salah ud-din ''Bey'' (1902-1938) ********** Crown Prince Zainal-Abidin (b. 1930) ******** XX. Hussein III (1893-1969; Crown Prince: 1943–1957; family head: 1962-1969) ******** Prince Muhammad ''Bey'' (1897-1953) ********* XXVII. Muhammad X (1928-2013; family head: 2006-2013) ****** XII. Muhammad III (1813-1882; r. 1859-1882) ****** XIII. Ali III (1817-1902; r. 1882-1902) ******* Prince Mustafa ''Bey'' (1844-1895) ******** Prince Iz ud-din ''Bey'' (1882-1953) ********* XXIII. Suleiman I (1909-1992; family head: 1989-1992) ********* XXIV. Al'Allah I (1910-2001; family head: 1992-2001) ********* XXVI. Muhi ud-din I (1911-2006; family head: 2004-2006) ******* XIV. Muhammad IV (1855-1906; r. 1902-1906) ******* XVII. Ahmad II (1862-1942; r. 1929-1942) ******** XXII. Muhammad IX (1902-1989; family head: 1974-1989) ****** Prince Muhammad Mamun ''Bey'' (1819-1861) ******* XVI. Muhammad VI (1858-1929; r. 1922-1929) ******** Prince Muhammad Iz ud-din ''Bey'' (1875-1931) ********* XXVIII. Muhammad XI (b. 1929; family head: 2013-present) ******** XIX. Muhammad VIII (1881-1962; r. 1943–1957; family head: 1957-1962) ********* XXV. Shazli I (1910-2004; family head: 2001-2004) ***** IX. Mustafa I (1786-1837; r. 1835-1837) ****** X. Ahmad I (1806-1855; r. 1837-1855) *** IV. Ali II (1712-1782; r. 1759-1782) **** V. Hammud I (1759-1814; r. 1782-1814) **** VI. Uthman I (1763-1814; r. 1814)

References

External links

Website of Prince Rafet Bey
{{Muslim dynasties in Maghreb region African royal families Greek families Muslim dynasties Tunisian monarchy Sunni dynasties 1705 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 1705 establishments in Africa 1957 disestablishments in the French colonial empire