Horwennefer ( egy, ḥr-wnn-nfr "

Horus Horus or Heru, Hor, Har in Ancient Egyptian, is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably as god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the ...

- Onnophris"; grc, Άροννώφρις ) was an Upper Egyptian who led

Upper Egypt Upper Egypt ( ar, صعيد مصر ', shortened to , , locally: ; ) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the lands on both sides of the Nile that extend upriver from Lower Egypt in the north to Nubia in the south. In ancient E ...

in secession from the rule of Ptolemy IV Philopator in 205 BC. No monuments are attested to this king but along with his successor Ankhwennefer (also known as ''Chaonnophris'' or ''Ankhmakis''Günther Hölbl, ''History of the Ptolemaic Empire'', Routledge, 2000, pp. 155ff.) he held a large part of Egypt until 186 BC. A graffito dating to about 201 BC on a wall of the mortuary Temple of

Seti I Menmaatre Seti I (or Sethos I in Greek) was the second pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the New Kingdom period, ruling c.1294 or 1290 BC to 1279 BC. He was the son of Ramesses I and Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. The ...

Abydos Abydos may refer to: *Abydos, a progressive metal side project of German singer Andy Kuntz *Abydos (Hellespont), an ancient city in Mysia, Asia Minor * Abydos (''Stargate''), name of a fictional planet in the ''Stargate'' science fiction universe ...

, in which his name is written (), is an attestation to the extent of his influence. He appears to have died before 197 BC. The Abydene graffito, one of the few documents remaining from his reign, is written in Egyptian using Greek letters, the oldest testimony of a development which would end in the

Coptic script The Coptic alphabet is the script used for writing the Coptic language. The repertoire of glyphs is based on the Greek alphabet augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic (Egyptian), Demotic and is the first alphabetic script used ...

replacing the native Egyptian demotic.

References

Bibliography

* ''The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian'' by

Joseph Mélèze-Modrzejewski Joseph Mélèze-Modrzejewski (Józef Edmund Mélèze-Modrzejewski, 8 March 1930 in Lublin – 29 January 2017) was a Polish-French historian and professor of ancient history at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University. Career Joseph Mélèze-Modrzejews ...

, Princeton University Press 1997, p. 150

In Popular Culture

A war elephant named Herwennefer can be found in the 2017 action-adventure video game, Assassin's Creed: Origins {{authority control 3rd-century BC Pharaohs 2nd-century BC Pharaohs Non-dynastic pharaohs 2nd-century BC rulers in Africa Egyptian rebels 190s BC deaths Year of birth unknown People of the Ptolemaic Kingdom Ancient rebels