Hubert Robert (22 May 1733 – 15 April 1808) was a French

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...

in the school of

Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...

, noted especially for his landscape paintings and capricci, or semi-fictitious picturesque depictions of ruins in Italy and of France.Jean de Cayeux. "Robert, Hubert." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 13 Jan. 2017

Biography

Early years

Hubert Robert was born in Paris in 1733. His father, Nicolas Robert, was in the service of François-Joseph de Choiseul, marquis de Stainville a leading

diplomat A diplomat (from grc, δίπλωμα; romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state or an intergovernmental institution such as the United Nations or the European Union to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or interna ...

from

Lorraine Lorraine , also , , ; Lorrain: ''Louréne''; Lorraine Franconian: ''Lottringe''; german: Lothringen ; lb, Loutrengen; nl, Lotharingen is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of Gra ...

. Young Robert finished his studies with the

Jesuits , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders = ...

at the

Collège de Navarre The College of Navarre (french: Collège de Navarre) was one of the colleges of the historic University of Paris, rivaling the Sorbonne and renowned for its library. History It was founded by Queen Joan I of Navarre in 1305, who provided for th ...

in 1751 and entered the atelier of the sculptor Michel-Ange Slodtz who taught him design and perspective but encouraged him to turn to painting. In 1754 he left for Rome in the train of Étienne-François de Choiseul, son of his father's employer, who had been named French ambassador and would become a Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Louis XV in 1758.

In Rome

1760 Robert Das Atelier des Künstlers anagoria

He spent fully eleven years in Rome, a remarkable length of time; after the young artist's official residence at the

French Academy in Rome The French Academy in Rome (french: Académie de France à Rome) is an Academy located in the Villa Medici, within the Villa Borghese, on the Pincio (Pincian Hill) in Rome, Italy. History The Academy was founded at the Palazzo Capranica in ...

ran out, he supported himself by works he produced for visiting connoisseurs like the abbé de Saint-Non, who took Robert to Naples in April 1760 to visit the ruins of

Pompeii Pompeii (, ) was an ancient city located in what is now the ''comune'' of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was burie ...

. The

marquis de Marigny A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...

, director of the ''

Bâtiments du Roi The Bâtiments du Roi (, "King's Buildings") was a division of the Maison du Roi ("King's Household") in France under the Ancien Régime. It was responsible for building works at the King's residences in and around Paris. History The Bâtimen ...

'' kept abreast of his development in correspondence with Natoire, director of the French Academy, who urged the ''pensionnaires'' to sketch out-of-doors, from nature: Robert needed no urging; drawings from his sketchbooks document his travels:

Villa d'Este The Villa d'Este is a 16th-century villa in Tivoli, near Rome, famous for its terraced hillside Italian Renaissance garden and especially for its profusion of fountains. It is now an Italian state museum, and is listed as a UNESCO World Her ...

Caprarola Caprarola is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Viterbo, in the Lazio region of central Italy. The village is situated in a range of volcanic hills known as the Cimini Mounts. The town is home to the large Renaissance mansion or villa which ...

. The contrast between the ruins of

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom ...

and the life of his time excited his keenest interest. He worked for a time in the studio of Pannini, whose influence can be seen in the ''Vue imaginaire de la galerie du Louvre en ruine'' (''illustration''). Robert spent his time in the company of young artists in the circle of

Piranesi Giovanni Battista (or Giambattista) Piranesi (; also known as simply Piranesi; 4 October 1720 – 9 November 1778) was an Italian Classical archaeologist, architect, and artist, famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheri ...

, whose '' capricci'' of romantically overgrown ruins influenced him so greatly that he gained the nickname ''Robert des ruines''. The albums of sketches and drawings he assembled in Rome supplied him with motifs that he worked into paintings throughout his career.

In Paris

His success on his return to Paris in 1765 was rapid: the following year he was received by the

Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture The Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (; en, "Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture") was founded in 1648 in Paris, France. It was the premier art institution of France during the latter part of the Ancien Régime until it was abo ...

, with a Roman capriccio, ''The Port of Rome, ornamented with different Monuments of Architecture, Ancient and Modern.'' Robert's first exhibition at the Salon of 1767, consisting of thirteen paintings and a number of drawings, prompted

Denis Diderot Denis Diderot (; ; 5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the '' Encyclopédie'' along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a promi ...

to write: "The ideas which the ruins awake in me are grand." Robert subsequently showed work at every Salon until 1802. He was successively appointed "Designer of the King's Gardens", "Keeper of the King's Pictures" and "Keeper of the Museum and Councilor to the Academy". Robert was arrested in October 1793, during the

French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...

. During the ten months of his detention at Sainte-Pélagie and Saint-Lazare he made many drawings, painted at least 53 canvases, and painted numerous vignettes of prison life on plates. He was freed one week after the fall of

Robespierre Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman who became one of the best-known, influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Esta ...

. Robert narrowly escaped the

guillotine A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at t ...

when through error another prisoner with a similar name was guillotined in his place. Subsequently, he was placed on the committee of five in charge of the new national museum at the

Palais du Louvre The Louvre Palace (french: link=no, Palais du Louvre, ), often referred to simply as the Louvre, is an iconic French palace located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, occupying a vast expanse of land between the Tuileries Gardens and the ...

. The Revolution also resulted in the destruction of some of Robert's work; his painting ''Péché Cardinal'' (ca.1799) is one that is thought to be lost or destroyed in a fire. Robert had designed the decorations for a little theatre in the new wing at the location of the current staircase Gabriel in the

Palace of Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, u ...

. Designed to seat about 500, this theatre was built from the summer of 1785 and opened in early 1786. It was intended to serve as an ordinary court theatre, replacing the Theatre of the Princes Court which was too old and too small, but was destroyed during the time of Louis Philippe. A

watercolour Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (British English; see spelling differences), also ''aquarelle'' (; from Italian diminutive of Latin ''aqua'' "water"), is a painting method”Watercolor may be as old as art itself, going back to ...

of Robert's design is in the National Archives in Paris. Robert died of a stroke on 15 April 1808.

Style and legacy

The quantity of his work is immense, comprising perhaps one thousand paintings and ten thousand drawings.Colin B. Bailey, "Hubert Robert & the Joy of Ruins", ''The New York Review of Books'' 63.15 (October 13, 2016), pp. 35–37. The

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the '' Venus de Milo''. A central ...

alone contains nine paintings by his hand and specimens are frequently to be met with in provincial museums and private collections. Robert's work has more or less of that scenic character which justified his selection by

Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778) was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Known by his '' nom de plume'' M. de Voltaire (; also ; ), he was famous for his wit, and his criticism of Christianity—e ...

to paint the decorations of his theatre at Ferney. His work was much engraved by the abbé de Saint-Non, with whom he had visited

Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adm ...

in the company of Fragonard during his early days; in Italy his work has also been frequently reproduced by Chatelain, Linard, Le Veau, and others. He is noted for the liveliness and point with which he treated the subjects he painted. Equally at ease painting small easel pictures or huge decorations, he worked quickly using an '' alla prima'' technique. Along with this incessant activity as an artist, his daring character and many adventures attracted general admiration and sympathy. In the fourth canto of his ''L'Imagination''

Jacques Delille The French poet Jacques Delille (; 22 June 1738 at Aigueperse in Auvergne – 1 May 1813, in Paris) came to national prominence with his translation of Virgil’s Georgics and made an international reputation with his didactic poem on gardening ...

celebrated Robert's miraculous escape when lost in the catacombs.

Robert and picturesque gardens

Hubert Robert - Landscape with a Triumphal Column

Enterprising and prolific, Robert also acted in a role similar to that of a modern-day art director, conceptualizing fashionably dilapidated gardens for several aristocratic clients, summarized by his possible intervention at

Ermenonville Ermenonville () is a commune in the Oise department, northern France. Ermenonville is notable for its park named for Jean-Jacques Rousseau by René Louis de Girardin. Rousseau's tomb was designed by the painter Hubert Robert, and sits on the Isl ...

; there he would have been working with the architect

Jean-Marie Morel Jean-Marie Morel (28 March 1728 – 10 August 1810), the author of ''La Théorie des Jardins'' (Paris 1776), was a trained architect and surveyor, who produced a substantial and popular work advocating the "natural" landscape style of gardening in ...

for the marquis de Girardin, who was the author of ''Compositions des paysages'' (1777) and had distinct views of his own. In 1786 he began his better documented collaboration at Méréville, with his most significant patron, the financier Jean-Joseph de Laborde, who found

François-Joseph Bélanger François-Joseph Bélanger (; 12 April 1744 – 1 May 1818) was a French architect and decorator working in the Neoclassic style. Life Born in Paris, Bélanger attended the Académie Royale d'Architecture (1764–1766) where he studied ...

's plans too expensive and perhaps too formal. Though documents are again lacking, Hubert Robert's name is invariably invoked in connection with

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne (; ; née Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child a ...

's 'premier architecte' Richard Mique through several phases of the creation of an informal landscape garden at the

Petit Trianon The Petit Trianon (; French for "small Trianon") is a Neoclassical style château located on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France. It was built between 1762 and 1768 during the reign of King Louis XV of France. ...

, and the setting of the ''

petit hameau The Hameau de la Reine (, ''The Queen's Hamlet (place), Hamlet'') is a rustic retreat in the park of the Château de Versailles built for Marie Antoinette in 1783 near the Petit Trianon in Yvelines, France. It served as a private meeting place for ...

''. Robert's contribution to garden design was not in making practical ground plans for improvements but in providing atmospheric inspiration for the proposed effect. At Ermenonville and at Méréville "Hubert Robert's paintings both recorded and inspired", according to W.H. Adams: Robert's four large ruin fantasies, painted in 1787 for Méréville may be searched in vain for direct connections with the garden. Hubert's paintings of the Moulin Joly of his friend Claude-Henri Watelet render the fully-grown atmosphere of a garden that had been under way since 1754. His set of six Italianate landscape panels painted for Bagatelle were not the inspiration for the formal turfed parterre set in the thinned woodlands, designed by Bélanger; the later picturesque extensions of Bagatelle were carried out by its Scottish gardener, William Blaikie. Robert's commissioned painting of the long-delayed rejuvenation of the park at

Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, ...

, begun in 1774 with the cutting down of the trees for sale as firewood, is a record of the event, resonant with allegorical meaning.Paula Rea Radisich, "The King Prunes His Garden: Hubert Robert's Picture of the Versailles Gardens in 1775" ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 21.4 (Summer 1988), pp. 454–471. Robert was more certainly responsible for the conception of the grotto and cascades of the 'Baths of Apollo,' tucked within a grove of the chateau's park and built to house

François Girardon François Girardon (10 March 1628 – 1 September 1715) was a French sculptor of the Louis XIV style or French Baroque, best known for his statues and busts of Louis XIV and for his statuary in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles. Biograph ...

's celebrated sculpture group ''Apollo Attended by Nymphs''.

Gallery

Works on paper File:Capriccio with an Ancient Temple MET DP823635 (cropped).jpg, ''Capriccio'' (ca. 1756), watercolor, 56.4 x 41.3 cm.,

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

File:Hubert Robert - The Oval Fountain in the Gardens of the Villa d'Este, Tivoli - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg, ''Oval Fountain in the Villa d'Este Gardens, Tivoli'' (1760), 32.7 x 45 cm.,

National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of ch ...

File:Hubert Robert - The Large Staircase - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Large Staircase'' (ca. 1761–65), 45 x 32.3 cm., Pen and ink, wash, watercolor, and chalk,

Museum of Fine Arts, Houston The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH), is an art museum located in the Houston Museum District of Houston, Texas. With the recent completion of an eight-year campus redevelopment project, including the opening of the Nancy and Rich Kinder Buil ...

File:Young Artists in the Studio MET DP226754 (cropped).jpg, ''Young Artists in the Studio'' (ca.1763-65), re chalk, 35.2 x 41.2 cm.,

File:Robert Arch of Titus.jpg, ''Arch of Titus in Rome'' (1760s), watercolor, 35 x 49.5 cm.,

Czartoryski Museum The Princes Czartoryski Museum ( pl, Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich ) – often abbreviated to Czartoryski Museum – is a historic museum in Kraków, Poland, and one of the country's oldest museums. The initial collection was formed in 1796 i ...

File:Artist Sketching a Young Girl MET 1972.118.230 (cropped).jpg, ''Artist Sketching a Young Girl'' (ca. 1773), red chalk, 25.5 x 33.8 cm.,

File:Young Women in a Landscape with Architectural Fragments MET 59.23.70.jpg, ''Women in Landscape'' (ca. 1773), ink, wash, & chalk, 36.6 x 28.7 cm.,

File:Robert Boat journey.jpg, ''Boat Journey'' (1774), sanguine, 28.9 x 36.5 cm.,

National Museum in Warsaw The National Museum in Warsaw ( pl, Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie), popularly abbreviated as MNW, is a national museum in Warsaw, one of the largest museums in Poland and the largest in the capital. It comprises a rich collection of ancient art ( Eg ...

File:HRobertBorgheseVase.jpg, ''Draughtsman of the Borghese Vase'' (ca. 1775), chalk, 36.5 x 29 cm., Museu de Belles Arts de València File:Figures in a Colonnade MET DP226757 (cropped).jpg, ''Figures in a Colonnade'' (ca. 1780), ink, wash, & chalk, 58.6 x 44 .7 cm.,

File:RobertPrison.jpg, ''Self Portrait in Prison'' (ca 1793–94), ink, wash, watercolor and chalk, 17.6 x 23.8 cm., Galerie Coatalem Oil paintings File:Hubert Robert - The Old Bridge - 1957.34.1 - Yale University Art Gallery.jpg, ''The Old Bridge'' (1760), 76.2 x 100.3 cm.,

Yale University Art Gallery The Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG) is the oldest university art museum in the Western Hemisphere. It houses a major encyclopedic collection of art in several interconnected buildings on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. ...

File:Robert Italian kitchen.jpg, ''Italian Kitchen'' (ca. 1760–67), 60 x 75 cm.,

File:Orator in Prison (Hubert Robert) - Nationalmuseum - 19613 (cropped).tif, ''Orator in Prison'' (1760s), 48 x 38 cm.,

Nationalmuseum Nationalmuseum (or National Museum of Fine Arts) is the national gallery of Sweden, located on the peninsula Blasieholmen in central Stockholm. The museum's operations stretches far beyond the borders of Blasieholmen, the nationalmuseum manage ...

File:Hubert Robert - View of Ripetta - WGA19603.jpg, ''The

Pantheon Pantheon may refer to: * Pantheon (religion), a set of gods belonging to a particular religion or tradition, and a temple or sacred building Arts and entertainment Comics *Pantheon (Marvel Comics), a fictional organization * ''Pantheon'' (Lone St ...

with the Port of Ripetta'' (1766), 119 x 145 cm.,

Beaux-Arts de Paris The Beaux-Arts de Paris is a French ''grande école'' whose primary mission is to provide high-level arts education and training. This is classical and historical School of Fine Arts in France. The art school, which is part of the Paris Sciences ...

File:Hubert Robert - The Fire of Rome - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Fire of Rome'' (ca. 1771), 75.5 x 93 cm., Musée d'art moderne André Malraux File:Hubert Robert - L'École de chirurgie en construction (cropped).jpg, ''École de Chirurgie Under Construction'' (1773), 76 x 91.5 cm., Musée Carnavalet File:Hubert Robert - 1773 - Finding of the Laocoon.jpg, ''The Finding of the Laocoon'' (1773), 119.3 x 162.5 cm.,

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, or VMFA, is an art museum in Richmond, Virginia, United States, which opened in 1936. The museum is owned and operated by the Commonwealth of Virginia. Private donations, endowments, and funds are used for the ...

File:Hubert Robert - Les Cascatelles de Tivoli - PPP2547 - Musée des Beaux-Arts de la ville de Paris (cropped).jpg, ''The Tivoli Waterfalls'' (1776), 50 x 74 cm.,

Petit Palais The Petit Palais (; en, Small Palace) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...

File:Hubert Robert - Studio of an Antiquities Restorer in Rome - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg, ''Studio of an Antiquities Restorer in Rome'' (1783), 101 x 143 cm.,

Toledo Museum of Art The Toledo Museum of Art is an internationally known art museum located in the Old West End neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio. It houses a collection of more than 30,000 objects. With 45 galleries, it covers 280,000 square feet and is currently in th ...

File:Hubert Robert - Flight of Galatea.jpg, ''Flight of Galatea'' (mid 1780s), 50 x: 42 cm.,

Hermitage Museum The State Hermitage Museum ( rus, Государственный Эрмитаж, r=Gosudarstvennyj Ermitaž, p=ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)ɨj ɪrmʲɪˈtaʂ, links=no) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is the larges ...

File:The Shipwreck (1780–1790), oil on canvas, 321.6 x 199.5 cm., Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts.jpg, ''Shipwreck'' (1780s), 322 x 199 cm.,

Worcester Art Museum The Worcester Art Museum, also known by its acronym WAM, houses over 38,000 works of art dating from antiquity to the present day and representing cultures from all over the world. WAM opened in 1898 in Worcester, Massachusetts, and ranks among t ...

File:Hubert Robert - L incendie de l Opera vue d'une croisée de l Académie de peinture place du Louvre.jpg, ''The Fire of the Paris Opera'' (1781), 123.5 × 171 cm., private collection File:Hubert Robert - The Landing Place - Art Institute of Chicago - 1787-88.jpg, ''The Landing Place'' (1787–88), 255 x 223 cm.,

Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago's Grant Park, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the world. Recognized for its curatorial efforts and popularity among visitors, the museum hosts approximately 1.5 mill ...

File:Hubert Robert - The Fountains - Art Institute of Chicago - 1787-88.jpg, ''The Fountains'' (1787–88), 255 x 221 cm.,

File:Hubert Robert - The Old Temple - 1900.382 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''The Old Temple'' (1787–88), 255 x 223 cm.,

File:Hubert Robert - The Obelisk - Art Institute of Chicago - 1787-88.jpg, ''The Obelisk'' (1787–88), 255 x 223 cm.,

File:The Bastille in the first days of its demolition, by Hubert Robert (cropped).jpg, ''The

Bastille The Bastille (, ) was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was stor ...

in the Early Days of Its Demolition'' (1789), 96 x 135 cm., Musée Carnavalet File:Hubert Robert - Neglected Statue.jpg, ''Neglected Statue'' (1790s), 40 x 31 cm.,

File:Hubert Robert 005.jpg, ''Girls Dancing Around An Obelisk'' (1798), 120 x 99 cm.,

Montreal Museum of Fine Arts The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA; french: Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal, MBAM) is an art museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the largest art museum in Canada by gallery space. The museum is located on the historic Golden Square ...

File:Hubert Robert - Projet d'aménagement de la Grande Galerie du Louvre (1796).JPG, ''Project for the Transformation of the Grande Galerie du Louvre'' (ca. 1796), 115 x 145 cm.,

File:Louvre-peinture-francaise-p1020324.jpg, ''Imaginary View of the Grand Gallery of the Louvre in Ruins'' (1796), 114.5 x 146 cm.,

File:Hubert Robert - Römische Phantasievedute - 2537 - Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe.jpg, ''Roman Capriccio'' (1798 ), 94 x 117 cm.,

Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe The Staatliche Kunsthalle (State Art Gallery) is an art museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The museum, created by architect Heinrich Hübsch, opened in 1846 after nine years of work in a neoclassical building next to the Karlsruhe Castle and the ...

File:Hubert Robert - Architectural Fantasy - 37.104 - Rhode Island School of Design Museum.jpg, ''Architectural Fantasy'' (ca. 1802–08),114 x 147.8 cm.,

Rhode Island School of Design Museum The Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design (RISD Museum) is an art museum integrated with the Rhode Island School of Design, in Providence, Rhode Island, US. The museum was co-founded with the school in 1877, and still shares multiple build ...

References, notes and sources

;References and notes ;Sources Hubert Robert - The Arc de Triomphe and the Theatre of Orange - WGA19600

* Adams, William Howard, ''The French Garden 1500–1800'' (New York: Braziller) 1979. * Huisman, Philippe,'' French Watercolours of the 18th Century'' (1969) London, Thames and Hudson * Wiebenson, Dora, ''The Picturesque Garden in France'' (Princeton University Press) 1978. * *Sarah Catala. ''Les Hubert Robert de Besançon''. Milan: Silvana Editoriale, 2013 atalogue raisonné of drawings from public library and fine art museum of Besançon

External links

*Joconde - Catalogue des Collections des Musées de Franc
www.culture.gouv.fr (Ministère de la culture et de la communication)
— List of the work of Robert (315 entries), French. {{DEFAULTSORT:Robert, Hubert 1733 births 1808 deaths University of Paris alumni 18th-century French painters French male painters 19th-century French painters Painters of ruins Romantic painters 19th-century French male artists 18th-century French male artists