Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), also rendered as Huang Taiji and sometimes referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his

temple name Temple names are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the Sinosphere for the purpose of ancestor worship. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dyna ...

as the Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty (reigned from 1626 to 1636) and the founding

emperor An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...

of the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...

(reigned from 1636 to 1643). He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father

Nurhaci Nurhaci (14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Qing (), was a Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late 16th century in Manchuria. A member of the House of Aisin-Gioro, he reigned ...

had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han peo ...

, although he died before this was accomplished. He was also responsible for changing the name of the Jurchen ethnicity to " Manchu" in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636. The Qing dynasty lasted until 1912.

Names and titles

It is unclear whether "Hong Taiji" was a title or a personal name. Written ''Hong taiji'' in Manchu, it was borrowed from the Mongolian title '' Khong Tayiji''. That Mongolian term was itself derived from the Chinese ''huang taizi'' 皇太子 ("crown prince", "imperial prince"), but in Mongolian it meant, among other things, something like "respected son". Alternatively, historian Pamela Crossley argues that "Hung Taiji" was a title "of Mongolian inspiration" derived from ''hung'', a word that appeared in other Mongolian titles at the time. Early seventeenth-century Chinese and

Korean Korean may refer to: People and culture * Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula * Korean cuisine * Korean culture * Korean language **Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl **Korean dialects and the Jeju language ** ...

sources rendered his name as "Hong Taiji" (). The modern Chinese rendering "Huang Taiji" (), which uses the character ''huang'' ("imperial"), misleadingly implies that Hong Taiji once held the title of "imperial prince" or heir apparent, even though his father and predecessor

never designated a successor. "Hong Taiji" was very rarely used in Manchu sources, because they observed a taboo on the personal names of emperors. In redacted documents, Hong Taiji was simply called the "Fourth '' Beile''" or "fourth prince" (''duici beile''), indicating that he was the fourth ranked among the eight ''beile'' Nurhaci had designated from among his sons. However, an archival document rediscovered in 1996 and recounting events from 1621 calls him "Hong Taiji" in a discussion concerning the possible naming of Nurhaci's heir apparent, a title that the document refers to as ''taise''. Tatiana Pang and Giovanni Stary, two specialists of early Manchu history, consider this document as "further evidence" that Hong Taiji was his real name, "not being at all connected with the Chinese title ''huang taizi''". Historian Mark Elliott views this as persuasive evidence that Hong Taiji was not a title, but a personal name. Western scholars used to refer to Hong Taiji as "Abahai", but this appellation is now considered mistaken. Hong Taiji was never mentioned under this name in Manchu and Chinese sources; it was a mistake first made by Russian clergyman G.V. Gorsky and later repeated by sinologists starting in the early twentieth century. Giovanni Stary states that this name may have originated by confusing "Abkai" with ''Abkai sure'', which was Hong Taiji's

era name A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin ''regnum'' meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of ...

in the

Manchu language Manchu (Manchu:, ) is a critically endangered East Asian Tungusic language native to the historical region of Manchuria in Northeast China. As the traditional native language of the Manchus, it was one of the official languages of the Qin ...

. Though "Abahai" is indeed "unattested in Manchu sources", it might also have derived from the Mongol word ''Abaġai'', an honorary name given to the younger sons of hereditary monarchs. According to another view, Hong Taiji was mistakenly referred to as Abahai as a result of a confusion with the name of Nurhaci's main consort

Lady Abahai Empress Xiaoliewu (1590 – 1 October 1626), of the Manchu Plain White Banner Ula Nara clan, personal name Abahai, was a consort of Nurhaci. She was 31 years his junior. Abahai was erroneously identified with Hong Taiji, Nurhaci's eighth s ...

. Hong Taiji was the second Khan of the Later Jin and then Emperor of the

, after he changed its name. His title as Great Khan was ''Bogd Sécén Khaan'' (Manchu: Gosin Onco Hūwaliyasun Enduringge Han). His reign names, which were used in his lifetime to record dates, were Tiancong ("heavenly wisdom"; Manchu: ''Abka-i sure'') from 1627 to 1636, and Chongde ("lofty virtue"; Manchu: ''Wesihun erdemungge'', Mongolian: ''Degedü Erdemtü'') from 1636 to 1643. Hong Taiji's

, by which he was worshipped at the Imperial Ancestral Temple, was Taizong 太宗, the name that was conventionally given to the second emperor of a dynasty. His posthumous name, which was chosen to reflect his style of rule, was "Wen Huangdi" (Manchu: ''šu hūwangdi''), which means "the culturing emperor" or "the emperor of letters".

Consolidation of power

Hong Taiji was the eighth son of

, whom he succeeded as the second ruler of the Later Jin dynasty in 1626. Although it was always thought of as gossip, he was said to be involved in the suicide of Prince

Dorgon Dorgon (, ; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the House of Aisin-Gioro as the 14th son of Nurhaci (the founder of the Later Jin dynasty, predecessor of the Qing dynast ...

's mother,

in order to block the succession of his younger brother. This is speculated because at the time of Nurhaci's death, there were four Lords/Beile with Hong Taiji as the lowest rank, but also the most fit one. Originally, at the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji got hold of the two White Banners, but after Lady Abahai's death, he switched his two banners with Dorgon and Dodo's two Yellow banners (Nurhaci gave his two Yellow Banners to the two). In the end, Hong Taiji had control over the two strongest/highest class banners- the Plain and Bordered Yellow Banners and the most influence. From there, he slowly got rid of his competitor's powers. Later, he would also receive the Plain Blue Banner from his fifth brother Manggūltai, which was the third strongest banner. Those three banners would officially become the Upper Three Banners during the early part of the Qing dynasty.

Ethnic policies

During his reign, Hong Taiji started recruitment of Han ethnicity officials. After a 1623 revolt, Nurhaci came to mistrust his ''Nikan'' ( Manchu: , means "Han people") followers so Hong Taiji began their assimilation into the country and government. A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic groups. It is the predecessor of Mongol Yamen ( 蒙古衙門, ''monggo jurgan'') which was established for indirect government of Inner Mongolia after the Mongols were conquered by Hong Taiji. In 1638 it was renamed to Lifanyuan. Initially, the ministerial affairs were settled, while vice-ministers were set up as vice-ministers.

Expansion

He continued the expansion of the Later Jin dynasty in

Manchuria Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endo demonym " Manchu") for a historical and geographic region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China (Inner Manchuria) and parts of the Russian Far East (Outer M ...

, pushing deeper into the

Mongolian Plateau The Mongolian Plateau is the part of the Central Asian Plateau lying between 37°46′-53°08′N and 87°40′-122°15′E and having an area of approximately . It is bounded by the Greater Hinggan Mountains in the east, the Yin Mountains to ...

and raiding the

Joseon dynasty Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and r ...

and the

. His personal military abilities were widely praised and he effectively developed the military-civil administration known as the ''Eight Banners'' or

Banner system The Eight Banners (in Manchu: ''jakūn gūsa'', ) were administrative and military divisions under the Later Jin and Qing dynasties of China into which all Manchu households were placed. In war, the Eight Banners functioned as armies, but the ...

. This system was well-suited to accept the different peoples, primarily Han and

Mongol The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

s, who joined the Later Jin state either following negotiated agreements or military defeat. Although Hong Taiji patronized

Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism (also referred to as Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Lamaism, Lamaistic Buddhism, Himalayan Buddhism, and Northern Buddhism) is the form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan, where it is the dominant religion. It is also in majo ...

in public, in private he disdained the Buddhist belief of the Mongols and thought it was destructive of Mongol identity. He is quoted to have said that, "The Mongolian princes are abandoning the Mongolian language; their names are all in imitation of the lamas." The Manchus themselves such as Hong Taiji did not personally believe in Tibetan Buddhism and few wanted to convert. Hong Taiji described some Tibetan Buddhist lamas as "incorrigibles" and "liars", but still patronized Buddhism in order to harness the Tibetans' and Mongols' belief in the religion. Hong Taiji started his conquest by subduing the potent Ming ally in Korea. February 1627 his forces crossed the

Yalu River The Yalu River, known by Koreans as the Amrok River or Amnok River, is a river on the border between North Korea and China. Together with the Tumen River to its east, and a small portion of Paektu Mountain, the Yalu forms the border between ...

which had frozen. In 1628, he attempted to invade the Ming dynasty, but was defeated by

Yuan Chonghuan Yuan Chonghuan (; 6 June 1584 – 22 September 1630), courtesy name Yuansu or Ziru, was a Chinese politician, military general and writer who served under the Ming dynasty. Widely regarded as a patriot in Chinese culture, he is best known for d ...

and his use of artillery. During the next five years, Hong Taiji spent resources in training his artillery to offset the strength of the Ming artillery. Hong Taiji upgraded the weapons of the Empire. He realized the advantage of the Red Cannons and later also bought the Red Cannons into the army. Though the Ming dynasty still had more cannons, Hong Taiji now possessed the cannons of equal might and Asia's strongest cavalry. Also during this time, he sent several probing raids into northern China which were defeated. First attack went through the Jehol Pass, then in 1632 and 1634 he sent raids into Shanxi. In 1636, Hong Taiji invaded Joseon Korea, as the latter did not accept that Hong Taiji had become emperor and refused to assist in operations against the Ming. With the Joseon dynasty surrendered in 1637, Hong Taiji succeeded in making them cut off relations with the Ming dynasty and force them to submit as

tributary state A tributary state is a term for a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power (the suzerain). This to ...

of the

. Also during this period, Hong Taiji took over Inner Mongolia in three major wars, each of them victorious. From 1636 until 1644, he sent 4 major expeditions into the Amur region. In 1640 he completed the conquest of the

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Eve ...

, when he defeated and captured their leader Bombogor. By 1644, the entire region was under his control. Huang Taji's plan at first was to make a deal with the Ming dynasty. If the Ming was willing to give support and money that would be beneficial to the Qing's economy, the Qing in exchange would not only be willing to not attack the borders, but also admit itself as a country one level lower than the Ming dynasty; however, since Ming court officials were reminded of the deal that preceded the

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

's wars with the Jin Empire, the Ming refused the exchange. Huang Taiji rejected the comparison, saying that, "Neither is your Ming ruler a descendant of the Song nor are we heir to the Jin. That was another time." Hong Taiji had not wanted to conquer the Ming. The Ming's refusal ultimately led him to take the offensive. The people who first encouraged him to invade the Ming dynasty were his ethnic Han advisors Fan Wencheng, Ma Guozhu, and Ning Wanwo. Hong Taiji recognized that the Manchus needed Han defectors in order to assist in the conquest of the Ming, and thus explained to other Manchus why he also needed to be lenient to recent defectors like Ming general Hong Chengchou, who surrendered to the Qing in 1642.

Government

When Hong Taiji came into power, the military was composed of entirely Mongol and Manchu companies. By 1636, Hong Taiji created the first of many Chinese companies. Before the conquest of the Ming dynasty, the number of companies organized by him and his successor was 278 Manchus, 120 Mongols, and 165 Han. By the time of Hong Taiji's death there were more ethnic Han than Manchus and he had realized the need for there to be control exerted whilst getting approval from the Han majority. Not only did he incorporate the Han into the military, but also into the government. The Council of Deliberative Officials was formed as the highest level of policy-making and was composed entirely of Manchu. However, Hong Taiji adopted from the Ming such institutions as the Six Ministries, the

Censorate The Censorate was a high-level supervisory agency in Imperial China, first established during the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC). The Censorate was a highly effective agency during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). During the M ...

and others. Each of these lower ministries was headed by a Manchu prince, but had four presidents: two were Manchu, one was Mongol, and one was Han. This basic framework remained, even though the details fluctuated over time, for some time.

Renaming the dynasty

In 1635, Hong Taiji changed the name of his people from Jurchen ( Manchu: ''jušen'') to Manchu, or ''manju'' in the

. The original meaning of ''Manju'' is not known and so the reasons for its adoption remain opaque. There are many theories as to the reason for the choice of name but two of the most commonly cited are its sounding similar to the Manchu word for "brave" and a possible connection with the Bodhisattva Manjusri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom, of whom Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation. The dynastic name Later Jin was a direct reference to the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchen people, who ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. As such, the name was likely to be viewed as closely tied to the Jurchens and would perhaps evoke hostility from ethnic Han who viewed the

, rival state to the Jin, as the legitimate rulers of China at that time. Hong Taiji's ambition was to conquer

China proper China proper, Inner China, or the Eighteen Provinces is a term used by some Western writers in reference to the "core" regions of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China. This term is used to express a distinction between the "core" regions pop ...

and overthrow the

, and to do that required not only a powerful military force but also an effective bureaucratic administration. For this, he used the obvious model, that of the Ming government, and recruited Ming officials to his cause. If the name of Later Jin would prove an impediment to his goal among the Han people, then it was not too much to change it. At the same time, Hong Taiji conquered the territory north of Shanhai pass by Ming Dynasty and

Ligdan Khan Khutugtu Khan ( mn, Хутагт Хаан; ), born Ligdan ( mn, Лигдэн; ), (1588–1634) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1604 to 1634. During his reign, he vigorously attempted to reunify the divided Mongol Empire, a ...

in Inner Mongolia. He won one of the Yuan dynasty's imperial jade seal (Chinese: ) and a golden Buddha called "Mahakala". In April 1636, Mongol nobility of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility and the Han mandarin held the Kurultai in Shenyang, recommended khan of Later Jin to be the emperor of Great Qing empire. Russian archive contains translations of the 1636 year Hong Taiji decree with the provision that after the fall of the Qing dynasty Mongols will return to their previous laws, i.e. independence. Whatever the precise motivation, Hong Taiji proclaimed the establishment of the Qing dynasty and also changed his era name to Chóngdé in 1636. The reasons for the choice of Qing as the new name are likewise unclear, although it has been speculated that the sound – Jin and Qing are pronounced similarly in Manchu – or '' wuxing'' theory – traditional ideas held that fire, associated with the character for Ming, was overcome by water, associated with the character for Qing – may have influenced the choice. Another possible reason may be that Hong Taiji changed the name of the dynasty from (Later) Jin to Qing in 1636 because of internecine fraternal struggle and skirmish between brothers and half brothers for the throne. According to Taoist philosophy, the name Jin has the meaning of metal and fire in its constituent, thereby igniting the tempers of the brothers of the Manchu Royal household into open conflicts and wars. Hong Taiji therefore adopted the new name of Great Qing (大清), the Chinese character of which has the water symbol strokeson its left hand side. The name, which means clear and transparent, with its water symbol was hoped to put out the feud among the brothers of the Manchu Royal household. Hongtaiji claimed that the progenitor of his Aisin Gioro clan,

Bukūri Yongšon Bukūri Yongšon (; ? – ?) was a legendary ancestor of the future emperors of the Qing dynasty. Legend Bukūri Yongšon was claimed the progenitor of the Aisin Gioro clan by Hong Taiji, which would be the imperial family of China in the futur ...

(布庫里雍順), was conceived from a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, namely Enggulen (恩古倫), Jenggulen (正古倫) and Fekulen (佛庫倫), were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the

Changbai Mountains The Changbai Mountains ( simplified Chinese:长白山; traditional Chinese:長白山) are a major mountain range in Northeast Asia that extends from the Northeast Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, across the border bet ...

. A magpie dropped a piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, another older version of the story by the Hurha (Hurka) tribe member Muksike recorded in 1635 contradicts Hongtaiji's version on location, claiming that it was in

Heilongjiang Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...

province close to the Amur river at Bukuri mountain where Bulhuri lake was located where the "heavenly maidens" took their bath. This was recorded in the Jiu Manzhou Dang and his much shorter and simpler in addition to being older. This is believed to be the original version and Hongtaiji changed it to Changbai mountain. It shows that the Aisin Gioro clan originated in the Amur area and the Heje ( Hezhen) and other Amur valley Jurchen tribes had an oral version of the same tale. It also fits with Jurchen history since some ancestors of the Manchus originated north before the 14th-15th centuries in the Amur and only later moved south.

The banners status

Before Hong Taiji was emperor, he controlled the two White banners. Upon Nurhaci's death, Hong Taiji immediately switched his two White Banners with Nurhaci's two Yellow Banners, which should have been passed on to Dorgon and his brothers. As emperor, he was the holder of three banners out of eight. He controlled the Upper Three Banners or the Elite banners which at the time were the Plain/Bordered Yellow Banners and Plain Blue Banner. Later the Plain Blue Banner was switched by Dorgon to the Plain White Banner as the third Elite Banner. At the end of his reign, Hong Taiji gave the two Yellow Banners to his eldest son Hooge. Daisan, who was the second son of Nurhaci, and his son controlled the two Red Banners. Dorgon and his two brothers controlled the two White Banners and Šurhaci's son

Jirgalang Jirgalang or Jirhalang (Manchu: 19 November 1599 – June 11, 1655) was a Manchu noble, regent, and political and military leader of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the Aisin Gioro clan, he was the sixth son of Šurhaci, a younger brother of ...

controlled the remaining Bordered Blue Banner.

Death and succession

Hong Taiji died on 21 September 1643 just as the Qing was preparing to attack Shanhai Pass, the last Ming fortification guarding access to the north China plains.; ; Because he died without having named an heir, the Qing state now faced a succession crisis. The

Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers The Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers (), also known as the Council of Princes and High Officials and Assembly of Princes and High Officials, or simply as the Deliberative Council (; ), was an advisory body for the emperors of the ear ...

debated on whether to grant the throne to Hong Taiji's half-brother

a proven military leader or to Hong Taiji's eldest son Hooge. As a compromise, Hong Taiji's five-year-old ninth son Fulin was chosen, while Dorgon alongside Nurhaci's nephew

was given the title of "prince regent". Fulin was officially crowned emperor of the Qing dynasty on 8 October 1643 and it was decided that he would reign under the era name "

Shunzhi The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661) was the second emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1644 to 1661. A committee of Manchu princes chose him to succee ...

." A few months later, Qing armies led by Dorgon seized

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...

, and the young Shunzhi Emperor became the first Qing emperor to rule from that new capital. That the Qing state succeeded not only in conquering China but also in establishing a capable administration was due in large measure to the foresight and policies of Hong Taiji. His body was buried in Zhaoling, located in northern Shenyang.

Legacy

As the emperor, he is commonly recognized as having abilities similar to the best emperors such as Yongle,

Emperor Taizong of Tang Emperor Taizong of Tang (28January 59810July 649), previously Prince of Qin, personal name Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty ...

because of his effective rule, effective use of talent, and effective warring skills. According to half historian and half writer Jin Yong, Hong Taiji had the broad and wise views of

Qin Shi Huang Qin Shi Huang (, ; 259–210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of a unified China. Rather than maintain the title of " king" ( ''wáng'') borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Empero ...

, Emperor Gaozu of Han,

Emperor Guangwu of Han Emperor Guangwu of Han (; 15 January 5 BC – 29 March AD 57), born Liu Xiu (), courtesy name Wenshu (), was a Chinese monarch. He served as an emperor of the Han dynasty by restoring the dynasty in AD 25, thus founding the Eastern Han (Later ...

, Emperor Wen of Sui,

Emperor Taizu of Song Emperor Taizu of Song (21 March 927 – 14 November 976), personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty of China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguish ...

, Kublai Khan, the Hongwu Emperor, and the Yongle Emperor. His political abilities were paralleled only by Genghis Khan,

, and

. In this sense, Hong Taiji is considered by some historians as the true first emperor for the Qing dynasty. Some historians suspect Hong Taiji was overall underrated and overlooked as a great emperor because he was a Manchu.

Family

Primary Consort * Consort Yuan, of the Niohuru clan (元妃鈕祜祿氏; 1593–1612) ** Lobohoi (洛博會; 1611–1617), third son * Consort Ji, of the Ula Nara clan (繼妃烏拉那拉氏) ** Hooge, Prince Suwu of the First Rank (肅武親王豪格; 16 April 1609 – 4 May 1648), first son ** Loge (洛格; 1611 – November/December 1621), second son ** Princess Aohan of the First Rank (敖漢固倫公主; 3 April 1621 – February/March 1654), first daughter *** Married Bandi (班第; d. 1647) of the Aohan Borjigit clan on 25 May 1633 * Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (孝端文皇后博爾濟吉特氏; 31 May 1599 – 28 May 1649), personal name Jerjer (哲哲) ** Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank (固倫溫莊公主; 10 September 1625 – April/May 1663), personal name Makata (馬喀塔), second daughter *** Married Ejei (d. 1641) of the Chahar Borjigit clan on 16 February 1636 *** Married Abunai (阿布奈; 1635–1675) of the Chahar Borjigit clan in 1645, and had issue (two sons) ** Princess Jingduan of the First Rank (固倫靖端公主; 2 August 1628 – June/July 1686), third daughter *** Married Kitad (奇塔特; d. 1653) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1639 ** Princess Yong'an Duanzhen of the First Rank (固倫永安端貞公主; 7 October 1634 – February/March 1692), eighth daughter *** Married Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1645 *

Empress Xiaozhuangwen Bumbutai ( mn, Бумбутай; mnc, m= ; zh, 布木布泰; 28 March 1613 – 27 January 1688), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, was the consort of Hong Taiji. She was 21 years his junior. She was honoured as Empress Dowager Zhaosheng ...

of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (孝莊文皇后博爾濟吉特氏; 28 March 1613 – 27 January 1688), personal name Bumbutai (布木布泰) ** Princess Yongmu of the First Rank (固倫雍穆公主; 31 January 1629 – February/March 1678), personal name Yatu (雅圖), fourth daughter *** Married Birtakhar (弼爾塔哈爾; d. 1667) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1641 ** Princess Shuhui of the First Rank (固倫淑慧公主; 2 March 1632 – 28 February 1700), personal name Atu (阿圖), fifth daughter *** Married Suo'erha (索爾哈) of the Khalkha Borjigit clan in 1643 *** Married Sabdan (色布騰; d. 1667) of the Barin Borjigit clan in 1648 ** Princess Shuzhe Duanxian of the First Rank (固倫淑哲端獻公主; 16 December 1633 – February/March 1648), seventh daughter *** Married Lamasi (喇瑪思) of the Jarud Borjigit clan in 1645 ** Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor (世祖福臨; 15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661), ninth son * Primary Consort Minhui, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (敏惠元妃博爾濟吉特氏; 1609 – 22 October 1641), personal name Harjol (海蘭珠) ** ''Eighth son'' (27 August 1637 – 13 March 1638) Secondary Consort * Noble Consort Yijing, of the Abaga Borjigit clan (懿靖貴妃博爾濟吉特氏; d. 1674), personal name Namjung (娜木鐘) ** Princess Duanshun of the First Rank (固倫端順公主; 30 April 1636 – July/August 1650), 11th daughter *** Married Garma Sodnam (噶爾瑪索諾木; d. 1663) of the Abaga Borjigit clan in December 1647 or January 1648 **

Bomubogor Prince Xiang of the First Rank, or simply Prince Xiang, was the title of a Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, princely peerage used in China during the Manchu people, Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912). As the Prince Xiang peerage was no ...

, Prince Xiangzhao of the First Rank (襄昭親王博穆博果爾; 20 January 1642 – 22 August 1656), 11th son * Consort Kanghuishu, of the Abaga Borjigit clan (康惠淑妃博爾濟吉特氏; 1606 – June/July 1667), personal name Batmadzoo (巴特瑪璪) * Secondary consort, of the Yehe Nara clan (側福晉葉赫那拉氏), personal name Wuyunzhu (烏雲珠) **

Šose Aisin Gioro Shuose (； 17 January 1629 - 12 January 1655) was Hong Taiji's fifth son and the first bearer of the Prince Chengze title. In 1655, the peerage was renamed to Prince Zhuang of the First Rank. In 1778, the Prince Chengze of the First Ra ...

, Prince Chengzeyu of the First Rank (承澤裕親王碩塞; 17 January 1629 – 12 January 1655), fifth son * Secondary consort, of the Jarud Borjigit clan (側福晉博爾濟吉特氏) ** Princess of the First Rank (固倫公主; 15 December 1633 – April/May 1649), sixth daughter *** Married Kuazha (誇札; d. 1649) of the Manchu

Irgen Gioro Irgen Gioro (; ) is a Manchu clan and family name, which was officially categorized as a "notable clan", and member of the eight great houses of the Manchu nobility in Qing dynasty. Sibe and Nanai people also has Irgen Gioro as their family na ...

clan in December 1644 or January 1645 ** Ninth daughter (5 November 1635 – April/May 1652) *** Married Hashang (哈尚; d. 1651) of the Mongol Borjigit clan in October/November 1648 Concubine * Mistress, of the Yanzha clan (顏扎氏) ** Yebušu, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公葉布舒; 25 November 1627 – 23 October 1690), fourth son * Mistress, of the

Nara The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It ...

clan (那拉氏) ** Lady of the Second Rank (縣君; 30 November 1635 – August/September 1661), tenth daughter *** Married Huisai (輝塞; d. 1651) of the Manchu

Gūwalgiya Gūwalgiya ( Manchu Chinese: ; ) was one of the most powerful Manchu clans. It is often listed by historians as the first of the eight prominent Manchu clans of the Qing dynasty. After the demise of the dynasty, some of its descendants siniciz ...

clan in September/October 1651 ** Gose, Duke Quehou of the First Rank (鎮國愨厚公高塞; 12 March 1637 – 5 September 1670), sixth son ** 13th daughter (16 August 1638 – May/June 1657) *** Married Laha (拉哈) of the Manchu

clan in March/April 1652 * Mistress, of the Sayin Noyan clan (賽音諾顏氏) ** Lady of the Third Rank (鄉君; 9 April 1637 – November/December 1678), 12th daughter *** Married Bandi (班迪; d. 1700) of the Mongol Borjigit clan in September/October 1651 * Mistress, of the

clan (伊爾根覺羅氏) ** Cangšu, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公常舒; 13 May 1637 – 13 February 1700), seventh son * Mistress, of the Keyikelei clan (克伊克勒氏) ** Toose, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公韜塞; 12 March 1639 – 23 March 1695), tenth son * Mistress, of the Cilei clan (奇壘氏; d. 1645) ** Princess Kechun of the Second Rank (和碩恪純公主; 7 January 1642 – December 1704 or January 1705), 14th daughter *** Married Wu Yingxiong (1634–1675) on 9 October 1653, and had issue (three sons, one daughter)

Ancestry

Popular culture

*Portrayed by Kim Yoon-hyung in the 1981

KBS1 The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) () is the national broadcaster of South Korea. Founded in February 1927, it is one of the leading South Korean television and radio broadcasters. KBS operates seven radio networks, ten television channels, ...

TV Series '' Daemyeong''. * Portrayed by

Tang Guoqiang Tang Guoqiang (born 4 May 1952) is a Chinese actor best known for portraying historical figures in several films and television series. Some of his more notable roles include: various Chinese emperors (e.g. Emperor Taizong of Tang, Yongle Emper ...

in the 2003 TV series '' The Affaire in the Swing Age'' * Portrayed by Liu Dekai in the 2003 TV series '' Xiaozhuang Mishi''. * Portrayed by

Jiang Wen Jiang Wen (born 5 January 1963) is a Chinese actor, screenwriter, and director. As a director, he is sometimes grouped with the "Sixth Generation" that emerged in the 1990s. Jiang is also well known internationally as an actor, having starred wit ...

in the 2006 TV series ''

Da Qing Fengyun ''Da Qing Fengyun'', alternatively known as ''Qing Gong Fengyun'', is a 2006 Chinese television series directed by Chen Jialin, starring Zhang Fengyi, Xu Qing and Jiang Wen. Set in the early Qing dynasty, the story focuses on the romance between Do ...

''. * Portrayed by Hawick Lau in the 2012 TV series ''In Love With Power''. * Portrayed by Nam Kyung-eub in the 2013

jTBC JTBC (shortened from ''Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company'' (; stylized as jtbc) is a South Korean nationwide pay television network. Its primary shareholder is JoongAng Holdings, with a 25% stake. It was launched on 1 December 2011. JTB ...

TV series '' Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers''. * Portrayed by Byun Joo-hyun in the 2014 tvN TV series ''

The Three Musketeers ''The Three Musketeers'' (french: Les Trois Mousquetaires, links=no, ) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight ...

''. * Portrayed by Jung Sung-woon in the 2015 MBC TV series '' Hwajung''. * Portrayed by Raymond Lam in the 2017 TV series '' Rule the World'' * Portrayed by Kim Beob-rae in the 2017 film '' The Fortress''.

Names and titles

Consolidation of power

Ethnic policies

Expansion

Government

Renaming the dynasty

The banners status

Death and succession

Legacy

Family

Ancestry

Popular culture

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading