''Homotonal'' (same-tonality) is a technical musical term pertaining to the tonal structure of multi-movement

compositions Composition or Compositions may refer to: Arts and literature *Composition (dance), practice and teaching of choreography *Composition (language), in literature and rhetoric, producing a work in spoken tradition and written discourse, to include v ...

. It was introduced into

musicology Musicology (from Greek μουσική ''mousikē'' 'music' and -λογια ''-logia'', 'domain of study') is the scholarly analysis and research-based study of music. Musicology departments traditionally belong to the humanities, although some m ...

Hans Keller Hans (Heinrich) Keller (11 March 19196 November 1985) was an Austrian-born British musician and writer, who made significant contributions to musicology and music criticism, as well as being a commentator on such disparate fields as psychoana ...

. According to Keller's definition and usage, a multi-movement composition is 'homotonal' if all of its

movements Movement may refer to: Common uses * Movement (clockwork), the internal mechanism of a timepiece * Motion, commonly referred to as movement Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * "Movement" (short story), a short story by Nancy Fu ...

have the same tonic (keynote). 'Homotonality' is by no means uncommon in compositions of the Baroque era: many Baroque multi-movement works based on dance-forms manifest the same tonic—and even the same ''mode'' (major or minor) – throughout. Thus, for example, J.S. Bach's solo violin partita BWV 1004 is homotonal ''

ll movements in D minor Ll/ll is a Digraph (orthography), digraph that occurs in several languages English In English language, English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, o ...

', as is his solo flute partita BWV 1013 ''

ll movements in A minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

'. Similarly,

Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music. Regarded as one of the greatest Baroque composers, Vivaldi's influence during his lifetime was widesprea ...

's sonata for oboe and continuo RV53 (n.d.) is homotonal ''

ll movements in C minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended l ...

'. Homotonality is even encountered in some Baroque concertos: examples include Vivaldi's Cello Concertos RV401 (n.d.) ''

' and RV416 (n.d.) ''

ll movements in G minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

', and

Jean-Marie Leclair Jean-Marie Leclair l'aîné (Jean-Marie Leclair the Elder) (10 May 1697 – 22 October 1764) was a French Baroque violinist and composer. He is considered to have founded the French violin school. His brothers, the lesser-known Jean-Marie L ...

's Violin Concerto Op.7 No 1 (1737) ''

'. With the Classical era, however, the situation changes. Outside of two-movement works (which, classically speaking, will maintain the same tonic for both movements and will thus be homotonal by definition), classical-era homotonality is relatively rare: a classical work in three movements will normally move to a different tonic for its middle movement, and a classical work in four movements will normally have at least one of its middle movements in a key other than the original tonic. The classical composer most closely associated with the homotonal principle is

Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn ( , ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions to musical form have le ...

. Keller himself was keen to emphasise that different classical composers showed differing degrees of interest in homotonal structure: Keller's coinage and concept have not become standard among musicologists. Musicologist William Drabkin, for example, asked the question "doesn't 'homotonality' sound a trifle queer?" William Drabkin, review of Hans Keller, ''The Great Haydn Quartets: Their Interpretation'', Musical Times, Vol. 127, No. 1726 (Nov., 1986), pp. 624–625 The term 'homotonality' (referring to ''the manifest retention of a tonic'') should not be confused with ' monotonality' (the theoretical position according to which a tonal structure has only one 'real' tonic, and all

modulation In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the '' carrier signal'', with a separate signal called the ''modulation signal'' that typically contains informat ...

is superficial or illusory).

Examples

Examples of 'homotonal' works (in more than two movements) from the classical era and afterwards are:

1750s

:*The Toy Symphony ''

ll movements in G major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 37 (c. 1758) '' ll movements in C major or C minor'

1760s

:*Haydn's Symphony No. 4 (1757–60) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 19 (1757–61) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 17 (1760–61) '' ll movements in F major or F minor' :*Haydn's

Piano Trio A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments, usually a violin and a cello, or a piece of music written for such a group. It is one of the most common forms found in classical chamber music. The term can also refer to a group of m ...

Hob. XV/1 (1761) ''

' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 25 (1761–63) '' ll movements in C major' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 12 (1763) '' ll movements in E major or E minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 33 (1763–65) '' ll movements in C major or C minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 21 (1764) '' ll movements in A major' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 22 'The Philosopher' (1764) '' ll movements in E-flat major' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 34 (1765) ''

ll movements in D minor or D major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended l ...

' :*

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition r ...

's Symphony K. 16a 'Odense' (perhaps spurious, 1765?) ''

ll movements in A minor or A major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :*Mozart's Sonata in C major for keyboard four-hands, K. 19d (perhaps spurious, 1765?) '' ll movements in C major' :*Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV/37 (1766) '' ll movements in F major' :*Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV/38 (1766) '' ll movements in B-flat major' :*Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV/C1 (1766) '' ll movements in C major' :*Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XIV/6 (1767) '' ll movements in G major or G minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 49 'La Passione' (1768) '' ll movements in F minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 59 'Fire' (c. 1768) '' ll movements in A major or A minor'

1770s

:*Mozart's string quartet K.80 (1770) ''

' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.17 No. 1 (1771) '' ll movements in E major or E minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.17 No. 5 (1771) '' ll movements in G major or G minor' :*Mozart's Symphony K. 96 "No. 46" (1771) '' ll movements in C major or C minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 52 (1771–72) '' ll movements in C minor or C major' :*Haydn's string quartet Op.20 No. 2 (1772) '' ll movements in C major or C minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.20 No. 3 (1772) '' ll movements in G major or G minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.20 No. 4 (1772) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.20 No. 5 (1772) '' ll movements in F minor or F major' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 44 'Trauer' (1772) ''

ll movements in E minor or E major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended l ...

' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 46 (1772) '' ll movements in B major or B minor' :*Mozart's string quartet K.157 (1772) '' ll movements in C major or C minor' :*Haydn's Piano Sonata Hob.XVI:23 (1773) '' ll movements in F major or F minor' :*Mozart's string quartet K.168 (1773) '' ll movements in F major or F minor' :*Mozart's string quartet K.173 (1773) ''

' :*Mozart's Piano Sonata K.280 (1774) '' ll movements in F major or F minor' :*Mozart's Symphony K. 208+102 "No. 52" (1775) '' ll movements in C major' :*Haydn's Piano Sonata Hob.XVI:27 (1776) '' ll movements G major' :*Mozart's 'Serenata Notturna' K.239 (1776) ''

ll movements in D major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :*Mozart's Notturno for 4 Orchestras K.286 (1777) ''

' :*Mozart's Piano Sonata K.331 (1778) '' ll movements in A major or A minor' :*Mozart's

Sinfonia Concertante for Oboe, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon and Orchestra Sinfonia (; plural ''sinfonie'') is the Italian word for symphony, from the Latin ''symphonia'', in turn derived from Ancient Greek συμφωνία ''symphōnia'' (agreement or concord of sound), from the prefix σύν (together) and ϕωνή (so ...

K.297b (perhaps spurious, 1778?) '' ll movements in E-flat major' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 70 (1779) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*

Michael Haydn Johann Michael Haydn (; 14 September 173710 August 1806) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period, the younger brother of Joseph Haydn. Life Michael Haydn was born in 1737 in the Austrian village of Rohrau, near the Hungarian border. ...

's Symphony No. 23 (c. 1779) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Mozart's Symphony No. 32 (1779) ''

1780s

:*Haydn's Symphony No. 63 'La Roxelane' (1779–81) '' ll movements in C major or C minor' :*Haydn's Piano Sonata Hob.XVI:37 (1780) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's Symphony No. 62 (1780–81) ''

' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.33 No.5 (1781) '' ll movements in G major or G minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.33 No.6 (1781) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Mozart's Serenade for winds K.375 (1781) '' ll movements in E-flat major' :*Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV:5 (1785) ''

' :*Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV:7 (1785) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's Piano Trio Hob. XV:10 (1785) '' ll movements in F major' :* Hoffmeister's Viola Concerto No. 1 (1786) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.50 No.6 (1787) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.54 No.2 (1788) '' ll movements in C major or C minor' :*Haydn's String Quartet Op.55 No.2 (1788) '' ll movements in F minor or F major' :*Mozart's Violin Sonata K.547 (1788) '' ll movements in F major'

1790s

:*Haydn's String Quartet Op.64 No.2 (1790) '' ll movements in B minor or B major' :*Haydn's Piano Trio no. 37 in A major, Hob. XV:18 (1793) '' ll movements in A major or A minor' :* Dussek's Piano Concerto No. 5, Op. 22 (1793) '' ll movements in B-flat major' :*Haydn's Piano Trio no. 38 in D major, Hob. XV:24 (1795) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Haydn's Piano Trio no. 40 in F-sharp minor, Hob. XV:26 (1795) '' ll movements in F-sharp minor or F-sharp major' :*

Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classic ...

's Piano sonata Op.2 No.1 (1795) '' ll movements in F minor or F major' (dedicated to Haydn) :*Haydn's Piano Trio No. 44, Hob. XV:28 (1797) '' ll movements in E major or E minor' :*Haydn's String quartet Op.76 No.2 (1797) ''

' :*Beethoven's Piano sonata Op.10 No.2 (1796–98) '' ll movements in F major or F minor' :*Beethoven's Piano sonata Op.10 No.3 (1796–98) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Beethoven's Violin Sonata No. 2, Op.12 No.2 (1797–8) '' ll movements in A major or A minor' :*Haydn's String Duo, Hob. VI:Anh. 1 (1798) '' ll movements in B-flat major' :*Haydn's String Duo, Hob. VI:Anh. 2 (1798) '' ll movements in E-flat major' :*Beethoven's String Trio No. 4 (1798) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Beethoven's Piano sonata Op.14 No.1 (1798–99) '' ll movements in E major or E minor' :*Beethoven's Violin Sonata No. 4 Op. 23 (1800) ''

After 1800

:*Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op.26 (1800–01) ''

ll movements in A-flat major or a-flat minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :*Beethoven's String Quartet Op.18 No.4 (1801) '' ll movements in c minor or C major' :*Beethoven's Piano Sonata ''Quasi una fantasia'' Op.27 No.2 ('Moonlight Sonata') (1801) ''

ll movements in c-sharp minor or D-flat major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :*Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op.28 (1801) '' ll movements in D major or d minor' :* Clementi's Piano Sonata Op.40 No.2 (1801–02) '' ll movements in b minor' :*Clementi's Piano Sonata Op.40 No.3 (1802) '' ll movements in D major or d minor' :*Beethoven's String Quartet Op.59 No.2 (1806) '' ll movements in e minor or E major, although the finale deceptively begins in C major' :*Beethoven's

Op.70 No.1 ('Ghost') (1808) '' ll movements in D major or d minor' :*Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op.79 (1809) '' ll movements in G major or g minor' :*

Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast ''oeuvre'', including more than 600 secular vocal wor ...

's String Quartet D.87 (1813) '' ll movements in E-flat major' :* Paganini's Violin Concerto in E minor (ca. 1815) '' ll movements in E minor / major' :*Schubert's Piano Sonata No.7 in D (D.567/568) (1st version, 1817) '' ll movements in D-flat major or c-sharp minor' :*Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op. 109 (1820) '' ll movements in E major or e minor' :*Clementi's Piano Sonata Op. 50 No.3 'Didone Abbandonata' (1821) ''

ll movements in g minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :*

Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include sym ...

's Viola Sonata in c minor MWV Q 14 (1824) ''

ll movements in c minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended l ...

' :* Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 Op. 11 (1830) ''

ll movements in e minor or E major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended l ...

' :*

Friedrich Kalkbrenner Friedrich Wilhelm Michael Kalkbrenner (2–8 November 1785 – 10 June 1849), also known as ''Frédéric Kalkbrenner'', was a pianist, composer, piano teacher and piano manufacturer. German by birth, Kalkbrenner studied at the Conservatoire de ...

's Piano Concerto No. 4 in A-flat major, Op. 147 (1835) ''

' :* Alkan's Piano Trio No. 1 in g minor, Op. 30 (published 1841) '' ll movements in g minor or G major' :*Mendelssohn's Organ Sonata Op.65 No.2 (1844) '' ll movements in c minor or C major' :*Mendelssohn's Organ Sonata Op. 65 No.6 (1845) '' ll movements in D major or d minor' :*

Schumann Robert Schumann (; 8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law, intending to pursue a career a ...

's Symphony No. 2 Op. 61 (1845–46) '' ll movements in C major or c minor' :*

Brahms Johannes Brahms (; 7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna. He is sometimes grouped with ...

' Piano Trio No. 1 Op. 8 (1853-4; rev. 1889) '' ll movements in B major or b minor' :* Smetana's Piano Trio Op. 15 (1854–5) ''

' :*Brahms' Piano Concerto No. 1 Op.15 (1854–9) ''

ll movements in d minor or D major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended l ...

' :*Brahms' Horn Trio Op. 40 (1865) ''

ll movements in E-flat major or e-flat minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :*Brahms' String Quartet No. 2 Op. 51 No. 2 (1873) ''

ll movements in A minor or a major Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :* Grieg's

Holberg Suite The ''Holberg Suite'', Op. 40, more properly ''From Holberg's Time'' (Norwegian: ''Fra Holbergs tid''), subtitled "Suite in olden style" ( no, Suite i gammel stil, links=no, italics=no), is a suite of five movements based on eighteenth-century ...

Op. 40 (1884) '' ll movements in G major or g minor' :*Brahms' Piano Trio No. 3 Op. 101 (1886) '' ll movements in c minor or C major' :*

Christian Sinding Christian August Sinding (11 January 18563 December 1941) was a Norwegian composer. He is best known for his lyrical work for piano '' Frühlingsrauschen'' (Rustle of Spring, 1896). He was often compared to Edvard Grieg and regarded as his succ ...

's Suite im alten Stil Op. 10 (1888) ''

ll movements in a minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :* Dvořák's Sonatina for Violin and Piano Op. 100 (1893) '' ll movements in G major or g minor' :*Brahms'

Clarinet Sonata A clarinet sonata is piece of music in sonata (music), sonata form for clarinet, often with piano accompaniment. The Clarinet Sonatas (Brahms), Clarinet Sonatas by Brahms are of special significance in the development of the clarinet repertoire. Se ...

Op. 120 No. 2 (1894) ''

' :* Scriabin's

Piano Concerto A piano concerto is a type of concerto, a solo composition in the classical music genre which is composed for a piano player, which is typically accompanied by an orchestra or other large ensemble. Piano concertos are typically virtuoso showpie ...

Op. 20 (1896) '' ll movements in f-sharp minor or F-sharp major' :* Zemlinsky's String Quartet No. 1, Op. 4 (1896) '' ll movements in A major or a minor' :*Roffredo Caetani's Piano Quintet Op. 4 (1897) ''

ll movements in f-sharp minor Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages English In English, often represents the same sound as single : . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended ...

' :* Satie's

Jack in the Box Jack in the Box is an American fast-food restaurant chain founded February 21, 1951, by Robert O. Peterson (1916–1994) in San Diego, California, where it is headquartered. The chain has over 2,200 locations, primarily serving the West Coast ...

(1899) '' ll movements in C major'

After 1900

Arne Oldberg Arne Oldberg (July 12, 1874 in Youngstown, OhioOLDBERG, Arne
in ''

ll movements in B-flat minor or B-flat major' :*

Debussy (Achille) Claude Debussy (; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionism in music, Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most infl ...

's Sonata for flute, viola and harp (1915) '' ll movements in F major or F minor' :*Debussy's

Violin Sonata A violin sonata is a musical composition for violin, often accompanied by a keyboard instrument and in earlier periods with a bass instrument doubling the keyboard bass line. The violin sonata developed from a simple baroque form with no fixed fo ...

(1916–17) '' ll movements in G minor or G major' :*Britten's '' Sinfonia da Requiem'', Op. 20 (1940) '' ll movements in D major or D minor' :*Britten's String Quartet No. 2, Op. 36 (1945) '' ll movements in C major or C minor' :* Miriam Hyde's Trio for Flute, Clarinet and Piano (1948) '' ll movements in G major or G minor' :*Miriam Hyde's Clarinet Sonata (1949) '' ll movements in F minor or F major' :*

Mikhail Goldstein Mikhail Emmanuilovich Goldstein (russian: Михаил Эммануилович Гольдштейн, also transcribed as Michael Emmanuilowitsch Goldstein, he, מיכאל גולדשטיין; pen name: Mykhailo Mykhailovsky; 7 September 1989), was ...

's Symphony in G minor, attributed to Mykola Ovsianiko-Kulikovsky as his "Symphony No. 21" (1948) '' ll movements in G minor or G major' :* Nikolay Myaskovsky's String Quartet No. 13, Op. 86 (1949) ''

After 2000

Christopher Norton Christopher Norton (born June 22, 1953) is a British pianist and composer of Jazz music. His pieces are standard in piano learning repitoire, especially the ABRSM piano grades. Education Norton was born in New Zealand. He worked as a composer- ...

's Clarinet Sonata (2012) '' ll movements in C major'

References

{{Music theory lists Musical analysis Musical keys