Holtzmann's law

Holtzmann's law is a Proto-Germanic sound law originally noted by Adolf Holtzmann in 1838. It is also known by its traditional German name ''Verschärfung'' (literally: "sharpening"). (A similar sound law which has affected modern Faroese, called ''skerping'' in Faroese itself, is also known as "Faroese ''Verschärfung''" in English.)

Description and occurrences

The law involves the gemination, or doubling, of PIE semivowels (glides) ' and ' in strong prosodic positions into Proto-Germanic ' and ', which had two outcomes:
* hardening into occlusive onsets:
** '/' in North Germanic;
** '/' in East Germanic
* vocalization of the first semivowel, its addition to a diphthong, and division of the diphthong and remaining semivowel into two separate segments in West Germanic.
The process is brought about by the fact that vowels (or semivowels) in the syllable margin are invariably transformed into consonantal articulations.

The conditions of the sound change were long debated, since there was a seemingly random distribution of affected and unaffected words. At first, dependence on word accent was assumed, parallel to Verner's Law. One currently accepted solution, first proposed by Smith (1941), postulates dependency on the presence of a PIE laryngeal, which when lost, triggered lengthening as if the semivowels were vowels, and forced them into the syllable margin.

According to Lehmann (1955), the lengthening occurs in the contexts of PIE ', ', ', ' (where ''V'' is any short vowel, and ''H'' is any laryngeal).

For example, PIE *' → early Proto-Germanic *''trewwjaz'' 'trustworthy, faithful' →:
* *''triwwjaz'': Old Norse ''tryggr'', Gothic ''triggws''
* *''triuwjaz'': Old English ''trēowe'', Old High German gi''triuwi''.

One instance where a laryngeal was never present is PIE *''h₂ōwyóm'' 'egg', but after the loss of ', the ' shifted into the syllable margin, giving:
* with hardening:
** *: Crimean Gothic (pl.) (* (sg.) < *)
** *: Old Norse ''egg''
* with diphthongization:
** *: German ''Ei'', Old English

Alternative views

Some linguists (e.g. Joseph Voyles) hold that Holtzmann's Law represents two separate and independent sound changes, one applying to Gothic and another to Old Norse, rather than being a common innovation. This is supported by James Marchand's observation that a Runic inscription (''niuwila'' on the Naesbjaerg bracteate of the 5th century) and an early loan into Finnic (*''kuva'' 'picture', cf. Gothic ''skuggwa'' 'mirror', Old High German ''skūwo'' 'look') do not exhibit this change. If true, this would prevent Holtzmann's law being used as an example of early Gotho-Nordic unity, in which context it is often cited. Voyles's explanations of the changes do not involve laryngeal theory.

Similar developments in later Nordic languages

Faroese shows a similar development, where some Old Norse long vowels developed into diphthongs, which then hardened into stops, e.g. Old Norse ''þrír'' → Faroese ''tríggir'', ON ''róa'' → Far. ''rógva''. This phenomenon is commonly called "Faroese Verschärfung" or by the Faroese term ''skerping'' ("sharpening"), which, however, also is used about the fronting of vowels that subsequently takes place in these contexts. Another similar change occurs in a number of Jutlandic dialects of Danish, where high vowels carrying the ''stød'' prosody develop diphthongal glides which are then "hardened" into stops or fricatives, a phenomenon commonly called "klusilspring" ("stop shifting") or "klusilparasit" ("stop parasite").

See also

*Northwest Germanic
*Grimm's law

Notes

References

* William M. Austin, ''Germanic Reflexes of Indo-European -Hy- and -Hw-'', Language (1958), 203–211.
* Kuryƚowicz, J. "The Germanic Verschärfung." Language 43, no. 2 (1967): 445–51. doi:10.2307/411544.
* Rowe, Charley, ''The problematic Holtzmann's Law in Germanic'', Indogermanische Forschungen 108, (2003), 258–266.
*L. C. Smith, ''What's all the fuss about 16 words? A new approach to Holtzmann's law'' Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 1.
*L. C. Smith, ''Holtzmann's law: getting to the hart of the Germanic verscharfung'', University of Calgary thesis, (1997).

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