History of the Khaljis

Kishori Saran Lal (1920–2002), better known as K. S. Lal, was an Indian historian. He is the author of several works, mainly on the medieval history of India.

Career

He obtained his master's degree in 1941 at the University of Allahabad. In 1945 he obtained his D.Phil. with a dissertation on the history of the Khalji Educational Service and taught at the Government Colleges at Nagpur, Jabalpur, and Bhopal. In 1963, he joined University of Delhi as a reader and taught Medieval Indian history in its History Department.

For the next ten years, starting 1973, he was the Professor and Head of the Department of History, first at the University of Jodhpur (1973–79), and then at the Central University of Hyderabad (1979–83).

Besides his mother tongue Hindi, he was fluent in Persian, Old Persian, Urdu (NCERT) Committee to draft the model school syllabus on Indian History.

List of works

*''History of the Khaljis'' (1950, 1967, 1980)
*''Twilight of the Sultanate'' (1963, 1980)
*''Studies in Asian History'' (edited – 1969)
*''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India'' (1973)
* ''Early Muslims in India'' (1984)
* ''The Mughal Harem'' (1988) is study on the history and nature of the Mughal Harem of medieval India. K.S. Lal writes about many obscure topics like the role of the Eunuchs and drugs like opium in the Mughal Harem.

* '' Indian Muslims: Who are they'' (1990)
* ''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India'' is a book published in 1993. (Aditya Prakashan, ).
* ''Muslim Slave System in Medieval India'' (1994)
* ''Historical essays''
* ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India'' (1999)
* ''Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India'' (1995)

Reception

Lal's early books were uncontroversial, and some of his books, such as ''History of the Khaljis'' and ''Twilight of the Sultanate'', have been called "standard works." Some of his later works were controversial, including allegation of being a spokesman for the RSS.Delhi Historian's Group, Section 2. Part 3 Lal himself noted: "As usual y bookshave been reviewed in journals in India and abroad, bestowing both praise and blame as per the custom of the reviewers. However, during the last fifteen years or so, some of my books have received special attention of a certain brand of scholars for adverse criticism." The controversy surrounding these events is reflected in the theme of the discourses of his books which allegedly describe Muslims as foreigners, destructive barbarians and immoral degenerates,India: International Religious Freedom Report 2005 Lal himself disputes these allegations, citing, in turn, that the ICHR has always been dominated by historians with a 'strong leftist bias' and that the current controversy is "merely the outcome of an exaggerated sense of pique on the part of the excluded Left wing".

Avril A. Powell praised Lal's works on Indian history in the 1950s and 60s, but concluded that by 1990s Lal's work represented "political agendas".

Historian Jeremy Black in his book ''Contesting History: Narratives of Public History'' (2014), referenced his book ''The Muslim Slave System in Medieval India'' as a "good modern work"; he also comments that K. S. Lal " is regarded as right-wing by Indian Muslim Marxist scholars".Jeremy Black.
Contesting History: Narratives of Public History
'. Bloomsbury Publishing; 13 March 2014. . p. 235.

Irfan Habib in a dispute over positions at Indian Council of Historical Research remarks: "K.S. Lal may have written a worthwhile work of history in the distant past, but his more recent works - which have focussed almost exclusively on the supposed historical injuries suffered by Hindus - have been tendentious, communal and deeply objectionable."

''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India''

The 1973 book ''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India'' estimated the demographics of India between 1000 CE and 1500 CE. Simon Digby disputed Lal's study of the demographic situation in medieval India in a review in ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Digby stated that estimate lacks accurate data in pre-census times. Digby, Simon (1975)
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
University of London.
1975
, pp
176

177
Indian historian Irfan Habib criticized the book in 1978 in ''The Indian Historical Review''. He described Lal's starting population figure as "a figment of the imagination of one scholar resting on nothing more tangible than the imagination of another", and faulted Lal for unexplained or faulty assumptions in his other population estimates. K. S. Lal wrote a reply to Irfan Habib's criticism in 1979 in his book ''Bias in Indian Historiography'' (1979) and ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India'' (1999).

''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India''

The 1993 book ''The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India'' attempted to assess the legacy of Muslim rule in India and describes its history. The book was criticized by Peter Jackson in the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', stating that book contains "a markedly selective and one-sided account of India's Muslim past". K. S. Lal wrote a rebuttal to Jackson's criticism in his book ''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India''.K. S. Lal's riposte to the reviews
''Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India'', Aditya Prakashan, 1999, Chapter 7.

Avril A. Powell of University of London said the book was "propaganda" that was especially dangerous as it was written by a historian as esteemed as Lal.

See also

* Jadunath Sarkar
* Vincent Arthur Smith
* M. Athar Ali
* Muzaffar Alam
* Sanjay Subrahmanyam

Notes

References

"Delhi Historians Group's Publication "''Communalization of Education: The History Textbooks Controversy''", A report in 2002, New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University, India

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, K.S.
2002 deaths
University of Allahabad faculty
Indian male writers
1920 births
Historians of South Asia
20th-century Indian historians
Voice of India writers