This is the list of Soviet computer systems. The

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means “electronic computing machine” (russian: электронная вычислительная машина).

List of hardware

The

abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means “electronic computing machine” (russian: электронная вычислительная машина).

Ministry of Radio Technology

Computer systems from the Ministry of Radio Technology: * Agat (Агат) —

Apple II The Apple II (stylized as ) is an 8-bit home computer and one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It was designed primarily by Steve Wozniak; Jerry Manock developed the design of Apple II's foam-m ...

clone *

ES EVM The ES EVM (russian: Единая система электронных вычислительных машин (ЕС ЭВМ), translit=Yedinaya sistema electronnykh vytchislitel'nykh mashin (ES EVM), "Unified System of Electronic Computers"), o ...

(ЕС ЭВМ),

IBM mainframe IBM mainframes are large computer systems produced by IBM since 1952. During the 1960s and 1970s, IBM dominated the large computer market. Current mainframe computers in IBM's line of business computers are developments of the basic design of th ...

clone *

ES PEVM ES PEVM (ЕС ПЭВМ) was a Soviet clone of the IBM PC in 1980s. The ES PEVM models lineup also included analogues of IBM PC XT, IBM PC AT, IBM XT/370. The computers and software were adapted in Minsk, Belarus, at the Scientific Research Inst ...

(ЕС ПЭВМ),

IBM PC compatible IBM PC compatible computers are similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT, all from computer giant IBM, that are able to use the same software and expansion cards. Such computers were referred to as PC clones, IBM clones or IBM PC clones. ...

* M series — series of mainframes and mini-computers *

Minsk Minsk ( be, Мінск ; russian: Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the admi ...

(Минск) * Poisk ( Поиск) — IBM PC XT clone *

Setun Setun (russian: Сетунь) was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. It was built under the leadership of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the most modern ternary computer, using the balanced ternary numeral sys ...

(Сетунь) — unique

balanced ternary Balanced ternary is a ternary numeral system (i.e. base 3 with three digits) that uses a balanced signed-digit representation of the integers in which the digits have the values −1, 0, and 1. This stands in contrast to the standard (unbalanc ...

computer. * Strela (Стрела) *

Ural Ural may refer to: *Ural (region), in Russia and Kazakhstan *Ural Mountains, in Russia and Kazakhstan *Ural (river), in Russia and Kazakhstan * Ual (tool), a mortar tool used by the Bodo people of India *Ural Federal District, in Russia *Ural econ ...

(Урал) — mainframe series *

Vector-06C Vector-06C (russian: Вектор-06Ц) is a home computer with unique graphics capabilities that was designed and mass-produced in USSR in the late 1980s. History Vector-06C was created by Soviet engineers Donat Temirazov and Alexander Sokol ...

(Вектор-06Ц)

Ministry of Instrument Making

Computer systems from the Ministry of Instrument Making: *

Aragats Mount Aragats ( hy, Արագած, ) is an isolated four-peaked volcano massif in Armenia. Its northern summit, at above sea level, is the highest point of the Lesser Caucasus and Armenia. It is also one of the highest points in the Armenian Hi ...

( Арагац) *

Iskra ''Iskra'' ( rus, Искра, , ''the Spark'') was a political newspaper of Russian socialist emigrants established as the official organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). History Due to political repression under Tsar Nicho ...

(Искра) — common name for many computers with different architecture **

Iskra-1030 The Iskra 1030 (russian: Искра 1030) was an Intel 8086 compatible personal computer produced in the USSR. It was designed by Elektronmash (russian: ЛНПО «Электронмаш») in Leningrad. The main manufacturers were the Iskra fact ...

—

Intel 8086 The 8086 (also called iAPX 86) is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel between early 1976 and June 8, 1978, when it was released. The Intel 8088, released July 1, 1979, is a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit data bus (allowi ...

XT clone * KVM-1 (КВМ-1) *

SM EVM SM EVM (СМ ЭВМ, abbreviation of Система Малых ЭВМ—literally System of Mini Computers) are several types of Soviet Union, Soviet and Comecon minicomputers produced from 1975 through the 1980s. Most types of SM EVM are clone (co ...

(СМ ЭВМ) — most models were

PDP-11 The PDP-11 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a set of products in the Programmed Data Processor (PDP) series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of all models were sold, ...

clones, while some others were

HP 2100 The HP 2100 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers that were produced by Hewlett-Packard (HP) from the mid-1960s to early 1990s. Tens of thousands of machines in the series were sold over its twenty-five year lifetime, making HP the fourth largest mi ...

VAX VAX (an acronym for Virtual Address eXtension) is a series of computers featuring a 32-bit instruction set architecture (ISA) and virtual memory that was developed and sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the late 20th century. The V ...

Intel Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It is the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue, and is one of the developers of the x86 seri ...

compatible

Ministry of the Electronics Industry

Computer systems from the Ministry of Electronics Industry: *

Elektronika Elektronika, also spelt Electronika and Electronica (russian: Электроника, "Electronics"), is the brand name used for many different electronics, electronic products built by factories belonging to the Soviet Ministry of Electronic Ind ...

(Электроника) family **

DVK DVK (russian: ДВК, Диалоговый вычислительный комплекс, ''Interactive Computing Complex'') is a Soviet PDP-11-compatible personal computer. Overview The design is also known as Elektronika MS-0501 and Elektronik ...

family (ДВК) —

clones **

Elektronika BK-0010 The Electronika BK is a series of 16-bit PDP-11-compatible home computers developed under the Electronika brand by NPO Scientific Center, then the leading microcomputer design team in the Soviet Union. It is also the predecessor of the more powe ...

(БК-0010, БК-0011) —

LSI-11 The PDP-11 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a set of products in the Programmed Data Processor (PDP) series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of all models were sold, ...

clone home computer **

UKNC UKNC (russian: УКНЦ) is a Soviet PDP-11-compatible educational micro computer, aimed at teaching school informatics courses. It is also known as Elektronika MS-0511. UKNC stands for Educational Computer by Scientific Centre. Hardware *CPU: KM ...

(УКНЦ) — educational, PDP11-like **

Elektronika 60 The Electronika 60 (russian: Электроника 60) is a computer made in the Soviet Union by Elektronika in Voronezh. Overview Alone the ''Electronika 60'' is a rack-mounted computer with no built-in display or storage devices. It was usu ...

, Elektronika 100 ** Elektronika 85 — Clone of

DEC Professional (computer) The Professional 325 (PRO-325), Professional 350 (PRO-350), and Professional 380 (PRO-380) are PDP-11 compatible microcomputers introduced in 1982 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) as high-end competitors to the IBM PC. History Like the cosm ...

350 (F11) ** Elektronika 85.1 — Clone of

380 (J11) ** Elektronika D3-28 ** Elektronika SS BIS (Электроника СС БИС) — Cray clone

Soviet Academy of Sciences

BESM BESM (БЭСМ) is the name of a series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950–60s. The name is an acronym for "Bolshaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina" ("Большая Электронно-Счётная Машина"), literally "Large E ...

(БЭСМ) — series of mainframes * Besta (Беста) — Unix box, Motorola

68020 The Motorola 68020 ("''sixty-eight-oh-twenty''", "''sixty-eight-oh-two-oh''" or "''six-eight-oh-two-oh''") is a 32-bit microprocessor from Motorola, released in 1984. A lower-cost version was also made available, known as the 68EC020. In keepin ...

-based,

Sun-3 Sun-3 is a series of UNIX computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched on September 9, 1985. The Sun-3 series are VMEbus-based systems similar to some of the earlier Sun-2 series, but using the Motorola 68020 micropro ...

clone * Elbrus (Эльбрус) — high-end mainframe series * Kronos (Кронос) *

MESM MESM (Ukrainian: MEOM, Мала Електронна Обчислювальна Машина; Russian: МЭСМ, Малая Электронно-Счетная Машина; 'Small Electronic Calculating Machine') was the first universally program ...

(МЭСМ) — first Soviet Union computer (1950) * M-1 — one of the earliest

stored program A stored-program computer is a computer that stores program instructions in electronically or optically accessible memory. This contrasts with systems that stored the program instructions with plugboards or similar mechanisms. The definition ...

computers (1950-1951)

ZX Spectrum clones

ATM Turbo ATM (ATM Turbo) is a ZX Spectrum clone, developed in Moscow in 1991, by two firms, MicroArt and ATM. It offers enhanced characteristics, compared to the original Spectrum, such as a , RAM, ROM, AY-8910 (two ones in upgraded models), 8-bit ...

Dubna 48K Dubna ( rus, Дубна́, p=dʊbˈna) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It has a status of ''naukograd'' (i.e. town of science), being home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, an international nuclear physics research center and one o ...

- running at half the speed of the original *

Hobbit Hobbits are a fictional race of people in the novels of J. R. R. Tolkien. About half average human height, Tolkien presented hobbits as a variety of humanity, or close relatives thereof. Occasionally known as halflings in Tolkien's writings, ...

Pentagon In geometry, a pentagon (from the Greek πέντε ''pente'' meaning ''five'' and γωνία ''gonia'' meaning ''angle'') is any five-sided polygon or 5-gon. The sum of the internal angles in a simple pentagon is 540°. A pentagon may be simpl ...

* Radon 'Z' *

Scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back and always end ...

Other

* 5E** (5Э**) series - military computers ** 5E51 (5Э51) ** 5E53 (5Э53) ** 5E76 (5Э76) - IBM/360 clone, military version ** 5E92 (5Э92) ** 5E92b (5Э92б) * A series —

-compatible military computers *

Argon Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abu ...

— a series of military real-time computers * AS-6 (АС-6) - multiprocessor computing complex, name is Russian abbreviation for "Connection Equipment - 6" *

Dnepr Dnepr may refer to: *Dnieper, a river flowing through Russia, Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea * Dnepr (motorcycle), a Ukraininan motocycle brand * Dnepr (rocket), a 1999 space launch vehicle *Dnepr radar Dnepr may refer to: *Dnieper, a river ...

( Днепр) * GVS-100 (ГВС-100, Гибридная Вичислителная Система) - Hybrid Computer System * Irisha ( Ириша) *

Juku ''Gakushū juku'' ( ja, 学習塾; see cram school) are private, fee-paying schools that offer supplementary classes often in preparation for key school and university entrance exams. The term is primarily used to characterize such schools in ...

(Юку) —

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...

n school computer *

Kiev Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...

( Киев) * Korvet ( Корвет) *

Krista Krista is a female given name, a mostly North European (Finland, Estonia and Sweden) variant of the male name Christian. The name Krista can be spelled with a "Ch", making it Christa. It means "Follower of Christ". People named Krista *Krista Al ...

( Криста) *

Micro-80 The Micro-80 (russian: Микро-80) was the first do-it-yourself home computer in the Soviet Union. Overview Schematics and information were published in the local DIY electronic magazine ''Radio'' in 1983. It was complex, using an KR580VM80A- ...

(Микро-80) — experimental PC, based on 8080-compatible processor * Microsha ( Микроша) — modification of Radio-86RK *

MIR ''Mir'' (russian: Мир, ; ) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. ''Mir'' was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to&n ...

, МИР ( :uk:ЕОМ "МИР-1", :uk:ЕОМ "МИР-2") *

Nairi Nairi ( classical hy, Նայիրի, ''Nayiri'', reformed: Նաիրի, ''Nairi''; , also ''Na-'i-ru'') was the Akkadian name for a region inhabited by a particular group (possibly a confederation or league) of tribal principalities in the Armen ...

(Наири) * Orion-128 (Орион-128) *

Promin Promin, or sodium glucosulfone is a sulfone drug that was investigated for the treatment of malaria, tuberculosis and leprosy. It is broken down in the body to dapsone, which is the therapeutic form. History The first synthesis of Promin is some ...

( Проминь) * PS-2000, PS-3000 — multiprocessor supercomputers in the

1980s File:1980s replacement montage02.PNG, 420px, From left, clockwise: The first Space Shuttle, ''Columbia'', lifts off in 1981; US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev ease tensions between the two superpowers, leading to the ...

* Razdan ( Раздан) *

Radon Radon is a chemical element with the symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colourless, odourless, tasteless noble gas. It occurs naturally in minute quantities as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through ...

— real-time computer, designed for anti-aircraft defense *

Radio-86RK The Radio-86RK (russian: Радио-86РК) is a build-it-yourself home computer designed in the Soviet Union. It was featured in the popular ''Radio'' (russian: Радио) magazine for radio hams and electronics hobbyists in 1986. The letters R ...

— simplified and modified version of Micro-80 * Sneg (Снег) * Specialist (Специалист) * SVS * TsUM-1 (ЦУМ-1) *

TIA-MC-1 The TIA-MC-1 (russian: ТИА-МЦ-1) — Телевизионный Игровой Автомат Многокадровый Цветной (pronounced ''Televizionniy Igrovoi Automat Mnogokadrovyi Tcvetnoi''; meaning ''Video Game Machine – Mul ...

An arcade system * UM (УМ) * UT-88 *

Vesna Vesna (Cyrillic: Весна) was a mythological female character associated with youth and springtime in early Slavic mythology, particularly within Croatia, Serbia, North Macedonia and Slovenia. Along with her male companion Vesnik, she was asso ...

and Sneg — early mainframes

List of operating systems

*For Kronos ** Kronos *For BESM ** D-68 (Д-68, Диспетчер-68, Dispatcher-68) ** DISPAK (“Диспетчер Пакетов,” Dispatcher of the Packets) **

DUBNA Dubna ( rus, Дубна́, p=dʊbˈna) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It has a status of ''naukograd'' (i.e. town of science), being home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, an international nuclear physics research center and one o ...

(“ДУБНА”) *For

** DOS/ES (“Disk Operation system for ES EVM”) ** OS/ES (“Disk Operation system for ES EVM”) * For

** RAFOS (РАФОС), FOBOS (ФОБОС) and FODOS (ФОДОС) —

RT-11 RT-11 (Real-time 11) is a discontinued small, low-end, single-user real-time operating system for the full line of Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 16-bit computers. RT-11 was first implemented in 1970. It was widely used for real-time computin ...

clones ** OSRV (ОСРВ) —

RSX-11M RSX-11 is a discontinued family of multi-user real-time operating systems for PDP-11 computers created by Digital Equipment Corporation. In widespread use through the late 1970s and early 1980s, RSX-11 was influential in the development of later ...

clone, one of the most popular Soviet multi-user systems **

DEMOS Demos may refer to: Computing * DEMOS, a Soviet Unix-like operating system * DEMOS (ISP), the first internet service provider in the USSR * Demos Commander, an Orthodox File Manager for Unix-like systems * plural for Demo (computer programming) ...

—

BSD The Berkeley Software Distribution or Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD) is a discontinued operating system based on Research Unix, developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berk ...

-based Unix-like; later was ported to x86 and some other architectures ** INMOS (ИНМОС, Инструментальная мобильная операционная система) *For 8-bit microcomputers ** MicroDOS (МикроДОС) —

CP/M CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created in 1974 for Intel 8080/ 85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. Initial ...

2.2 clone *For ZX Spectrum clones **

iS-DOS iS-DOS is a disk operating system (DOS) for Soviet/Russian ZX Spectrum clones. iS-DOS was developed in 1990 or 1991, by Iskra Soft, in Leningrad, Soviet Union, now Saint Petersburg, Russia. It handles floppy disks (double sided, double density ...

TASiS TASIS Schools, formally established as the TASIS Foundation, is a private Swiss foundation which operates a group of four international schools (including both day and boarding schools), operating in Switzerland, England, Portugal, and Puert ...

** DNA-OS *For different platforms **

MISS Miss (pronounced ) is an English language honorific typically used for a girl, for an unmarried woman (when not using another title such as "Doctor" or "Dame"), or for a married woman retaining her maiden name. Originating in the 17th century, it ...

(Multipurpose Interactive timeSharing System) -

ES1010,

ES1045, D3-28M, PC-compatible, etc. *

MOS (operating system) Mobile Operating System (MOS; ) is an operating system, a Soviet Union, Soviet Clone (computing), clone of Unix from the 1980s.Balodis, Rihards; et al"History of Nordic Computing 3"IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2011, ...

- a Soviet clone of Unix in the 1980s

References

External links

Russian Virtual Computer MuseumMuseum of the USSR Computers history''Pioneers of Soviet Computing''Archive software and documentation for Soviet computers UK-NC, DVK and BK0010.
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Soviet computer systems Computing-related lists