History of Troy, New York
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The history of Troy, New York extends back to the Mohican Indians.
Troy Troy ( el, Τροία and Latin: Troia, Hittite: 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 ''Truwiša'') or Ilion ( el, Ίλιον and Latin: Ilium, Hittite: 𒃾𒇻𒊭 ''Wiluša'') was an ancient city located at Hisarlik in present-day Turkey, south-west of Ç ...
is a city on the east bank of the
Hudson River The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between N ...
about north of Albany in the
US State In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sove ...
of New York.


The Mohican

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Troy area was inhabited by the ''Muh-he ka-ne-ok'', known to the Europeans as the
Mohican The Mohican ( or , alternate spelling: Mahican) are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe that historically spoke an Algonquian language. As part of the Eastern Algonquian family of tribes, they are related to the neighboring Lenape, who ...
Indian tribe In the United States, an American Indian tribe, Native American tribe, Alaska Native village, tribal nation, or similar concept is any extant or historical clan, tribe, band, nation, or other group or community of Native Americans in the Unit ...
. This Algonquian-speaking people had probably lived in the area for thousands of years. The Mohican called the general Troy area ''Paanpack'' and referred to the Hudson River as ''Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk'', or "where the waters were never still".Rittner (2002), p. 18 It's not surprising that the area would be populated by hunter-gatherers: the land was arable, the forests were filled with game, and the river was known for being well populated with fish; one Dutch settler described the Hudson as ''"seer visryck"'', which is Dutch for "very fish rich".Rittner (2002), p. 20 There were at least three clans within the tribe: Wolf, Turtle, and Turkey. Regardless, the entire tribe was led by one
sachem Sachems and sagamores are paramount chiefs among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of northeastern North America, including the Iroquois. The two words are anglicizations of cognate terms (c. 1622) from different Eastern Al ...
(chief). ''Skiwias'', sometimes known as ''Aepjen'', was sachem for some 20 years and led the tribe during the first encounters and land sales with the Dutch. The tribe had at least two settlements near Troy. One was either near present-day Hoosick Street or along the banks of the Poesten Kill and was called Unawatt's Castle. The other was located on Peeble's Island, on the west side of the Hudson, across from Lansingburgh, and was called Moenemine's Castle. A third settlement may also have existed on the east side of the Hudson at Lansingburgh, across from Moenemine's Castle.Rittner (2002), p. 19 The natives typically lived in domed
wigwam A wigwam, wickiup, wetu (Wampanoag), or wiigiwaam (Ojibwe, in syllabics: ) is a semi-permanent domed dwelling formerly used by certain Native American tribes and First Nations people and still used for ceremonial events. The term ''wickiup' ...
s or
longhouse A longhouse or long house is a type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building for communal dwelling. It has been built in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe, and North America. Many were built from timber and often rep ...
s, and usually settled near the river or on higher ground nearby. The original Mahican homeland was the Hudson River Valley from the Catskill Mountains north to the southern end of Lake Champlain. Bounded by the Schoharie River in the west, it extended east to the crest of the Berkshire Mountains in western Massachusetts from northwest Connecticut north to the Green Mountains in southern Vermont.Walling, Richard S., "Death In The Bronx: The Stockbridge Indian Massacre, August, 1778", Americanrevolution.org
/ref> It is thought that more than 8,000 Mohican inhabitants lived in the area at the time of the Dutch arrival.Rittner (2002), p. 22 The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas were owned by two Mohicans. The area around the Poesten Kill was owned by ''Skiwias'' and was called ''Panhooseck''. The area around the Wynants Kill was owned by ''Peyhaunet'' and was named ''Paanpack'', meaning "the Great Meadow". The land between the creeks, which makes up most of downtown and South Troy, was owned by ''Annape''. South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day North Greenbush, the land was owned by ''Pachquolapiet''. These parcels of land were sold to the Dutch between 1630 and 1657 and each purchase was overseen and signed by ''Skiwias''. In total, more than 75 individual Mohicans were involved in deed signings.Rittner (2002), p. 23 By 1708, the Mohican had sold all the land that now makes up Troy. Rittner, in his history of Troy, states, "According to the deeds, land was sold for rugs, muskets, kettles, gunpowder, bars of lead, fur caps, shirts, strings of
wampum Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of Native Americans. It includes white shell beads hand-fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell and white and purple beads made from the quahog or Western Nor ...
, strings of tobacco, a child's coat and shirt, knives, hatchet,
adze An adze (; alternative spelling: adz) is an ancient and versatile cutting tool similar to an axe but with the cutting edge perpendicular to the handle rather than parallel. Adzes have been used since the Stone Age. They are used for smoothing ...
, pouches, socks, duffel coat, beaver, bread, beer, a piece of cloth, a cutlass, axes, jugs of rum, blankets, duffel coats, guns, Madeira wine, pipes, and five shillings," adding, "Some would say today that it wasn't a very good trade."Rittner (2002), pp. 23 – 24 The upper Hudson River was first explored by
Henry Hudson Henry Hudson ( 1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States. In 1607 and 16 ...
in 1609 and it is said that the Mohican greeted the newcomers excitedly, eager to begin a trading relationship. While the Mohicans coexisted peacefully with the Dutch, they had a hostile relationship with the nearby
Mohawk tribe The Mohawk people ( moh, Kanienʼkehá꞉ka) are the most easterly section of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy. They are an Iroquoian-speaking Indigenous people of North America, with communities in southeastern Canada and northern Ne ...
to the west. The Mohicans were originally reluctant to sell their land to the Dutch,Van Laer
(1908), p. 54
but the outcome of a bloody war with the Mohawks in 1629 led them to move north to Schaghticoke and make their land available for purchase. They lost another war with the Mohawks in 1666, which led many of them to move to Stockbridge,
Massachusetts Massachusetts (Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut Massachusett_writing_systems.html" ;"title="nowiki/> məhswatʃəwiːsət.html" ;"title="Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət">Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət'' En ...
. The tribe's disappearance from the area is the basis of James Fenimore Cooper's novel ''
Last of the Mohicans ''The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757'' is a historical romance written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1826. It is the second book of the '' Leatherstocking Tales'' pentalogy and the best known to contemporary audiences. '' The Pathfind ...
''.Rittner (2002), p. 21


The Dutch

The first European settlement in the area was
Fort Orange Fort Orange ( nl, Fort Oranje) was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland; the present-day city of Albany, New York developed at this site. It was built in 1624 as a replacement for Fort Nassau, which had been built on nearb ...
, a barricaded trading post built by the Dutch West India Company on the site of present-day Albany near the west bank of the North River. The fort was built mainly to exploit and expand upon the thriving fur trade in the area.Venema (2003), p. 22Venema (2003), p. 13 The land on which Troy now sits was purchased by the wealthy Dutch jeweler and one of the directors of the Dutch West India Company, Kiliaen van Rensselaer (namesake of Rensselaer County). French
(1860), p. 540
The land was deeded over several transactions in the 1630s and became the
patroonship In the United States, a patroon (; from Dutch ''patroon'' ) was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland on the east coast of North America. Through the Charter of Freedoms a ...
of
Rensselaerswyck The Manor of Rensselaerswyck, Manor Rensselaerswyck, Van Rensselaer Manor, or just simply Rensselaerswyck ( nl, Rensselaerswijck ), was the name of a colonial estate—specifically, a Dutch patroonship and later an English manor—owned by the va ...
, a feudal colonial government that covered most of present-day Albany and Rensselaer Counties.Rittner (2002), p. 26 While most members of the Dutch West India Company saw settlement of the area profitable due only to the fur trade, van Rensselaer also saw potential in creating a self-sustaining colony that could trade goods with settlements as far away as South America and Europe. Janny Venema, in her history ''Beverwijck'', states, "While Indians would continue to bring furs to the settlement, New Netherland could provide Brazil with wheat, and Brazil would then send its costly sugar to the fatherland. Rensselaerswijck would make New Netherland a great wheat supplier, filling an important place in the company's great Atlantic scheme." Rensselaerswyck offered leases to inhabitants (whom originally were sent to the colony by van Rensselaer himself) but did not offer the option to buy land from the patroon.Rittner (2002), p. 27 Van Rensselaer named the area around Troy "Pafraets Dael" (Pafraet's Part), which is indicated on the first
map of Rensselaerswyck The Map of Rensselaerswyck is a map created during the 1630s, probably 1632, at the request of the owner of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, Kiliaen van Rensselaer, Dutch jeweler and patroon. Rensselaerswyck was the only successful patroonship
(c. 1632). The name originates from his mother's maiden name, Maria Pafraet.Van Laet
(1908), pp. 36
The first farm raised on the site of Troy was that of Thomas Chambers, who leased land along the Hudson River between the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill from 1647 to 1654. It is believed that this was the first settlement on the east side of the river north of the present-day city of Rensselaer, making it the first settlement in Troy.Van Laer
(1908), pp. 755 – 756 (footnote)
Additionally, Jan Barentsz Wemp leased Chambers' farm following the latter's departure and proceeded to build the area's first mill on the Poesten Kill near today's Hill Street and Spring Avenue. Wemp sometimes went by the nickname Poest, which is indeed seen in the early records of the colony. Wemp died in 1663 and his land was eventually subdivided and sold a number of times. In 1674, part of Wemp's original land, on a creek south of his sawmill, was sold to Wynant Gerritse Van der Poel, who built a mill there. These two men, Poest and Wynant, are the sources of today's names for the Poesten and Wynants Kills; ''
kill Kill often refers to: *Homicide, one human killing another *cause death, to kill a living organism, to cause its death Kill may also refer to: Media *'' Kill!'', a 1968 film directed by Kihachi Okamoto * ''Kill'' (Cannibal Corpse album), 2006 * ...
'' is the
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
word for creek.Rittner (2002), p. 28 The Hudson River was called North River by the Dutch.Van Laer
(1908), p. 876
It would eventually become "Hudson's River" by the English.


The English

In 1664, the
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
gained control of New Netherland during a surprise attack that eventually led to the
Second Anglo-Dutch War The Second Anglo-Dutch War or the Second Dutch War (4 March 1665 – 31 July 1667; nl, Tweede Engelse Oorlog "Second English War") was a conflict between England and the Dutch Republic partly for control over the seas and trade routes, whe ...
. Making the transfer of power official,
Jeremias van Rensselaer Jeremias van Rensselaer (Amsterdam, 16 May 1632 – October 12, 1674) was the third son of Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one of the founders and directors of the Dutch West India Company who was instrumental in the establishment of New Netherland ...
(the founding patroon's third son)Spooner
(1907), p. 13
swore an oath of allegiance to King Charles II that October.Reynolds
p. 66
The former patroonships were respected by Charles, who confirmed them as manorial grants of England.Goodwin
(1919), p. 47
The Dutch regained New Netherland for a short time in August 1673, but the English were able to take it back over in November 1674.Venema (2003), p. 365


Early settlers


The Van der Heydens

In June 1707, Derick Van der Heyden purchased the farm of Pieter Van Woggelum, which included land that extended from the Poesten Kill to the Piscawen Kill, a creek that discharged into the Hudson at a point near present-day Hoosick Street. In 1720, the title of the property was confirmed to Van der Heyden by Hendrick Van Rensselaer, the interim patroon and grandson of the founding patroon. For the land, Van der Heyden—in addition to his heirs—was to pay "three and three-fourth bushels of wheat and two fat hens or
capon A capon (from la, cāpō, genitive ''cāpōnis'') is a cockerel ( rooster) that has been castrated or neutered, either physically or chemically, to improve the quality of its flesh for food, and, in some countries like Spain, fattened by for ...
s, to the patroon of Rensselaerswyck" annually.Weise
(1891), p. 17
After a series of deed exchanges through deaths and transfers within the family, Derick Van der Heyden's original farm was split between three of his great-grandsons. Jacob I. Van der Heyden (1750–1801) owned the northern portion of the farm, which extended from present-day Grand Street to the Piscawen Kill; Jacob D. Van der Heyden (1758–1809) owned the central portion from Division Street to Grand Street; and Matthias Van der Heyden (1760–1825) owned the southern portion extending from the Poesten Kill to Division Street.Rittner (2002), p. 32Weise
(1891), p. 21


The Lansings

In 1683 Peter Van Woggelum sold to Johannes Wendell the site of Lansingburgh. On June 21, 1763 Abraham Jacobus Lansing bought the farm on which Lansingburgh is built from the heirs of Johannes Wendell for 300 pounds. The son of Jacob Hendrick and Helena (Pruyn) Lansing, Abraham was the great-grandson of Gerrit Frederickse Lansing who came to New Amsterdam from Hasselt, and settled in Rensselaerwyck about 1650. Abraham Lansing was born in April 1720. He was the ancestor of the Lansings of Lansingburgh and Troy, and the founder of the village of Lansingburgh now consolidated with and a part of the city of Troy. He died October 9, 1791, and is buried in the Oakwood Cemetery, Troy. The Lansing Family Cemetery was located near the present corner of 109th Street and 2nd Avenue, on the bank of the Hudson River. It contained the remains of Jacob Lansing who had been a founder and major land owner in Lansingburgh. His wife Catherine and other family members and servants’ families had been buried in the same plot. The remains of Jacob and Catherine were later reinterred in the Oakwood cemetery in about 1865. This cemetery no longer exists. The Lansings, northerly neighbors and relatives of the Vanderheydens, laid out their land in building lots shortly before the Revolution and established the village of Lansingburgh, first known as New City. Trade grew between Albany and the Lansings' settlers in the years following Burgoyne's defeat. A weekly newspaper-"the Northern Centinel and Lansingburgh Advertiser"-was established at New City on May 15, 1787.


Town of Troy

"By an act of legislature, passed March 18, 1791, the town of Troy was erected from a part of the town of Rensselaerswyck. On Monday, April 4. a town meeting was held at Ashley's tavern, and the first town officers elected. On March 20, 1807, the territory of the town of Brunswick and parts of the towns of Grafton and Lansingburgh were taken from it. In 1814, a part of Brunswick was annexed. In 1836, a part of the town of Troy was added to the town of Greenbush."Weise
(1886), p. 314
The town received its first post office in 1796.


The great fire of 1862

On May 10, 1862, sparks from a passing locomotive driven by George C. Troyibald sparked a great fire. Total insured losses was $3,000,000. The fire greatly affected much of the city, including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.


Historic areas

*The
Central Troy Historic District The Central Troy Historic District is an irregularly shaped, area of downtown Troy, New York, United States. It has been described as "one of the most perfectly preserved 19th-century downtowns in the ountry with nearly 700 properties in a var ...
reflects Troy's evolution from its origins as a Hudson River port into an early industrial center built around textile manufacture and steelmaking, incorporating five previously listed Historic Districts. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. ** St. Paul's Episcopal Church, located at Third and State streets, is one of the oldest churches in Troy. Built in 1827–28, the interior was redesigned in the 1890s by the Louis Comfort Tiffany Company. ** W. & L. E. Gurley Building is located on Fulton Street, and was constructed in 1862. The company, run by William Gurley and his brother, Lewis Ephraim, was engaged in producing military products for the American Civil War, which included "brass fuse-plugs for naval projectiles.


Notes


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Troy, New York Troy, New York
Troy Troy ( el, Τροία and Latin: Troia, Hittite: 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 ''Truwiša'') or Ilion ( el, Ίλιον and Latin: Ilium, Hittite: 𒃾𒇻𒊭 ''Wiluša'') was an ancient city located at Hisarlik in present-day Turkey, south-west of Ç ...