Hispano-Celtic languages

Hispano-Celtic is a term for all forms of Celtic spoken in the Iberian Peninsula before the arrival of the Romans (c. 218 BC, during the Second Punic War). In particular, it includes:

* A northeastern inland language attested at a relatively late date in the extensive corpus of Celtiberian. This variety, which Jordán Cólera proposed to name '' northeastern Hispano-Celtic'', has long been synonymous with the term ''Hispano-Celtic'' and is universally accepted as Celtic.
* A language in the northwest corner of the peninsula, with a northern and western boundary marked by the Atlantic Ocean, a southern boundary along the river Douro, and an eastern boundary marked by Oviedo, which Jordán Cólera has proposed to call '' northwestern Hispano-Celtic'', where there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions containing isolated words and sentences that are clearly Celtic.

Western Hispano-Celtic

''Western Hispano-Celtic'' is a term that has been proposed for a dialect continuum, ranging from Celtic Gallaecian, Tartessian (according to Koch and others) to Lusitanian,. Journal renamed to ''Palaeohispanica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua''. This particular work has also been published in book form, and revised: which has sometimes been labelled "para-Celtic", located in the Iberian peninsula west of an imaginary line running north–south linking Oviedo and Mérida. Reissued in 2012 in softcover as . According to Koch, the Western Celtic varieties of the Iberian Peninsula share with Celtiberian a sufficient core of distinctive features to justify ''Hispano-Celtic'' as a term for a linguistic subfamily, as opposed to a purely-geographical classification. Reissued in 2012 in softcover as . In ''Naturalis Historia'' 3.13 (written 77–79 CE), Pliny the Elder says the Celtici of Baetica (now western Andalusia) descended from the Celtiberians of Lusitania since they shared common religions, languages and names for their fortified settlements.

Vettonian-Lusitanian sound changes

As part of the effort to prove the existence of a western Iberian Hispano-Celtic dialect continuum, there have been attempts to differentiate the Vettonian dialect from the neighboring Lusitanian language using the personal names of the Vettones to describe the following sound changes (Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic):
* *ō > ā occurs in ''Enimarus''.
* *ō > ū in final syllables, as indicated by the suffix of ''Abrunus'', ''Caurunius''.
* *ē > ī is attested in the genitive singular ''Riuei''.
* *n̥ > an appears in ''Argantonius''.
* *m̥ > am in names with ''Amb-''.
* *gʷ > b is attested in names such as ''Bouius'', derived from *gʷow- 'cow'.
* *kʷ in PIE *perkʷ-u- 'oak' appears in a lenited form in the name ''Erguena''.
* *p > ɸ > 0 is attested in:
# *perkʷ-u- > ergʷ- in ''Erguena'' (see above).
# *plab- > lab- in ''Laboina''.
# *uper- > ur- in ''Uralus'' and ''Urocius''.
* However, *p is preserved in ''Cupiena'', a Vettonian name not attested in Lusitania; also in names like ''Pinara'', while *-pl- probably developed into -bl- in names like ''Ableca''.

See also

* Celtiberian language
* Gallaecian language
* Continental Celtic languages
* List of Galician words of Celtic origin
* List of Spanish words of Celtic origin
* Tartessian language
* Celtic languages
* Paleohispanic languages
* Portuguese vocabulary

References

{{Reflist

Continental Celtic languages
Extinct languages of Spain