Herman Potočnik

Herman Potočnik (pseudonym Hermann Noordung; 22 December 1892 – 27 August 1929) was an ethnically Slovenian Austro-Hungarian Army officer, electrical engineer and astronautics theorist. He is regarded as a pioneer and visionary of modern space flight and is chiefly remembered for his work addressing the long-term human habitation of space.

Early life

Potočnik was born in Pola (now Pula), Istria, then part of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy (now in Croatia). His family was of Slovene ethnicity and originated from Lower Styria (now Slovenia).

Both of Potočnik's parents were Slovenian. His father Jožef was born in 1841 in Zgornji Razbor and at the time of Herman's birth he served as a doctor and high navy officer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy harbour of Pola. His mother Minka was born February 7, 1854; she was a descendant of Czech immigrants, manufacturers of crucibles for glass-making, and a daughter of a well known wine merchant and local councillor Jožef Kokošinek from Maribor (born in Vitanje). In 1866, Herman's father Jožef participated in the second Battle of Vis, where the Austrian Navy under command of von Tegetthoff defeated the Royal Italian Navy. Jožef was later a general in the Austro-Hungarian Army.

When Herman's father died in 1894, his mother moved the family to Maribor. Herman had two brothers, Adolf and Gustav (who were both navy officers), and a sister Frančiška (Franci). He spent most of his childhood years in Maribor and, according to oral sources, in Vitanje.

The meaning of his German-like pseudonym Noordung is still a mystery, but some suggest that he used it to show the problems of chaos (German: ''Ordnung'', "order"; ''ordunga'' in Slovene colloquial language). Assuming that the initial "N" may have been intended to stand as a negation, the name would mean "without order" or "no order".

Education and military service

In Maribor, Potočnik attended primary school. Afterward he went to the military secondary schools in Fischau and Hranice in Moravia. His uncle Heinrich was a major-general in the army, and probably enabled his study at Austrian military schools. From 1910 to 1913 he studied at the Imperial and Royal Technical Military Academy in Mödling in Lower Austria (''Niederösterreich'') near Vienna and graduated as an engineers second lieutenant. His specialization was building of railways and bridges.

During the First World War he served in Galicia, Serbia and Bosnia and in 1915 he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant (''Oberleutnant''). He was assigned to the southwestern front of the Soča battlefield and there he experienced a breakthrough of the Austrian army to the river Piava and its retreat. In 1919 he was pensioned off from the Austrian military with the rank of captain because of tuberculosis that he contracted during the war. He started to study electrical engineering in the mechanical engineering department of the University of Technology in Vienna, Austria, and was awarded a doctorate in engineering. From 1925 onward, he devoted himself entirely to the problems of rocket science and space technology. Owing to chronic illness, he did not find a job or marry, but lived with his brother Adolf in Vienna, Austria.

''The Problem of Space Travel''

At the end of 1928, he published his sole book, ''Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums - der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel - The Rocket Motor)'' in Berlin. The publisher, Richard Carl Schmidt, printed the year 1929 as a publishing date, probably from a purely business motive (to keep the book looking new throughout the coming year) and this date is often mistakenly given as the actual date of publication. In 188 pages and 100 handmade illustrations, Potočnik set out a plan for a breakthrough into space and the establishment of a permanent human presence there. He conceived a detailed design for a space station, regarded by Russian and American historians of spaceflight to be the first architecture in space.
He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for detailed observation of the ground for peaceful and military purposes, and described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. Potočnik expressed strong doubts of the potentially destructive military use of these fresh discoveries.

The book was translated into Russian in early 1935, Slovene in 1986 (by the Slovenska matica), English in 1995 (by NASA) and Croatian in 2004 (by Marino Fonović, published by Labin Art Press). A partial translation to English, containing most of the essential chapters, was made as early as 1929 for the American magazine '' Science Wonder Stories'' and was issued in three parts (July, August and September 1929) and credited to "Captain Hermann Noordung, A.D., M.E., Berlin." The article was also published in Science Wonder Stories' sister publication Air Wonder Stories at the same time.

With his many ideas he became one of the founders of astronautics. His concepts were first taken seriously only by the amateur rocketry movement in Germany, the ''Verein für Raumschiffahrt'' (VfR - "Spaceflight Society"), centered on Hermann Oberth and his co-workers. In its Russian edition, the book may also have influenced Sergey Korolev's circle.
More locally, Viennese engineers dismissed his work as fantasy.

Potočnik's book described geostationary satellites (first put forward by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky) and discussed communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short of the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays (developed by Arthur C. Clarke in his ''Wireless World'' article of 1945). The wheel-shaped space station served as an inspiration for further development by Wernher von Braun (another former VfR member) in 1952. Von Braun saw orbiting space stations as a stepping stone to travel to other planets. In 1968, Stanley Kubrick's ground-breaking film, '' 2001: A Space Odyssey'', depicted such a role for " Space Station V".

Death

Potočnik died of pneumonia at the age of 36 in great poverty in
Vienna, Austria, and was buried there. An obituary notice about his death was printed in one Maribor daily newspaper, mentioning his ranks (engineers and captain), his illness, but nothing about his work regarding space.

Legacy

* Streets in Graz and Ljubljana now bear his name.
* A proposal was made in the late 1990s to name the International Space Station after him, but was not taken up.
* In 1999 a two-day international memorial symposium about his life and work was held at the University of Maribor, celebrating the 70th anniversary of the first printing of his famous book.
* Asteroid 19612 Noordung, found in 1999 at Črni Vrh Observatory, is named after him.
* In 2006, the Herman Potočnik Noordung Memorial Centre (HPNMC) was built in Vitanje, Slovenia.
* There is activity going on to put up a statue of Herman Potočnik in his birthplace of Pula.
* In 2012, the Cultural Centre of European Space Technologies (KSEVT), inspired with his work, was built in Vitanje, Slovenia.

See also

* Timeline of space exploration
* Rotating wheel space station
* Noordung (NSK)

References

External links

* about the Memorial Centre on Culture.si
HPNMC Vitanje
* about Potočnik on Vesolje.net
Herman Potočnik Noordung
* the unofficial Memorial Centre and KSEVT blog
Noordung Orbit
* Potočnik's book at NASA (info)

* Potočnik's book at NASA (full electronic text)

* Potočnik's book at NASA (scans)
''"The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor"''
* original book in German (scans)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Potocnik, Herman
1892 births
1929 deaths
Early spaceflight scientists
People from Pula
Austro-Hungarian engineers
Austro-Hungarian inventors
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
TU Wien alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Austria
20th-century inventors
20th-century engineers