Harry Potter
Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author
J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard, Harry
Potter, and his friends
Hermione Granger
Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom
are students at
Hogwarts
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main
story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark
wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing
body known as the Ministry of Magic, and subjugate all wizards and
muggles, a reference term that means non-magical people.
Since the release of the first novel,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense
popularity, critical acclaim, and commercial success worldwide. They
have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers, and
are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature.[2]
The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern
about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed, as well as
the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts. As of February
2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide,
making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been
translated into eighty languages.[3] The last four books consecutively
set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final
instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States
within twenty-four hours of its release.
The series was originally published in English by two major
publishers,
Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and
Scholastic Press
Scholastic Press in
the United States. A play,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, based on
a story co-written by Rowling, premiered in
London
London on 30 July 2016 at
the Palace Theatre, and its script was published by Little, Brown. The
original seven books were adapted into an eight-part film series by
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. Pictures, which is the third highest-grossing film series
of all time as of February 2018. In 2016, the total value of the Harry
Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion,[4] making Harry
Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.
A series of many genres, including fantasy, drama, coming of age, and
the British school story (which includes elements of mystery,
thriller, adventure, horror, and romance), the world of Harry Potter
explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and
references.[5] According to Rowling, the main theme is death.[6] Other
major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, and
madness.[7]
The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter
franchise to expand, with numerous derivative works, a travelling
exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in London
that opened in 2012, a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates
the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of
spin-off films premiering in November 2016 with
Fantastic Beasts
Fantastic Beasts and
Where to Find Them, among many other developments. Most recently,
themed attractions, collectively known as The
Wizarding World
Wizarding World of Harry
Potter, have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts
amusement parks around the world.
Contents
1 Plot
1.1 Early years
1.2
Voldemort
Voldemort returns
2 Supplementary works
2.1
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
2.2 In-universe books
2.3
Pottermore
Pottermore website
3 Structure and genre
4 Themes
5 Origins
6 Publishing history
6.1 Translations
6.2 Completion of the series
6.3 Cover art
7 Achievements
7.1 Cultural impact
7.2 Commercial success
7.3 Awards, honours, and recognition
8 Reception
8.1 Literary criticism
8.2 Social impact
8.3 Controversies
9 Adaptations
9.1 Films
9.1.1 Spin-off prequels
9.2 Games
9.3 Audiobooks
9.4 Stage production
10 Attractions
10.1 The
Wizarding World
Wizarding World of Harry Potter
10.2 The Making of Harry Potter
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Plot
Further information:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter universe
The central character in the series is Harry Potter, a boy who lives
in
Surrey
Surrey with his aunt, uncle, and cousin - the Dursleys - who
discovers, at the age of eleven, that he is a wizard, though he lives
in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles.[8] The
wizarding world exists parallel to the
Muggle world, albeit hidden and
in secrecy. His magical ability is inborn and children with such
abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the
necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world.[9] Harry becomes a
student at
Hogwarts
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding
academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the
series take place. As Harry develops through his adolescence, he
learns to overcome the problems that face him: magical, social and
emotional, including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships,
infatuation, romantic relationships, schoolwork and exams, anxiety,
depression, stress, and the greater test of preparing himself for the
confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain's
increasingly-violent second wizarding war.[10]
Each novel chronicles one year in Harry's life[11] during the period
from 1991 to 1998.[12] The books also contain many flashbacks, which
are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other
characters in a device called a Pensieve.
The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality.
The British magical community of the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books is inspired by
1990s British culture, European folklore, classical mythology and
alchemy, incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands, magic
plants, potions, spells, flying broomsticks, centaurs, and other
magical creatures, the Deathly Hallows, and the Philosopher's Stone,
beside others invented by Rowling. While the fantasy land of Narnia is
an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings'
Middle-earth
Middle-earth a mythic
past, the wizarding world of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter exists in parallel within
the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements
of everyday life, with the action mostly set in Scotland (Hogwarts),
the West Country, Devon,
London
London and
Surrey
Surrey in southeast England.[13]
The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a
fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets, ancient pubs,
lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle
population.[9]
Early years
When the first novel of the series,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's
Stone (published in America and other countries as
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and
the Sorcerer's Stone) opens, it is apparent that some significant
event has taken place in the
Wizarding World
Wizarding World – an event so very
remarkable, even
Muggles (non-magical people) notice signs of it. The
full background to this event and Harry Potter's past is revealed
gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book
leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter's eleventh
birthday, and it is at this point that his magical background begins
to be revealed.
Despite Harry's aunt and uncle's desperate prevention of Harry
gleaning about his powers,[14] their efforts are in vain. Harry meets
a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, who is also his first contact with the
Wizarding World. Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and
Grounds at
Hogwarts
Hogwarts as well as some of Harry's history.[14] Harry
learns that, as a baby, he witnessed his parents' murder by the
power-obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who subsequently attempted
to kill him as well.[14] Instead, the unexpected happened: Harry
survived with only a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead as a
memento of the attack and
Voldemort
Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards,
gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse. As its inadvertent
saviour from Voldemort's reign of terror, Harry has become a living
legend in the Wizarding World. However, at the orders of the venerable
and well-known wizard Albus Dumbledore, the orphaned Harry had been
placed in the home of his unpleasant
Muggle relatives, the Dursleys,
who have kept him safe but treated him poorly, including confining him
to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their
servant. Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts
School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a famous magic school in Scotland
that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven
years, from age eleven to seventeen.
With Hagrid's help, Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year
of study at Hogwarts. As Harry begins to explore the magical world,
the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used
throughout the series. Harry meets most of the main characters and
gains his two closest friends: Ron Weasley, a fun-loving member of an
ancient, large, happy, but poor wizarding family, and Hermione
Granger, a gifted, bright, and hardworking witch of non-magical
parentage.[14][15] Harry also encounters the school's potions master,
Severus Snape, who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike
for him, the rich brat
Draco Malfoy
Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies
with, and the
Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Quirinus
Quirrell, who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort. He
also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for
his house's
Quidditch
Quidditch team, a sport in the wizarding world where
players fly on broomsticks. The first book concludes with Harry's
second confrontation with Lord Voldemort, who, in his quest to regain
a body, yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher's Stone, a
substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure
gold.[14]
The series continues with
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets,
describing Harry's second year at Hogwarts. He and his friends
investigate a 50-year-old mystery that appears uncannily related to
recent sinister events at the school. Ron's younger sister, Ginny
Weasley, enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts, and finds an old
notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus's diary,
Tom Marvolo Riddle, later revealed to be Voldemort's younger self, who
is bent on ridding the school of "mudbloods", a derogatory term
describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage. The memory of
Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to
confide in the diary,
Voldemort
Voldemort is able to possess her. Through the
diary, Ginny acts on Voldemort's orders and unconsciously opens the
"Chamber of Secrets", unleashing an ancient monster, later revealed to
be a basilisk, which begins attacking students at Hogwarts. It kills
those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look
at it indirectly. The book also introduces a new Defence Against the
Dark Arts teacher, Gilderoy Lockhart, a highly cheerful,
self-conceited wizard with a pretentious facade, later turning out to
be a fraud. Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding
World through delving into the school's history, and learns that
Voldemort's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches
who were descended from Muggles. Harry also learns about the innate
ability of his to speak the snake language
Parseltongue is rare and
often associated with the Dark Arts. When Hermione is attacked and
petrified, Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock
the Chamber of Secrets, with Harry destroying the diary for good and
saving Ginny, and also destroying a part of Voldemort's soul. The end
of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy, Draco's father and rival of Ron and
Ginny's father, to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny's
belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts.
The third novel,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, follows
Harry in his third year of magical education. It is the only book in
the series which does not feature
Lord Voldemort
Lord Voldemort in any form. Instead,
Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius
Black, his father's best friend, and, according to the Wizarding
World, an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry's
parents. As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors –
dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on
despair – which are ostensibly protecting the school, he reaches out
to Remus Lupin, a
Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is
eventually revealed to be a werewolf. Lupin teaches Harry defensive
measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by
people his age. Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were
best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth
friend, Peter Pettigrew, who had been hiding as Ron's pet rat,
Scabbers.[16] In this book, a recurring theme throughout the series is
emphasised – in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark
Arts teacher, none of whom lasts more than one school year.
Voldemort
Voldemort returns
The Elephant House was one of the cafés in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh where Rowling
wrote the first part of Harry Potter.
During Harry's fourth year of school (detailed in
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Goblet of Fire), Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the
Triwizard Tournament, a dangerous yet exciting contest where three
"champions", one from each participating school, must compete with
each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup. This
year, Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard "champion" from
overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, as well as
another
Hogwarts
Hogwarts student, causing Harry's friends to distance
themselves from him.[17] Harry is guided through the tournament by
their new
Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Alastor "Mad-Eye"
Moody, who turns out to be an impostor – one of Voldemort's
supporters named Barty Crouch, Jr. in disguise. The point at which the
mystery is unravelled marks the series' shift from foreboding and
uncertainty into open conflict. Voldemort's plan to have Crouch use
the tournament to bring Harry to
Voldemort
Voldemort succeeds. Although Harry
manages to escape, Cedric Diggory, the other
Hogwarts
Hogwarts champion in the
tournament, is killed by Peter Pettigrew and
Voldemort
Voldemort re-enters the
Wizarding World
Wizarding World with a physical body.
In the fifth book,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry
must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort. In response to
Voldemort's reappearance, Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the
Phoenix, a secret society which works from Sirius Black's dark family
home to defeat Voldemort's minions and protect Voldemort's targets,
especially Harry. Despite Harry's description of Voldemort's recent
activities, the
Ministry of Magic
Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world
refuse to believe that
Voldemort
Voldemort has returned. In an attempt to
counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore, who along with Harry is
the most prominent voice in the
Wizarding World
Wizarding World attempting to warn of
Voldemort's return, the Ministry appoints
Dolores Umbridge
Dolores Umbridge as the High
Inquisitor of
Hogwarts
Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts
teacher. She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and
refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves
against dark magic.[18]
With Ron and Hermione's suggestion, Harry forms "Dumbledore's Army", a
secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher-level
skills of
Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his
previous encounters with Dark wizards. Through those lessons, Harry
begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang.
Juggling schoolwork, Umbridge's incessant and persistent efforts to
land him in trouble and the defensive lessons, Harry begins to lose
sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark
corridor in the Ministry of Magic, followed by a burning desire. An
important prophecy concerning Harry and
Lord Voldemort
Lord Voldemort is then
revealed,[19] and Harry discovers that he and
Voldemort
Voldemort have a painful
connection, allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort's actions
telepathically. In the novel's climax, Harry is tricked into seeing
Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic. He and his friends
face off against Voldemort's followers (nicknamed Death Eaters) at the
Ministry of Magic. Although the timely arrival of members of the Order
of the Phoenix saves the teenagers' lives,
Sirius Black
Sirius Black is killed in
the conflict.
In the sixth book,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Voldemort
begins waging open warfare. Harry and his friends are relatively
protected from that danger at Hogwarts. They are subject to all the
difficulties of adolescence – Harry eventually begins dating Ginny,
Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow
Hogwarts
Hogwarts student
Lavender Brown, and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings
towards Ron. Near the beginning of the novel, lacking his own book,
Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations
and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled; "the
Half-Blood Prince." This book is a source of scholastic success and
great recognition from their new potions master, Horace Slughorn, but
because of the potency of the spells that are written in it, becomes a
source of concern. With war drawing near, Harry takes private lessons
with Dumbledore, who shows him various memories concerning the early
life of
Voldemort
Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve. These reveal that in
order to preserve his life,
Voldemort
Voldemort has split his soul into pieces,
creating a series of Horcruxes – evil enchanted items hidden in
various locations, one of which was the diary destroyed in the second
book.[20] On their way to collect a Horcrux, Draco, who has joined
with the Death Eaters, attempts to attack Dumbledore, and the book
culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape, the
titular Half-Blood Prince.
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last original novel in the
series, begins directly after the events of the sixth book. Lord
Voldemort
Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of
the Ministry of Magic. Harry, Ron and Hermione drop out of school so
that they can find and destroy Voldemort's remaining Horcruxes. To
ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends,
they are forced to isolate themselves. A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill
with a contagious disease, Harry and the Dursleys separate, and
Hermione wipes her parents' memories. As they search for the
Horcruxes, the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the
Deathly Hallows, three legendary items that when united under one
Keeper, would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death.
Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items,
and
Voldemort
Voldemort to be searching for another: the Elder Wand, the most
powerful wand in history. At the end of the book, Harry and his
friends learn about Dumbledore's past, as well as Snape's true motives
– he had worked on Dumbledore's behalf since the murder of Harry's
mother. Eventually, Snape is killed by
Voldemort
Voldemort out of paranoia.
The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts. Harry, Ron and
Hermione, in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and
many of the teachers and students, defend
Hogwarts
Hogwarts from Voldemort, his
Death Eaters, and various dangerous magical creatures. Several major
characters are killed in the first wave of the battle, including Remus
Lupin and Fred Weasley, Ron's older brother. After learning that he
himself is a Horcrux, Harry surrenders himself to
Voldemort
Voldemort in the
Forbidden Forest, who casts a killing curse (Avada Kedavra) at him.
The defenders of
Hogwarts
Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry's
presumed death and continue to fight on. Harry awakens and faces
Voldemort, whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed. In the final
battle, Voldemort's killing curse rebounds off Harry's defensive spell
(Expelliarmus), killing Voldemort.
An epilogue "Nineteen Years Later" (set on 1 September 2017)[21]
describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of
Voldemort's death on the Wizarding World. In the epilogue, Harry and
Ginny are married with three children, and Ron and Hermione are
married with two children.[22]
Supplementary works
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Main article:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two-part West End stage
play.[23] It was written by Jack Thorne, based on a story by J. K.
Rowling, Thorne and director John Tiffany. The play opened on 30 July
2016 at the Palace Theatre, London, England. The script was released
on 31 July 2016.[24] The story is set nineteen years after the ending
of
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter, now
a
Ministry of Magic
Ministry of Magic employee, and his youngest son Albus Severus
Potter. The play's official synopsis was released on 23 October
2015:[25]
It was always difficult being
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and it isn't much easier
now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic, a
husband, and father of three school-age children.
While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it
belongs, his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a
family legacy he never wanted. As past and present fuse ominously,
both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth: sometimes, darkness
comes from unexpected places.
In-universe books
See also:
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling § Philanthropy
Rowling has expanded the
Harry Potter universe
Harry Potter universe with several short
books produced for various charities.[26][27] In 2001, she released
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (a purported Hogwarts
textbook) and
Quidditch Through the Ages
Quidditch Through the Ages (a book Harry reads for fun).
Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic
Relief.[28] In 2007, Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The
Tales of Beedle the Bard, a collection of fairy tales that is featured
in the final novel, one of which was auctioned to raise money for the
Children's High Level Group, a fund for mentally disabled children in
poor countries. The book was published internationally on 4 December
2008.[29][30] Rowling also wrote an 800-word prequel in 2008 as part
of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones.[31] All three
of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not
included in the original novels.
In 2016, she released three new e-books: Hogwarts: An Incomplete and
Unreliable Guide, Short Stories from
Hogwarts
Hogwarts of Power, Politics and
Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from
Hogwarts
Hogwarts of Heroism,
Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies.[32]
Pottermore
Pottermore website
In 2011, Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project
called Pottermore.[33]
Pottermore
Pottermore opened to the general public on 14
April 2012.[34]
Pottermore
Pottermore allows users to be sorted, be chosen by
their wand and play various minigames. The main purpose of the website
was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to
content not revealed by JK Rowling previously, with over 18,000 words
of additional content.[35]
In September 2015, the website was completely overhauled and most of
the features were removed. The site has been redesigned and it mainly
focuses on the information already available, rather than
exploration.[36]
Structure and genre
The
Harry Potter
Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience
as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers, children, or
adults. The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature, and
qualify as a type of fantasy called "urban fantasy", "contemporary
fantasy", or "low fantasy". They are mainly dramas, and maintain a
fairly serious and dark tone throughout, though they do contain some
notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour. In many respects,
they are also examples of the bildungsroman, or coming of age
novel,[37] and contain elements of mystery, adventure, horror,
thriller, and romance. The books are also, in the words of Stephen
King, "shrewd mystery tales",[38] and each book is constructed in the
manner of a Sherlock Holmes-style mystery adventure. The stories are
told from a third person limited point of view with very few
exceptions (such as the opening chapters of Philosopher's Stone,
Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of
Half-Blood Prince).
The series can be considered part of the British children's boarding
school genre, which includes Rudyard Kipling's Stalky & Co., Enid
Blyton's Malory Towers, St. Clare's and the
Naughtiest Girl series,
and Frank Richards's
Billy Bunter
Billy Bunter novels: the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books are
predominantly set in Hogwarts, a fictional British boarding school for
wizards, where the curriculum includes the use of magic.[39] In this
sense they are "in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes's Tom
Brown's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of
British public school life", though they are, as many note, more
contemporary, grittier, darker, and more mature than the typical
boarding school novel, addressing serious themes of death, love, loss,
prejudice, coming-of-age, and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British
setting.[40][41]
The
Harry Potter
Harry Potter stories feature much medieval imagery and motifs
drawn from the King Arthur stories.
Hogwarts
Hogwarts resembles a medieval
university-cum-castle with several professors who belonging to an
Order of Merlin; Old Professor Binns still lectures about the
International Warlock Convention of 1289; and a real historical
person, a 14th century scribe Sir Nicolas Flamel, described as a
holder of the Philosopher's Stone.[42] Other medieval elements in
Hogwarts
Hogwarts include coats-of-arms and medieval weapons on the walls,
letters written on parchment and sealed with wax, the Great Hall of
Hogwarts
Hogwarts which is similar to the Great Hall of Camelot, the use of
Latin
Latin phrases, the tents put up for
Quidditch
Quidditch tournaments are similar
to the "marvelous tents" put up for knightly tournaments, imaginary
animals like dragons and unicorns which exist around Hogwarts, and the
banners with heraldic animals for the four Houses of Hogwarts.[43]
Many of the motifs of the Potter stories such as the hero's quest
invoking objects that confer invisibility, magical animals and trees,
a forest full of danger and the recognition of a character based upon
scars are drawn from medieval French Arthurian romances.[44] Other
aspects borrowed from French Arthurian romances include the use of
owls as messengers, werewolves as characters, and white deer.[45] The
American scholars Heather Arden and Kathrn Lorenz in particular argue
that many aspects of the Potter stories are inspired by a 14th century
French Arthurian romance, Claris et Laris, writing of the "startling"
similarities between the adventures of Potter and the knight
Claris.[46] Arden and Lorenz noted that Rowling graduated from the
University of Exeter in 1986 with a degree in French literature and
spent a year living in France afterwards.[47]
Arnden and Lorenz wrote about the similarity between the Arthurian
romances, where Camelot is a place of wonder and safety, and from the
heroic knights must venture forth facing various perils, usually in an
enchanted forest; and Hogwarts, likewise a wondrous safe place, where
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and friends must periodically venture forth from to the
magical forest that surrounds Hogwarts.[48] In the same way that
knights in the Arthurian romances usually have a female helper, who is
very intelligent and has a connection with nature, Harry has Hermione
who plays a similar role.[49] Like an Arthurian knight, Harry receives
advice and encouragement from his mentor, Albus Dumbldore, who
resembles both Merlin and King Arthur, but must vanish his foes
alone.[50] Arnden and Lorenz wrote that with Rowling's books, the
characters are "...not a simple reworking of the well-known heroes of
romance, but a protean melding of different characters to form new
ones..."..[51] However, Lorenz and Arnden argue the main inspiration
for
Harry Potter
Harry Potter was Sir Percival, one of the Knights of the Round
Table who searches for the Holy Grail.[52] Both Potter and Sir
Percival
Percival had an "orphaned or semi-orphaned youth, with inherent
nobility and powers", being raised by relatives who tried to keep them
away from the places where they really belong,
Hogwarts
Hogwarts and Camelot
respectively.[53] Both
Percival
Percival and Potter are however outsiders in
the places that they belong, unfamiliar with the rules of knighthood
and magic, but both show extraordinary natural abilities with Percival
proving himself an exceptional fighter while Potter is an excellent
player of Quidditch.[54] And finally, both
Percival
Percival and Potter found
love and acceptance from surrogate families, in the form of the
Knights of the Round Table and the Weasley family respectively.[55]
Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year.
Harry struggles with the problems he encounters, and dealing with them
often involves the need to violate some school rules. If students are
caught breaking rules, they are often disciplined by Hogwarts
professors. The stories reach their climax in the summer term, near or
just after final exams, when events escalate far beyond in-school
squabbles and struggles, and Harry must confront either
Voldemort
Voldemort or
one of his followers, the Death Eaters, with the stakes a matter of
life and death – a point underlined, as the series progresses, by
characters being killed in each of the final four books.[56][57] In
the aftermath, he learns important lessons through exposition and
discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore. The only
exception to this school-centred setting is the final novel, Harry
Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in which Harry and his friends spend
most of their time away from Hogwarts, and only return there to face
Voldemort
Voldemort at the dénouement.[56]
Themes
According to Rowling, a major theme in the series is death: "My books
are largely about death. They open with the death of Harry's parents.
There is Voldemort's obsession with conquering death and his quest for
immortality at any price, the goal of anyone with magic. I so
understand why
Voldemort
Voldemort wants to conquer death. We're all frightened
of it."[6]
Rowling stated that "
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books have always, in fact, dealt
explicitly with religious themes and questions" and that she did not
reveal its Christian parallels in the beginning because doing so would
have "give[n] too much away to fans who might then see the
parallels."[58] In the final book of the series
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Deathly Hallows, Rowling makes the book's Christian imagery more
explict, quoting both Matthew 6:19 and 1 Corinthians 15:26 when Harry
visits his parents' graves.[58]
Hermione Granger
Hermione Granger teaches Harry Potter
that the meaning of these verses from the
Christian Bible
Christian Bible are "living
beyond death. Living after death", which Rowling states is "one of the
central foundations of resurrection theology" and that these bible
verses "epitomize the whole series".[58][59][60]
Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of
themes in the books, some more complex than others, and some including
political subtexts. Themes such as normality, oppression, survival,
and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent
throughout the series.[61] Similarly, the theme of making one's way
through adolescence and "going over one's most harrowing ordeals –
and thus coming to terms with them" has also been considered.[62]
Rowling has stated that the books comprise "a prolonged argument for
tolerance, a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry" and that they also
pass on a message to "question authority and... not assume that the
establishment or the press tells you all of the truth".[63]
While the books could be said to comprise many other themes, such as
power/abuse of power, violence and hatred, love, loss, prejudice, and
free choice, they are, as Rowling states, "deeply entrenched in the
whole plot"; the writer prefers to let themes "grow organically",
rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such
ideas to her readers.[7] Along the same lines is the ever-present
theme of adolescence, in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful
in acknowledging her characters' sexualities and not leaving Harry, as
she put it, "stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence". Rowling
has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which
death and violence affects youth, and humanity as a whole.[64]
Rowling said that, to her, the moral significance of the tales seems
"blindingly obvious". The key for her was the choice between what is
right and what is easy, "because that … is how tyranny is started,
with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly
finding themselves in deep trouble."[65]
Origins
Main article:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter influences and analogues
In 1990, Rowling was on a crowded train from
Manchester
Manchester to
London
London when
the idea for Harry suddenly "fell into her head". Rowling gives an
account of the experience on her website saying:[66]
"I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had
never been so excited about an idea before. I simply sat and thought,
for four (delayed train) hours, and all the details bubbled up in my
brain, and this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who did not
know he was a wizard became more and more real to me."
Rowling completed
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1995 and
the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents.[67] The
second agent she tried, Christopher Little, offered to represent her
and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury.
Publishing history
The novelist, J. K. Rowling
The logo used in British, Australian, and Canadian editions before
2010, which uses the typeface Cochin Bold.[68]
After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher's Stone,
Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £2,500 advance for its
publication.[69][70] Despite Rowling's statement that she did not have
any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry
Potter books, the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to
eleven.[71] On the eve of publishing, Rowling was asked by her
publishers to adopt a more gender-neutral pen name in order to appeal
to the male members of this age group, fearing that they would not be
interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman. She
elected to use
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling (Joanne Kathleen Rowling), using her
grandmother's name as her second name because she has no middle
name.[70][72]
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury,
the publisher of all
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26
June 1997.[73] It was released in the United States on 1 September
1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,[74] after Rowling had received
US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a
children's book by an unknown author.[75] Fearing that American
readers would not associate the word "philosopher" with magic
(although the
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy),
Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and
the
Sorcerer's Stone
Sorcerer's Stone for the American market.[76]
The second book,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was
originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June
1999.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year
later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[77]
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at
the same time by
Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[78]
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages
in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[79] It was
published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.[80]
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and
the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million
copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[81][82] The
seventh and final novel,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was
published on 21 July 2007.[83] The book sold 11 million copies in the
first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the
UK and 8.3 million in the US.[82]
Translations
Main article:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter in translation
The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow,
2007
The series has been translated into 80 languages,[3] placing Rowling
among the most translated authors in history.[84] The books have seen
translations to diverse languages such as Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian,
Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bulgarian, Welsh, Afrikaans, Albanian,
Latvian, Vietnamese and Hawaiian. The first volume has been translated
into
Latin
Latin and even Ancient Greek,[85] making it the longest published
work in
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek since the novels of
Heliodorus of Emesa in the
3rd century AD.[86] The second volume has also been translated into
Latin.[87]
Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well-known
authors before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev,
who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. The
Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin
Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator.[88] For
reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after
it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months
before the translations were available. This led to more and more
copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in
non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to
read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first
English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France.[89]
The United States editions were adapted into
American English
American English to make
them more understandable to a young American audience.[90]
Completion of the series
In December 2005, Rowling stated on her web site, "2006 will be the
year when I write the final book in the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series."[91]
Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with the release date of 21 July
2007. The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral
Hotel, Edinburgh, where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust
of Hermes. It read: "
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling finished writing
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and
the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on 11 January 2007."[92]
Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in
fact, the epilogue) was completed "in something like 1990".[93][94] In
June 2006, Rowling, on an appearance on the British talk show Richard
& Judy, announced that the chapter had been modified as one
character "got a reprieve" and two others who previously survived the
story had in fact been killed. On 28 March 2007, the cover art for the
Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were
released.[95][96]
In September 2012, Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go
back to make a "director's cut" of two of the existing Harry Potter
books.[97]
Cover art
For cover art,
Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of
design, with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by
illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Express,
and a title in the font Cochin Bold.[98] The first releases of the
successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat
more realistic, illustrating scenes from the books. These covers were
created by first
Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft.[99]
Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience, Bloomsbury
commissioned a second line of editions in an 'adult' style. These
initially used black-and-white photographic art for the covers showing
objects from the books (including a very American
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Express)
without depicting people, but later shifted to partial colourisation
with a picture of Slytherin's locket on the cover of the final book.
International and later editions have been created by a range of
designers, including
Mary GrandPré
Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis
in Finland.[100][101] For a later American release, Kazu Kibuishi
created covers in a somewhat anime-influenced style.[102][103]
Achievements
"Platform 9¾" sign on
London
London King's Cross railway station
Cultural impact
Further information:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter fandom
Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that
bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the
midnight release of the books, beginning with the 2000 publication of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The events, commonly featuring
mock sorting, games, face painting, and other live entertainment have
achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful
in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the
10.8 million initial print copies of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood
Prince sold in the first 24 hours.[104][105]
The final book in the series,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in
the first twenty-four hours of release.[106] The series has also
gathered adult fans, leading to the release of two editions of each
Harry Potter
Harry Potter book, identical in text but with one edition's cover
artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults.[107] Besides
meeting online through blogs, podcasts, and fansites, Harry Potter
super-fans can also meet at
Harry Potter
Harry Potter symposia.
The word
Muggle has spread beyond its
Harry Potter
Harry Potter origins, becoming
one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English
Dictionary.[108] The
Harry Potter fandom
.jpg/440px-Long_Beach_Comic_&_Horror_Con_2011_-_Hogwarts_students_(6301701262).jpg)
Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a
regular, often weekly, insight to the latest discussion in the fandom.
Both
MuggleCast
MuggleCast and PotterCast[109] have reached the top spot of
iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50
favourite podcasts.[110]
Some lessons identified in the series include diversity, acceptance,
political tolerance, and equality. Surveys of over 1,000 college
students in the United States show that those who read the books were
significantly different than those who had not. Readers of the series
were found to be more tolerant, more opposed to violence and torture,
less authoritarian, and less cynical. Although it is not known if this
is a cause-and-effect relationship, there is a clear correlation, and
it seems that Harry Potter's cultural impact may be stronger than just
a fandom bond.[111]
Many fan fiction and fan art works about
Harry Potter
Harry Potter have been made.
In March 2007, "Harry Potter" was the most commonly searched fan
fiction subject on the internet.[112] At the
University of Michigan
University of Michigan in
2009,
StarKid Productions
StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical. The musical was
awarded Entertainment Weekly's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009.[113]
The sport Quidditch, played by characters in the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series,
was created in 2005 and is played worldwide.[114] Characters and
elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several
organisms, including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia, the spider
Eriovixia gryffindori, the wasp Ampulex dementor, and the crab
Harryplax severus.[115]
Commercial success
See also: List of best-selling books
Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter
and the Half-Blood Prince.
The popularity of the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series has translated into
substantial financial success for Rowling, her publishers, and other
Harry Potter
Harry Potter related license holders. This success has made Rowling
the first and thus far only billionaire author.[116] The books have
sold more than 400 million copies worldwide and have also given rise
to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros., all of which
have been highly successful in their own right.[117][118] The films
have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing
of more than 400 additional
Harry Potter
Harry Potter products. The Harry Potter
brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion.[4]
The great demand for
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books motivated The New York Times
to create a separate best-seller list for children's literature in
2000, just before the release of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
By 24 June 2000, Rowling's novels had been on the list for 79 straight
weeks; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best-seller
list.[119] On 12 April 2007, Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly
Hallows had broken its pre-order record, with more than 500,000 copies
pre-ordered through its site.[120] For the release of Goblet of Fire,
9,000
FedEx
FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the
book.[121] Together, Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more
than 700,000 copies of the book.[121] In the United States, the book's
initial printing run was 3.8 million copies.[121] This record
statistic was broken by
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix,
with 8.5 million, which was then shattered by Half-Blood Prince
with 10.8 million copies.[122] 6.9 million copies of Prince
were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release; in the
United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first
day.[123] The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was
12 million copies, and more than a million were pre-ordered
through Amazon and Barnes & Noble.[124]
Awards, honours, and recognition
The
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since
the initial publication of
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone including four Whitaker
Platinum
Book
Book Awards (all of which were awarded in 2001),[125] three
Nestlé Smarties
Book
Book Prizes (1997–1999),[126] two Scottish Arts
Council
Book
Book Awards (1999 and 2001),[127] the inaugural Whitbread
children's book of the year award (1999),[128] the WHSmith book of the
year (2006),[129] among others. In 2000,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Prisoner
of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel, and in 2001,
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award.[130] Honours
include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal (1997),[131] a short
listing for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and numerous
listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists
of the American Library Association, The New York Times, Chicago
Public Library, and Publishers Weekly.[132]
In 2002, British sociologist Andrew Blake named
Harry Potter
Harry Potter among the
icons of
British popular culture
British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond
and Sherlock Holmes.[133] In 2003, four of the books were named in the
top 24 of the BBC's
The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in
the UK.[134] A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly
read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County, California.[135]
Based on a 2007 online poll, the U.S. National Education Association
listed the series in its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[136]
Three of the books placed among the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all
time, or children's novels, in a 2012 survey published by School
Library Journal:
Sorcerer's Stone
Sorcerer's Stone ranked number three, Prisoner of
Azkaban 12th, and Goblet of Fire 98th.[137] In 2012, the opening
ceremony of the
2012 Summer Olympics
2012 Summer Olympics in
London
London featured a 100-foot
tall rendition of
Lord Voldemort
Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the
UK's cultural icons.[138]
Reception
Literary criticism
Early in its history,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter received positive reviews. On
publication, the first book,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,
attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers, such as The
Scotsman, which said it had "all the makings of a classic",[139] and
The Glasgow Herald, which called it "Magic stuff".[139] Soon the
English newspapers joined in, with more than one comparing it to Roald
Dahl's work:
The Mail on Sunday
The Mail on Sunday rated it as "the most imaginative
debut since Roald Dahl",[139] a view echoed by The Sunday Times
("comparisons to Dahl are, this time, justified"),[139] while The
Guardian called it "a richly textured novel given lift-off by an
inventive wit".[139]
By the time of the release of the fifth book,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Order of the Phoenix, the books began to receive strong criticism from
a number of literary scholars. Yale professor, literary scholar, and
critic
Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books' literary merits,
saying, "Rowling's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors
that she has no other style of writing."[140]
A. S. Byatt
A. S. Byatt authored an
op-ed article in The
New York Times
New York Times calling Rowling's universe a
"secondary secondary world, made up of intelligently patchworked
derivative motifs from all sorts of children's literature ...
written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV
cartoons, and the exaggerated (more exciting, not threatening)
mirror-worlds of soaps, reality TV and celebrity gossip".[141]
Michael Rosen, a novelist and poet, advocated the books were not
suited for children, who would be unable to grasp the complex themes.
Rosen also stated that "
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling is more of an adult
writer."[142] The critic
Anthony Holden wrote in
The Observer on his
experience of judging
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the
1999 Whitbread Awards. His overall view of the series was negative –
"the Potter saga was essentially patronising, conservative, highly
derivative, dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain", and he
speaks of "a pedestrian, ungrammatical prose style".[143] Ursula K. Le
Guin said, "I have no great opinion of it. When so many adult critics
were carrying on about the 'incredible originality' of the first Harry
Potter book, I read it to find out what the fuss was about, and
remained somewhat puzzled; it seemed a lively kid's fantasy crossed
with a "school novel", good fare for its age group, but stylistically
ordinary, imaginatively derivative, and ethically rather
mean-spirited."[144]
By contrast, author Fay Weldon, while admitting that the series is
"not what the poets hoped for", nevertheless goes on to say, "but this
is not poetry, it is readable, saleable, everyday, useful prose".[145]
The literary critic A. N. Wilson praised the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series in
The Times, stating: "There are not many writers who have JK's
Dickensian
Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages, to weep – openly, with
tears splashing – and a few pages later to laugh, at invariably good
jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have
followed the publication of the liveliest, funniest, scariest and most
moving children's stories ever written".[146] Charles Taylor of
Salon.com, who is primarily a movie critic,[147] took issue with
Byatt's criticisms in particular. While he conceded that she may have
"a valid cultural point – a teeny one – about the impulses that
drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling
complexities of art",[148] he rejected her claims that the series is
lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely
to the childhood reassurances it offers. Taylor stressed the
progressively darker tone of the books, shown by the murder of a
classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social
isolation each causes. Taylor also argued that Philosopher's Stone,
said to be the most light-hearted of the seven published books,
disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series'
success: the book opens with news of a double murder, for
example.[148]
Stephen King
Stephen King called the series "a feat of which only a superior
imagination is capable", and declared "Rowling's punning,
one-eyebrow-cocked sense of humor" to be "remarkable". However, he
wrote that despite the story being "a good one", he is "a little tired
of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle", the
formulaic beginning of all seven books.[38] King has also joked that
"Rowling's never met an adverb she did not like!" He does however
predict that
Harry Potter
Harry Potter "will indeed stand time's test and wind up
on a shelf where only the best are kept; I think Harry will take his
place with Alice, Huck, Frodo, and Dorothy and this is one series not
just for the decade, but for the ages".[149] Sameer Rahim of The Daily
Telegraph disagreed, saying "It depresses me to see 16 and 17
year-olds reading the series when they could be reading the great
novels of childhood such as
Oliver Twist
Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas.
What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I'm not sure
– but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our
plump, comfortable, infantilising society and the popularity of
Potter."[150]
There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series
was inspired by Tolkien's
Lord of the Rings
Lord of the Rings books.[151]
Social impact
Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner-up for its 2007
Person of the Year award, noting the social, moral, and political
inspiration she has given her fandom,[152] cultural comments on the
series have been mixed.
Washington Post
Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined
in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter
series but few other books may represent a "bad case of cultural
infantilism", and that the straightforward "good vs. evil" theme of
the series is "childish". He also argued "through no fault of
Rowling's", the cultural and marketing "hysteria" marked by the
publication of the later books "trains children and adults to expect
the roar of the coliseum, a mass-media experience that no other novel
can possibly provide".[153]
Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books' potential to improve
literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise
would.[154] The seven-book series has a word count of 1,083,594 (US
edition). Agreeing about the motivating effects, Diane Penrod also
praised the books' blending of simple entertainment with "the
qualities of highbrow literary fiction", but expressed concern about
the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies
the book launches.[155] However, the assumption that Harry Potter
books have increased literacy among young people is "largely a folk
legend."[156] Research by the
National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)
has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter publishing phenomenon, nor has the broader downward trend
in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the
popularity of the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books.[156][157] The research also
found that children who read
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books were not more likely
to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres.[156] NEA
chairman
Dana Gioia
Dana Gioia said the series, "got millions of kids to read a
long and reasonably complex series of books. The trouble is that one
Harry Potter
Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the
decline in reading."[158]
Jennifer Conn used Snape's and
Quidditch
Quidditch coach Madam Hooch's teaching
methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical
teaching,[159] and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four
of the five main topics in a typical first-year sociology class:
"sociological concepts including culture, society, and socialisation;
stratification and social inequality; social institutions; and social
theory".[160]
Jenny Sawyer wrote in
Christian Science Monitor
Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that
the books represent a "disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and
Western society" in that stories "moral center [sic] have all but
vanished from much of today's pop culture ... after 10 years,
4,195 pages, and over 375 million copies, J. K. Rowling's towering
achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children's
literature: the hero's moral journey". Harry Potter, Sawyer argues,
neither faces a "moral struggle" nor undergoes any ethical growth, and
is thus "no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are
anything less than black and white".[161] In contrast Emily Griesinger
described Harry's first passage through to
Platform 9¾
Platform 9¾ as an
application of faith and hope, and his encounter with the Sorting Hat
as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes.
She also noted the "deeper magic" by which the self-sacrifice of
Harry's mother protects the boy throughout the series, and which the
power-hungry
Voldemort
Voldemort fails to understand.[162]
In an 8 November 2002 Slate article, Chris Suellentrop likened Potter
to a "trust-fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable
to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him". Noting that
in Rowling's fiction, magical ability potential is "something you are
born to, not something you can achieve", Suellentrop wrote that
Dumbledore's maxim that "It is our choices that show what we truly
are, far more than our abilities" is hypocritical, as "the school that
Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else".[163] In a 12
August 2007, review of Deathly Hallows in The New York Times, however,
Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for "unmooring" her "English
school story" from literary precedents "bound up with dreams of wealth
and class and snobbery", arguing that she had instead created "a world
of youthful democracy and diversity".[164]
In 2010, coinciding with the release of the film
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Deathly Hallows Part 1, a series of articles were written about
Private
Harry Potter
Harry Potter of the British army.[165] This real-life Harry
Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939. His grave,
located in the British cemetery in Ramla, Israel, began to receive
curious visitors leading the
Ramla
Ramla Municipality to list it on their
website.[166]
In 2016, an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign. She
states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant '1)
the value of tolerance and respect for difference; 2) opposition to
violence and punitiveness; and 3) the dangers of authoritarianism.'
She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential
election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have
responded to the campaign.[167]
Controversies
Main articles: Legal disputes over the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series, Religious
debates over the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series, Politics of Harry Potter, and
Tanya Grotter
The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings,
stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark
infringements. The popularity and high market value of the series has
led Rowling, her publishers, and film distributor
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. to take
legal measures to protect their copyright, which have included banning
the sale of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter imitations, targeting the owners of websites
over the "Harry Potter" domain name, and suing author Nancy Stouffer
to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her
work.[168][169][170] Various religious conservatives have claimed that
the books promote witchcraft and religions such as
Wicca
.PNG/600px-Wiccan_event_in_the_US_(1).PNG)
Wicca and are
therefore unsuitable for children,[171][172] while a number of critics
have criticised the books for promoting various political
agendas.[173][174]
The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing
worlds. From 1997 to 1998,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the
children's book awards judged by adults,[175] and Sandra Beckett
suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were
popular among children.[176] In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book
of the Year award children's division was entered for the first time
on the shortlist for the main award, and one judge threatened to
resign if
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the
overall winner; it finished second, very close behind the winner of
the poetry prize, Seamus Heaney's translation of the
Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon epic
Beowulf.[176]
In 2000, shortly before the publication of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Goblet
of Fire, the previous three
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books topped The New York
Times fiction best-seller list and a third of the entries were
children's books. The newspaper created a new children's section
covering children's books, including both fiction and non-fiction, and
initially counting only hardback sales. The move was supported by
publishers and booksellers.[119] In 2004, The
New York Times
New York Times further
split the children's list, which was still dominated by Harry Potter
books into sections for series and individual books, and removed the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books from the section for individual books.[177] The
split in 2000 attracted condemnation, praise and some comments that
presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move.[178] Time
suggested that, on the same principle, Billboard should have created a
separate "mop-tops" list in 1964 when the
Beatles
Beatles held the top five
places in its list, and Nielsen should have created a separate
game-show list when
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? dominated the
ratings.[179]
Adaptations
Films
Main article:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter (film series)
The locomotive that features as the "
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Express" in the film
series.
In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter
books to
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million
($1,982,900).[180][181] Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept
strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish
actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting
of French and Eastern European actors in
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Goblet
of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such.[182]
After many directors including Steven Spielberg, Terry Gilliam,
Jonathan Demme, and
Alan Parker
,_London,_2012.jpg/440px-Alan_Parker_(Director),_London,_2012.jpg)
Alan Parker were considered, Chris Columbus was
appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone (titled "
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in
the United States), with
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. citing his work on other family
films such as
Home Alone
Home Alone and
Mrs. Doubtfire
Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with
directing children as influences for their decision.[183]
After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden
Film Studios and in
London
London itself, with production ending in July
2001.[184][185]
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001.
Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter
and the Chamber of Secrets, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming
was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15
November 2002.[186]
Daniel Radcliffe
.jpg/440px-Daniel_Radcliffe_(19740428165).jpg)
Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so
for all succeeding films in the franchise.
Columbus declined to direct
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,
only acting as producer. Mexican director
Alfonso Cuarón
_cropped.jpg/440px-Alfonso_Cuarón_(2013)_cropped.jpg)
Alfonso Cuarón took over
the job, and after shooting in 2003, the film was released on 4 June
2004. Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the
third's release, Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry
Potter and the Goblet of Fire, released on 18 November 2005.[187]
Newell became the first British director of the series, with
television director
David Yates
David Yates following suit after he was chosen to
helm
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Production began in
January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July
2007.[188] After executives were "really delighted" with his work on
the film, Yates was selected to direct
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood
Prince, which was released on 15 July 2009.[189][190][191][192]
Gringotts Wizarding Bank as seen in the film series
In March 2008,
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. President and COO
Alan F. Horn
Alan F. Horn announced
that the final instalment in the series,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Deathly
Hallows, would be released in two cinematic parts: Part 1 on 19
November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011. Production of both parts
started in February 2009, with the final day of principal photography
taking place on 12 June 2010.[193][194]
Rowling had creative control on the film series, observing the
filmmaking process of
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone and serving as producer on
the two-part Deathly Hallows, alongside
David Heyman
David Heyman and David
Barron.[195] The
Harry Potter
Harry Potter films have been top-rank box office
hits, with all eight releases on the list of highest-grossing films
worldwide.
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone was the highest-grossing Harry Potter
film up until the release of the final instalment of the series,
Deathly Hallows, while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least.[196] As
well as being a financial success, the film series has also been a
success among film critics.[197][198]
Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans, with one group
preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films, and
another group preferring the more stylised character-driven approach
of the later films.[199] Rowling has been constantly supportive of all
the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her "favourite one" in the
series.[200][201][202][203] She wrote on her website of the changes in
the book-to-film transition, "It is simply impossible to incorporate
every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four
hours long. Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have,
constraints of time and budget; I can create dazzling effects relying
on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers'
imaginations".[204]
At the
64th British Academy Film Awards
_3.jpg)
64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011, Rowling was
joined by producers
David Heyman
David Heyman and David Barron along with directors
David Yates,
Alfonso Cuarón
Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael
Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf
of all the films in the series. Actors
Rupert Grint
Rupert Grint and Emma Watson,
who play main characters
Ron Weasley
Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, were also
in attendance.[205][206]
Spin-off prequels
A new series consisting of five films, beginning with Fantastic Beasts
and Where to Find Them, will take place before the main series.[207]
The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are
due to be released in 2018 and 2020. Rowling wrote the screenplay for
the first instalment, marking her first foray into screenwriting.
Games
A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have
been released such as
Cluedo
Cluedo
Harry Potter
Harry Potter Edition,
Scene It?
Scene It? Harry
Potter and
Lego Harry Potter models, which are influenced by the
themes of both the novels and films.
There are thirteen
Harry Potter
Harry Potter video games, eight corresponding with
the films and books and five spin-offs. The film/book-based games are
produced by Electronic Arts, as was Harry Potter:
Quidditch
Quidditch World Cup,
with the game version of the first entry in the series, Philosopher's
Stone, being released in November 2001.
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone went on to become one of the best-selling
PlayStation
PlayStation games ever.[208] The video games were released to coincide
with the films, containing scenery and details from the films as well
as the tone and spirit of the books. Objectives usually occur in and
around Hogwarts, along with various other magical areas. The story and
design of the games follow the selected film's characterisation and
plot; EA worked closely with
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. to include scenes from the
films. The last game in the series, Deathly Hallows, was split, with
Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in
July 2011. The two-part game forms the first entry to convey an
intense theme of action and violence, with the gameplay revolving
around a third-person shooter style format.[209][210]
The spin-off games Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 and Lego Harry
Potter: Years 5–7 were developed by
Traveller's Tales
Traveller's Tales and published
by
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The spin-off games
Book
Book of
Spells and
Book of Potions
Book of Potions were developed by SCE
London
London Studio and use
the Wonderbook, an augmented reality book designed to be used in
conjunction with the
PlayStation
PlayStation Move and
PlayStation
PlayStation Eye.[211] The
Harry Potter universe
Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions, with the
settings and side characters featured in the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter Adventure
World, and Harry, Voldemort, and Hermione as playable characters. In
2017,
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry
Potter themed game design studio, by the name of Portkey Games.
Titles in the series of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter games
Year
Title
Platform(s)
Acquired label(s)
Console
Computer
Handheld
2001
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
PlayStation
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
Xbox
GameCube
Windows
Mac OS X
Game Boy Color
Game Boy Advance
PlayStation
PlayStation Greatest Hits
Lego Creator: Harry Potter
N/A
Windows
N/A
N/A
2002
Lego Creator:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
N/A
Windows
N/A
N/A
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
PlayStation
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
Xbox
GameCube
Windows
Mac OS X
Game Boy Color
Game Boy Advance
PlayStation
PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits
Xbox
Xbox Platinum Family Hits
GameCube
GameCube Player's Choice
2003
Harry Potter
Harry Potter
Quidditch
Quidditch World Cup
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
Xbox
GameCube
Windows
Game Boy Advance
PlayStation
PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits
Xbox
Xbox Platinum Family Hits
2004
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
Xbox
GameCube
Windows
Game Boy Advance
PlayStation
PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits
Xbox
Xbox Platinum Family Hits
GameCube
GameCube Player's Choice
2005
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
Xbox
GameCube
Windows
Game Boy Advance
Nintendo DS
PlayStation
PlayStation Portable
PlayStation
PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits
2007
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
Xbox
Xbox 360
Wii
Windows
Mac OS X
Game Boy Advance
Nintendo DS
PlayStation
PlayStation Portable
N/A
2009
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
Xbox
Xbox 360
Wii
Windows
Mac OS X
Nintendo DS
PlayStation
PlayStation Portable
Mobile Game
N/A
2010
Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
Xbox
Xbox 360
Wii
Windows
Mac OS X
Nintendo DS
PlayStation
PlayStation Portable
N/A
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
Xbox
Xbox 360
Wii
Windows
Nintendo DS
N/A
2011
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
Xbox
Xbox 360
Wii
Windows
Nintendo DS
N/A
Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
Xbox
Xbox 360
Wii
Windows
Mac OS X
Nintendo DS
PlayStation
PlayStation Portable
Nintendo 3DS
PlayStation
PlayStation Vita
N/A
Harry Potter
Harry Potter for Kinect
Xbox
Xbox 360
N/A
N/A
N/A
2012
Book
Book of Spells
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
N/A
N/A
N/A
2013
Book
Book of Potions
PlayStation
PlayStation 3
N/A
N/A
N/A
2018
Harry Potter:
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Mystery[212]
N/A
N/A
iOS
Android
N/A
Harry Potter: Wizards Unite
N/A
N/A
iOS
Android
N/A
Audiobooks
All seven
Harry Potter
Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged
audiobook versions, with
Stephen Fry
Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim
Dale voicing the series for the American editions.[213][214]
Stage production
Main article:
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child: Parts I and II is a play which
serves as a sequel to the books, beginning nineteen years after the
events of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. It was written by Jack
Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne, Rowling and John
Tiffany.[215] It has run at the Palace Theatre in London's West End
since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30
June 2016.[216] The first four months of tickets for the
June–September performances were sold out within several hours upon
release.[217] Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway[218]
and Melborne.[219]
The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere, with a
revised version following the next year.
Attractions
The
Wizarding World
Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Main article: The
Wizarding World
Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the
Wizarding World
Wizarding World of Harry Potter,
located in Universal Orlando Resort's Island of Adventure
After the success of the films and books, Universal and Warner
Brothers announced they would create The
Wizarding World
Wizarding World of Harry
Potter, a new Harry Potter-themed expansion to the Islands of
Adventure theme park at
Universal Orlando Resort
Universal Orlando Resort in Florida. The land
officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010.[220] It includes a
re-creation of
Hogsmeade
Hogsmeade and several rides. The flagship attraction is
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, which exists within a
re-creation of
Hogwarts
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Other rides
include Dragon Challenge, a pair of inverted roller coasters, and
Flight of the Hippogriff, a family roller coaster.
Four years later, on 8 July 2014, Universal opened a Harry
Potter-themed area at the
Universal Studios Florida
Universal Studios Florida theme park. It
includes a re-creation of
Diagon Alley
Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a
small section of
Muggle London. The flagship attraction is Harry
Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride. Universal
also added a completely functioning recreation of the
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Express
connecting Kings Cross Station at
Universal Studios Florida
Universal Studios Florida to the
Hogsmeade
Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure. Both
Hogsmeade
Hogsmeade and Diagon
Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series,
including Weasley's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron.
On 15 July 2014,
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the
Universal Studios Japan
Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka, Japan. It includes the
village of Hogsmeade,
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride, and
Flight of the Hippogriff
Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster.[221][222]
On 7 April 2016,
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the
Universal Studios Hollywood
Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles,
California.[223][224]
The Making of Harry Potter
Main article:
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. Studio Tour
London
London - The Making of Harry
Potter
In March 2011,
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist
attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter film
series. The Making of
Harry Potter
Harry Potter is a behind-the-scenes walking tour
featuring authentic sets, costumes and props from the film series. The
attraction is located at
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, where all
eight of the
Harry Potter
Harry Potter films were made.
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. constructed
two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each
of the British-made productions, following a £100 million
investment.[225] It opened to the public in March 2012.[226]
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Further reading
Agarwal, Nikita; Chitra Agarwal (2005). Friends and Foes of Harry
Potter: Names Decoded. Outskirts Press. ISBN 1-59800-221-X
Anatol, Giselle Liza (2003). Reading Harry Potter: critical essays.
Praeger. ISBN 0-313-32067-5
Burkart, Gina (2005). A parent's guide to Harry Potter. InterVarsity
Press. ISBN 0-8308-3288-2
Duriez, Colin (2007). Field Guide to Harry Potter. IVP Books.
ISBN 978-0-8308-3430-3
Gunelius, Susan (2008). Harry Potter: the story of a global business
phenomenon. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-20323-X
Heilman, Elizabeth E (2008). Critical perspectives on Harry Potter.
Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96484-5
Mulholland, Neil (2007). The psychology of Harry Potter: an
unauthorized examination of the boy who lived. BenBella Books.
ISBN 978-1-932100-88-4
Silvester, William (2010).
Harry Potter
Harry Potter Collector's Handbook. Krause.
ISBN 978-1-4402-0897-3
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Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com (International publisher)
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Harry Potter at Scholastic.com (US publisher)
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Harry Potter at Raincoast.com (Canadian publisher)
Works by or about
Harry Potter
Harry Potter in libraries (
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WorldCat catalog)
"
Harry Potter
Harry Potter collected news and commentary". The Guardian.
"
Harry Potter
Harry Potter collected news and commentary". The New York
Times.
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Orlando resort, Florida
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The
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling
Novels
The
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone (1997)
The Chamber of Secrets (1998)
The Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
The Goblet of Fire (2000)
The Order of the Phoenix (2003)
The Half-Blood Prince (2005)
The Deathly Hallows (2007)
Film series
Films
The
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone (2001)
The Chamber of Secrets (2002)
The Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
The Goblet of Fire (2005)
The Order of the Phoenix (2007)
The Half-Blood Prince (2009)
The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010)
The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
Music
The Philosopher's Stone
The Chamber of Secrets
The Prisoner of Azkaban
The Goblet of Fire
The Order of the Phoenix
The Half-Blood Prince
The Deathly Hallows – Part 1
The Deathly Hallows – Part 2
Related
Cast members
Production of The Deathly Hallows
Characters
Main
Harry Potter
Ron Weasley
Hermione Granger
Lord Voldemort
Albus Dumbledore
Severus Snape
Rubeus Hagrid
Draco Malfoy
Supporting
Ginny Weasley
Fred and George Weasley
Hogwarts
Hogwarts staff
Order of the Phoenix
Dumbledore's Army
Death Eaters
Fictional universe
Hogwarts
Magic
Magical creatures
Magical objects
Ministry of Magic
Muggle
Places
Potions
Quidditch
Related works
Fantastic Beasts
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Quidditch
Quidditch Through the Ages
The Tales of Beedle the Bard
Prequel
Pottermore
The Cursed Child
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide
Short Stories from
Hogwarts
Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists
Short Stories from
Hogwarts
Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies
Games and toys
Quidditch
Quidditch World Cup
Lego Creator: Harry Potter
Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4
Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7
The Philosopher's Stone
The Chamber of Secrets
The Prisoner of Azkaban
The Goblet of Fire
The Order of the Phoenix
The Half-Blood Prince
The Deathly Hallows – Part 1
The Deathly Hallows – Part 2
Book
Book of Spells
Book
Book of Potions
Trading Card Game
Lego Harry Potter
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Mystery
Wizards Unite
Attractions
The
Wizarding World
Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Orlando
Japan
Hollywood
Dragon Challenge
Flight of the Hippogriff
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts
Harry Potter
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
Hogwarts
Hogwarts Express
Harry Potter
Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros. Studio Tour London
Fandom
Harry Potter
Harry Potter Alliance
The Leaky Cauldron
MuggleNet
LeakyCon
Wizard rock
Wrockstock
Severus Snape
Severus Snape and the Marauders
Voldemort: Origins of the Heir
My Immortal
Related
Influences and analogues
Legal disputes
Parodies
Politics
Religious debates
Translation
A Very Potter Musical
The
Harry Potter
Harry Potter Lexicon
The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter
Potter Puppet Pals
Portkey Games
Book
Category
Portal
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Works by J. K. Rowling
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series
Novels
Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone (1997)
Chamber of Secrets (1998)
Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
Goblet of Fire (2000)
Order of the Phoenix (2003)
Half-Blood Prince (2005)
Deathly Hallows (2007)
Related works
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2001)
Quidditch Through the Ages
Quidditch Through the Ages (2001)
Harry Potter prequel (2008)
The Tales of Beedle the Bard
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (2008)
The Cursed Child (2016)
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide (2016)
Short Stories from
Hogwarts
Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists
(2016)
Short Stories from
Hogwarts
Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies
(2016)
Cormoran Strike series
(as Robert Galbraith)
The Cuckoo's Calling
The Cuckoo's Calling (2013)
The Silkworm
The Silkworm (2014)
Career of Evil
Career of Evil (2015)
Other works
The Casual Vacancy
The Casual Vacancy (2012)
Filmography
Films produced
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016, also wrote)
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018, also wrote)
TV series
The Casual Vacancy
The Casual Vacancy (2015)
Strike (2017)
See also
Wizarding World
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Books I Love Best Yearly: Younger Readers Award
Matilda by
Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl (1990)
The BFG
.jpg)
The BFG by
Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl (1991)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by
Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl (1992)
Blabber Mouth by
Morris Gleitzman
.jpg/440px-Morris_Gleitzman_at_Ingleburn_Library_(6081386435).jpg)
Morris Gleitzman (1993)
Fantastic Mr Fox
Fantastic Mr Fox by
Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl (1994)
The Pagemaster
The Pagemaster by
David Kirschner (1995)
When the Wind Changed by
Ruth Park
Ruth Park (1996)
Matilda by
Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl (1997)
Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder (1998)
Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. Smith
(1999)
Just Stupid! by Andy Griffiths (2000)
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series by
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling (2001)
Just Crazy! by Andy Griffiths (2002)
The Saddle Club series by
Bonnie Bryant (2003)
Just Disgusting! by Andy Griffiths (2004)
The Bad
Book
Book by Andy Griffiths (2005)
Just Crazy! by Andy Griffiths (2006)
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Books I Love Best Yearly: Older Readers Award
The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾
The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾ by
Sue Townsend
Sue Townsend (1990)
The Outsiders by
S. E. Hinton (1991)
Where's Wally? by
Martin Handford
Martin Handford (1992)
Flowers in the Attic
Flowers in the Attic by
V. C. Andrews
V. C. Andrews (1993)
Looking for Alibrandi by
Melina Marchetta (1995)
Jurassic Park by
Michael Crichton
Michael Crichton (1996)
The Hobbit
The Hobbit by J. R. R.
Tolkien
Tolkien (1997)
Tomorrow, When the War Began by John Marsden (1998)
Bumface by
Morris Gleitzman
Morris Gleitzman (1999)
Looking for Alibrandi by
Melina Marchetta (2000)
Harry Potter
Harry Potter series by
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling (2001)
The
Lord of the Rings
Lord of the Rings by J. R. R.
Tolkien
Tolkien (2002)
Two of a Kind series by various authors (2003)
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling (2004)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling (2005)
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by
J. K. Rowling
J. K. Rowling (2006)
Books
View or order collections of articles
Harry Potter
Portals
Access related topics
Harry Potter
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Speculative fiction portal
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