Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a

human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of ...

, an immediate descendant of

Haplogroup IJK Haplogroup IJK is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. IJK is a primary branch of the macrohaplogroup HIJK. Its direct descendants are haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K. Distribution and structure The basal paragroup HIJK* has been found in a Meso ...

(formerly known as Haplogroup F-L15). IJK is a branch of

Haplogroup HIJK Haplogroup HIJK, defined by the SNPs F929, M578, PF3494 and S6397,ISOGG, ...

. The immediate descendants of IJ are Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J. Its sole sibling is K (which includes most of the world's male population). Haplogroup IJ derived populations account for a significant proportion of the pre-modern populations of

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

(especially Scandinavia and the Balkans),

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

, the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historica ...

, the

Middle East The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabian Peninsula, Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Anatolia, Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Pro ...

(especially Arabia, Levant and Mesopotamia) and coastal

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

. As a result of mass migrations during the modern era, they are now also significant in

The Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

and

Australasia Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologic ...

Origin

A 2008 estimate suggested that the

most recent common ancestor In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA) or concestor, of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended. The ...

of haplogroup IJ could have lived 30,500–46,200 years ago, while another estimate suggests 43,000–45,700 years. Both of the primary branches of haplogroup IJ – I-M170 and J-M304 – are found among modern populations of the

, and

Southwest Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes Ana ...

. This tends to suggest that Haplogroup IJ branched from IJK in

West Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes ...

and/or the

. Examples of the basal/paragroup Haplogroup IJ* (M429) were first reported in a 2012 study of genetic diversity in

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

, by Grugni et al. These individuals were reported to be positive for M429 and negative for the SNPs M170 and M304, which define haplogroup I and haplogroup J respectively. However, because the researchers filtered for relatively few SNPs, these individuals may have carried less well-known SNPs equivalent to M170 and M304. Given the limited scope of the testing – and the small number of haplogroup IJ samples that were discovered – few firm conclusions have yet been drawn. An inference may also be made that both IJ (M429) and its sole sibling, Haplogroup K (M9) diverged from the parent

closer to the

and the

than to

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...

, due to the evolutionary distance of IJK from its direct ancestor,

haplogroup HIJK Haplogroup HIJK, defined by the SNPs F929, M578, PF3494 and S6397,ISOGG, ...

. IJ split in a typically disjunctive, almost mutually-exclusive geographical pattern, with J-M304 far more common in the Caucasus, and I-M170 far more common in Europe; the age of IJ and its subclades suggest that IJ probably entered Europe through the

Balkans The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

, some time before the

last glacial maximum The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Late Glacial Maximum, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period that ice sheets were at their greatest extent. Ice sheets covered much of Northern North America, Northern Eu ...

(about 26,500 years BP). The same geographic corridor (the Balkans) also supported later gene flows, including the

Early Neolithic Farmers Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...

from Anatolia about 9,000 years BP.

Phylogeny and distribution

IJ (M429, P123, P124, P125, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22, ''per ISOGG 2008'') *IJ* – ''found at low frequency in parts of Iran''. ** I (M170, P19, M258, P38, P212, U179, ''Haplogroup I notation updated to ISOGG 2008''; L41, M170, M258, P19_1, P19_2, P19_3, P19_4, P19_5, P38, P212, U179) ***I* (''unobserved'') *** I1 (M253, M307, M450/S109, P30, P40, S62, S63, S64, S65, S66, S107, S108, S110, S111, ''per ISOGG 2008''; also L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, L187, L840, M307.2/P203.2) ''Typical of populations of

Scandinavia Scandinavia; Sámi languages: /. ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. In English usage, ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and S ...

and

Northwest Europe Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe. The region can be defined both geographically and ethnographically. Geographic definitions Geographically, Northw ...

, with a moderate distribution throughout

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, whi ...

'' **** I1* (''unobserved'') **** I-CTS12768 (''no phylogenetic name as of 2021'') ***** I-CTS12768* – ''living example in Sweden''. **** I-Z17954 (''no phylogenetic name as of 2021'') ***** I-Z17954* (''unobserved'') ***** I-Y21293 – ''living example in Netherlands''. ***** I-Y19092 – ''living examples in Normandy and Finland''. **** I1a – DF29/S438 ******I1a* - ''living examples in Sweden, Denmark and Portugal''. ******I1a1 M227 *******I1a1* - *******I1a1a M72 ******I1a2 L22/S142 *******I1a2* - *******I1a2a P109 *******I1a2b L205 *******I1a2c L287 ********I1a2c* - ********I1a2c1 L258/S335 *********I1a2c1* - *********I1a2c1a L296 *******I1a2d L300/S241 *******I1a2e L813/Z719 ******I1a3 S244/Z58 *******I1a3* - *******I1a3a S246/Z59 ********I1a3a* - ********I1a3a1 S337/Z60, S439/Z61, Z62 *********I1a3a1a Z140, Z141 *********I1a3a1a* - *********I1a3a1a1 L338 *********I1a3a1b Z73 *********I1a3a1c L573 ********I1a3a1d L803 ********I1a3a2 Z382 *******I1a3b S296/Z138, Z139 ******I1a4 S243/Z63 *****I1b Z131 ISOGG 2013 Y-DNA Haplogroup I
/ref> *** I2 (M438/P215/S31) (formerly I1b) ****I2* (''unobserved'') *****I2a (P37.2) (formerly I1b1) ''Typical of the South Slavic peoples of the

, especially the populations of

Bosnia Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and Pars pro toto#Geography, often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of Southern Europe, south and southeast Euro ...

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hu ...

and

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and ...

; also found with high haplotype diversity values, but lower overall frequency, among the West Slavic populations of

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the ...

and the

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...

; a node of elevated frequency in

Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Centr ...

correlates with that observed for Haplogroup I2a (but not for Haplogroup I1)'' ******I2a* ******I2a1 (M423) *******I2a1* *******I2a1a (P41.2/M359.2) (formerly I1b1a) ******I2a2 (M26) (formerly I1b1b) ''Typical of the population of the so-called "archaic zone" of

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, aft ...

; also found at low frequencies among populations of Southwest Europe, particularly in Castile,

Béarn The Béarn (; ; oc, Bearn or ''Biarn''; eu, Bearno or ''Biarno''; or ''Bearnia'') is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France. Along with the three B ...

, and the Basque Country'' *******I2a2* *******I2a2a (M161) (formerly I1b1b1) *****I2b (M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) (formerly I1b2) ******I2b* ******I2b1 (M223, P219/S24, P220/S119, P221/S120, P222/U250/S118, P223/S117) (formerly I1b2a - old I1c) ''Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of

Lower Saxony Lower Saxony (german: Niedersachsen ; nds, Neddersassen; stq, Läichsaksen) is a German state (') in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ...

in central

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

; minor offshoots appear in

and

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

(especially around Vladimir,

Ryazan Ryazan ( rus, Рязань, p=rʲɪˈzanʲ, a=ru-Ryazan.ogg) is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Cens ...

Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod ( ; rus, links=no, Нижний Новгород, a=Ru-Nizhny Novgorod.ogg, p=ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, from the 13th to the 17th century Novgorod of the Lower Land, formerly known as Gork ...

, and the Republic of Mordovia), and among speakers of Persian (including Iranians,

Hazaras The Hazaras ( fa, , Həzārə; haz, , Āzərə) are an ethnic group and the principal component of the population of Afghanistan, native to, and primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan and generally scat ...

in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Taj ...

in Afghanistan)'' *******I2b1* *******I2b1a (M284) (formerly I1b2a1) ''Generally limited to a low frequency in

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It ...

'' *******I2b1b (M379) (formerly I1b2a2) *******I2b1c (P78) (formerly I1b2a3) *******I2b1d (P95) (formerly I1b2a4) ** J (12f2.1, M304, S6, S34, S35) ***J* *** J1 (M267) ''Typical of populations of the

Dagestan Dagestan ( ; rus, Дагеста́н, , dəɡʲɪˈstan, links=yes), officially the Republic of Dagestan (russian: Респу́блика Дагеста́н, Respúblika Dagestán, links=no), is a republic of Russia situated in the North Ca ...

and Semitic-speaking populations of

and

East Africa East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa: Due to the historica ...

'' ****J1* *****J1a (M62) *****J1b (M365) *****J1c (M367, M368) *****J1d (M369) *****J1e (M390) ***** J2 (M172) ''Typical of populations of

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the ...

Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is essentially marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of Southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Alb ...

, and the

, with a moderate distribution throughout

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

South Asia South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;; ...

, and

'' ******J2* *******J2a (M410) ********J2a* *********J2a1 (DYS413≤18) *********J2a2 (M340) *******J2b (M12, M314, M221; ''also'' M102, Z2497, Z2499 Z2500/CTS10660) ********J2b* ''At least one living example found in Uzbekistan''. ********J2b1 (M205; ''includes former J2b1b/J-PF7344'') ********* J2b1 ''Found in ancient remains (3,650 years BP) in Lebanon''. ********* J2b1a (YP31, Y3165, Y167062, ''et al.'') ''Living examples found in Greece and Italy''.

Origin

Phylogeny and distribution

References

See also